¹ Although not treated by Annarelli, two court cases involving the constitutionality of direct government aid to sectarian higher education also shaped the culture of contemporary American Catholic higher education. These were: Horace Mann League v. Board of Public Works, 242 Md. 645, 220 A.2d 51, cert. denied, appeal dismissed, 385 U.S. 97 (1966) and Tilton v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 672 (1971). Fearing the loss of government aid, American Catholic colleges and universities initiated sweeping organizational and structural changes, including the laicization of boards of trustees and the separate incorporation of sponsoring religious communities. On the stirring effect of the Horace Mann case, see three essential documents: “Observations Arising from the Horace Mann Case,” Proceedings and Addresses/63rd Annual Meeting, National Catholic Educational Association, Aug. 1966, 232-38, NCEA Archives, Washington, D.C.; Proceedings, Commission on Colleges and Universities, 13-15 Jan. 1967, 6-8, JEA Collection, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Mass.; and “Report of the Executive Secretary—College and University Department,” 15 Apr. 1971, NCEA Archives, Washington, D.C. For a historical case study of Tilton v. Richardson, see this reviewer's article “Catholic Colleges and the Supreme Court: An Historical Review of Tilton v. Richardson,” Journal of Church and State 30 (Spring 1988).Google Scholar

² Berger, Joseph, “Leading Archbishop Challenges Vatican on Silencing Dissent,” New York Times, 24 Sept. 1986.Google Scholar

³ “Proposed Schema for a Pontifical Document on Catholic Universities,” Chronicle of Higher Education, 26 Mar. 1986.Google Scholar

⁴ Ibid., 20.Google Scholar