It is estimated that the prevalence of severe Intellectual Disability (ID) is 6 per 1,000 people. ID is sometimes the cause of Behavioral Disorders (BD) with aggressive and impulsive behaviors that make family and social life difficult. However, despite its high prevalence, the number of studies on it is very scarce.

When BD appears, it should be evaluated if there is a physical or psychiatric cause that causes it and assess non-pharmacological treatments. If they are insufficient, treatments such as risperidone are used to manage BD. When these are ineffective, the use of drugs with greater difficulties in their effects and clinical management, such as clozapine, is required.

The objective is to describe the use of clozapine in patients with severe ID associated with BD.

Retrospective descriptive study. Patients older than 18 years with severe ID and BD, treated with clozapine for at least two years were included. Those with medical or psychiatric comorbidity were excluded.

The sample consisted of 12 patients, 16.67% women (n=2) and 83.33% men (n=10), aged 47.57±9.27 years. Prior to the introduction of clozapine, a mean of 2.67±1.21 antipsychotics had been tested. The mean dose of clozapine was 264.24±70.50 mg/day. The patients had received treatment for 51.57±25.67 months, following the usual controls. None had hematological adverse effects or other serious adverse effects.

Clozapine can be an effective and safe therapeutic alternative in the treatment of BD in intellectual disabled patients which do not respond to other treatments. The clinical benefits of clozapine treatment seem to outweigh the potential risks associated with the treatment. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the effects of clozapine in patients with intellectual disabilities.

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The aim of this paper lies in demystifying, historicizing, and de-alienating the relationship between disability and development. Both disability and development inform each other and are informed by each other in various ways which are on one hand similar and on the other hand unique. Disability is heterogeneous in nature. Disability and development are about power, access, solidarity, advocacy, inequality, rights, voice, and support. It is about accessing accessibility. It is important to understand the politics of language—how we conceptualize persons with disabilities.

The paper theorizes the ‘and’ between disability and development. What is that bridging telling us? There is already an invisible ‘and’ which joins disability and development even before this visible ‘and’ was placed in between them. It is to understand how disability is related to gender, caste, class, and poverty. The paper also looks at the government policies and adds suggestions as to what can be done practically to reduce inequality for persons with disabilities for developing a new India.

This research used primary sources like books, articles, government programmes, and policies to make sense of how disability is understood and experienced in India.

It shows how disability and development inform each other and are informed by each other. The paper shows how each person has disabling parts and “normal” parts. Representation helps one to know the multifarious dimensions of what is awful, reprehensive, acceptable, possible, desirable, etc. Representation structures reality. Hence, they are a critical component of bringing about rights.

It is crucial to look at the needs and challenges at the ground level contextually. It is important to understand why survival is considered sufficient and not full participation. Policies need to resonate culturally as otherwise, they tend to be confined to particular lases and groups in societies with access to technology, information, and the English language. What matters is the visibility of disability.

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Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, students were vulnerable to mental health issues and dentistry students were no exception. All Iraqi universities were transitioning back to face-to-face learning in the last year. Acclimatization with all pandemic regulations that schools apply might increase the vulnerability to depression.

The current study aims to assess the levels of depression among Iraqi dentistry students after transitioning from online to onsite learning during the pandemic period.

A cross-sectional study was conducted online after transitioning from online to the onsite learning method during the pandemic period. Sociodemographic data and Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8) were included in the questionnaire.

A total of 307 respondents, 216 (70.4%) female and 91 (29.6%) male, 276 (90%) live with family, 20 (6.5%) live with friends and 11 (3.5%) live alone, 268 (87.3%) of student claimed that post-COVID-19 regulations face to face learning is more stressful while 39 (12.7%) answered no difference. 39 (12.7%) of dentistry student with normal level of depression, 199 (38.8%) have mild depression 101 (32.9%) moderate depression, 32 (10.4%) moderately severe, 16 (5.2%) severe. Depression level and students’ perception of teaching mode transition showed a significant association (p<0.05).However, there are no significant associations between gender, living conditions, or dentistry stages with depression levels (p>0.05).

A high prevalence of depression symptoms among Iraqi dentistry students was found during onsite learning, along with all educational institutions’ pandemic rules and regulations. Psychological supporting preventive programs are needed to apply for supporting students’ mental health.

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A lot of issues have raised since the beginning of the pandemic and doctors had to learn how to deal with increasing problems of stress and anxiety. The new situation was a great threat to one’s safety and some more vulnerable people could experience a higher level of anxiety. Patients with autistic traits might be more prone to it. It is essential to find out who is more exposed and who will require additional care.

The aim of this study was to assess the level of fear of COVID-19 and explore its possible correlation with the severity of the particular autistic traits in the general population.

The study was conducted online, utilizing the questionnaire consisting of Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) to assess the severity of autistic traits (social skills, attention switching, attention to detail, communication and imagination) and questionnaire FCV-19S that was used to assess the level of fear of COVID-19. Access to the questionnaire was possible from 16.02.2021 to 11.06.2021 and 214 unique records were gathered during this period.

In the multiple regression (R2= 0,16, p<0,0001) a positive relationship between the level of felt fear of COVID-19 and the severity of difficulties with attention switching (p=0,006) and age (p=0,000015) was found.

People with higher severity of problems with attention switching demonstrated higher levels of fear of COVID-19 due to cognitive stiffness and disturbances in the regulation of emotions. Older people presented a higher level of fear as well.

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COVID-19 quarantine affected teenagers’ life as it brought about significant changes in their usual way of life, disrupting every social relationships. Following the lifting of pandemic restrictions, teenagers are urged to deal with the psychological challenges of their return to normality.

To develop and validate a questionnaire in Greek teenagers to better monitor their coping strategies when returning to normal after pandemic restrictions were dropped.

One hundred teenagers (41 boys, 59 girls; median age: 12) from a large provincial Greek town completed an ab initio 15-item questionnaire on post-pandemic coping strategies upon life return to normal for teenagers (PPCSRN-T). The responders specified their level of agreement to each item statement in five points: (1) Strongly disagree; (2) Disagree; (3) Neither agree nor disagree; (4) Agree; (5) Strongly agree. Psychometric properties were analysed. Factor analysis was performed. SPSS.21 was used for all analyses.

The optimal two-factor solution explained 66.1% of variance. The initial factors ‘post-pandemic daily life normalcy aspirations’ and ‘post-pandemic family life normalcy aspirations’ were reaffirmed. Item loadings were between 0.52-0.82. Each of the final factors had three items. The items ‘After pandemic restrictions are lifted, I will live an active life’, ‘After pandemic restrictions are lifted, I will make time for exercise’, ‘After pandemic restrictions are lifted, I will meet up with my friends’ represented the final factor ‘post-pandemic daily life normalcy aspirations’. The items ‘After pandemic restrictions are lifted, my family will stick to a normal daily rhythm’, ‘After pandemic restrictions are lifted, I will go on spending time with my parents’, ‘After pandemic restrictions are lifted, I will be grateful for what I will have in my life’ represented the final factor ‘post-pandemic family life normalcy aspirations’. Reliability (Cronbach alpha) for the six-item final scale was 0.62. The intra-class correlation coefficient varied from 0.50-0.73. No ceiling/floor effect was detected.

The six-item final PPCSRN-T version proved to be a valid and reliable instrument. It would provide paediatric personnel and psychologists information on the as-yet not readily accessible coping strategies of teenagers returning to normality after the pandemic upheaval coming to an end.

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Research on past coronavirus outbreaks, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), indicates a high likelihood of symptoms and psychiatric disorders in survivors, including symptoms of stress. post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

This study therefore set out to highlight the impact of COVID-19 infection on mental health by screening them for posttraumatic stress

It is a retrospective study that includes patients who were tested positive with COVID 19 (RT PCR using a nasopharyngeal test ) and who have seeked medical care at emergencies during a month . The post traumatic stress score disorder: PCL-5 was calculated on day 30 and day 90. The evolution of the patients health state (Recovery or deterioration) was marked. All data were analyzed by SPSS.

we included during the study period 200 patients complying with the inclusion criteria. Post traumatic stress was diagnosed in 146 patients (73% of patients). Post-traumatic stress was diagnosed in rather elderly patients; the average age was 51.8 years with a female predominance (57.5%). 63.6% of patients with PTSD had a cough; 35.7% had dyspnea; 49.7% were febrile, 43.9% had arthromyalgia, 15% had anosmia.The disappearance of the signs was after 8.3 days on average, it lasted longer (14.6 days) in the patient who developed PTSD.In this series, 47.3% of patients diagnosed with PTS infected their relatives

This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that determine the impact of traumatic events such as a pandemic on people’s mental health.Post traumatic stress disorder is so common among COVID 19 patients and it has a huge influence on the evolution of their health state . This is why all health workers have to fight against COVID and its effects on both physical and mental health . Highlighting the fact that a psychological assistance is highly recommended in the management ofCOVID19 patients in order to improve their prognosis

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Substance abuse is a pattern of compulsive substance use that is accompanied by repeated substantial interpersonal, social, professional, or legal negative effects, such as repeated absences from work or school, arrests, or marital issues.

The study aims to show the influence of psychological factors among the consumption of alcohol in the general population.

A retrospective study that was conducted at the “Elisabeta Doamna” Psychiatry hospital of Galati, Romania. The study shows the fluctuations in hospital admissions of patients with alcohol related disorders in the period November 2020 till September 2022.

The study was conducted to show the difference in the number of admissions before and after the date of 1st March 2022, which is the date when the authorities in Romania have lifted the restrictions that were implemented to reduce the spread of Covid_19 virus. The number of total cases in the period between the 1st of November 2020 and 28th of February 2022 were 672 patients, from which 518 patients were males from Urban areas. In the period between the 1st March 2022 and the 1st of September 2022, the number of patients that were admitted due to substance use were 232 cases. This shows a significant decrease in the number of admissions that can be related to the decrease of psychological stressing factors that were accompanied with the restriction measure of the pandemic.

Overall, the results of this retrospective study suggest that the prevalence of adult substance use has declined with the decrease of the restriction measures that were imposed by the authorities. Monitoring and ongoing surveillance of substance use will be necessary over the years following the pandemic.

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Chronic psychiatric patients admitted to subacute and long-stay hospital units are especially vulnerable to the situation of confinement due to the pandemic. Throughout 2020 and 2021 they have suffered the consequences of multiple strict confinements given the differences in isolation protocols in hospitalized patients compared to the general population. This has repercussions on the increase in anxious symptomatology, which influences a more torpid and prolonged evolution of mental disorders in this subpopulation.

The objective of this study is to study the anxiety levels of patients admitted to a sub-acute and long-stay mental health unit in a situation of confinement due to covid-19.

We have carried out a cross-sectional descriptive observational study in 25 patients admitted to the subacute and long-stay unit of the Barcelona Forum Center between December 8 and 23, 2021 in the context of confinement due to a covid-19 outbreak. Sociodemographic and clinical variables are collected. We have used the self-administered STAI scale to assess clinical anxiety.

The mean age is 47.7 years; women 60%. 80% with single marital status. 90% of the patients presented active tobacco consumption, with an average of 21.2 cigarettes/day. The mean score on the STAI scale was 58.8 for state anxiety and 46.7 for trait anxiety, both levels above the 75th percentile for adults, both men (state anxiety 28, trait anxiety 25) and women (state anxiety 31, trait anxiety 32).

The state and trait anxiety scores of the STAI scale of hospitalized patients are higher than the average of the general population, which could be due to the situation of confinement due to the covid pandemic.

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Society’s sleep-wake cycle and eating behaviors have altered as the psychological outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The aim is to examine the relationship between sleep-wake rhythms, eating behaviors (dieting, oral control, and bulimic behaviors) and ADHD symptoms with weight gain during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Participants were 578 female university students divided into three groups based on weight change during COVID-19 who lost weight (WL), those whose weight did not change (nWC), and who gained weight (WG). They completed an online survey including, a consent form regarding voluntary participation, the socio-demographic form in which requested information about weight change in the last year, the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Eating Attitudes Test, Adult ADHD Severity Rating Scale, Wender Utah Rating Scale. The study was approved by the Selçuk University Local Ethics Committee (Decision Number: 2021/369).

The sleep-wake phase was more delayed in WGs compared to the other two groups. The bulimic behavior score was higher and the oral control behavior score was lower in the WG group than in the nWC group. In the first step of the hierarchical regression analysis to determine factors associated with weight change, childhood and current ADHD symptoms did not show an association with weight change. In the second step, sleep-wake parameters were added to the analysis, and mid-sleep time was a strong predictor of weight gain (β= 4.71, t= 2.18, p = 0.03). In the third step, in which disordered eating behaviors were added to the analysis, bulimic behaviors (β= 0.20, t= 3.20, p= 0.001) were associated with weight gain and oral control behaviors (β= -0.11, t= -3.24, p= 0.001) were associated with weight loss.

WGs had a delayed sleep phase more than nWCs and WLs in the one-year period during the COVID 19 outbreak. Chronotherapeutic approaches that regulate sleep-wake rhythm may facilitate weight control of individuals during stressful periods such as COVID-19 outbreak.

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TDuring COVID-19 pandemic, it was noticed that it was students who were mostly affected by the changes that aroused because of the pandemic. The interesting part is whether students’ well-being could be associated with their fields of study as well as coping strategies.

In this study, we aimed to assess 1) the mental health of students from nine countries with a particular focus on depression, anxiety, and stress levels and their fields of study, 2) the major coping strategies of students after one year of the COVID-19 pandemic.

We conducted an anonymous online cross-sectional survey on 12th April – 1st June 2021 that was distributed among the students from Poland, Mexico, Egypt, India, Pakistan, China, Vietnam, Philippines, and Bangladesh. To measure the emotional distress, we used the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and to identify the major coping strategies of students - the Brief-COPE.

We gathered 7219 responses from students studying five major studies: medical studies (N=2821), social sciences (N=1471), technical sciences (N=891), artistic/humanistic studies (N=1094), sciences (N=942). The greatest intensity of depression (M=18.29±13.83; moderate intensity), anxiety (M=13.13±11.37; moderate intensity ), and stress (M=17.86±12.94; mild intensity) was observed among sciences students. Medical students presented the lowest intensity of all three components - depression (M=13.31±12.45; mild intensity), anxiety (M=10.37±10.57; moderate intensity), and stress (M=13.65±11.94; mild intensity). Students of all fields primarily used acceptance and self-distraction as their coping mechanisms, while the least commonly used were self-blame, denial, and substance use. The group of coping mechanisms the most frequently used was ‘emotional focus’. Medical students statistically less often used avoidant coping strategies compared to other fields of study. Substance use was only one coping mechanism that did not statistically differ between students of different fields of study. Behavioral disengagement presented the highest correlation with depression (r=0.54), anxiety (r=0.48), and stress (r=0.47) while religion presented the lowest positive correlation with depression (r=0.07), anxiety (r=0.14), and stress (r=0.11).

1) The greatest intensity of depression, anxiety, and stress was observed among sciences students, while the lowest intensity of those components was found among students studying medicine.

2) Not using avoidant coping strategies might be associated with lower intensity of all DASS components among students.

3) Behavioral disengagement might be strongly associated with greater intensity of depression, anxiety, and stress among students.

4) There was no coping mechanism that provided the alleviation of emotional distress in all the fields of studies of students.

None Declared

Although the Covid-19 pandemic ceased in the numbers of the affected patients, especially the ones with severe manifestation of the disease, its influence on health still remains, affecting not only the somatic but also mental wellbeing. This global crisis impacted almost every person, but not equitable – the mental distress consisted of many, often synergic, risk factors which are not easily identifiable. The analysis of causal elements for aggression and fear deriving from the pandemic was conducted among Polish students, enabling thorough examination.

The aim of the study was to analyse the risk factors contributing to the deterioration of mental health, especially presented as elevated fear and aggression levels.

Examination of fear and aggression levels was conducted on the group of Polish students using Fear of Covid and STAXI-2 questionnaires. Initially, 906 participants took part in the first round of the study. Four rounds were conducted, finally extracting a group of 231 participants tested in the four different time points of the pandemic in Poland, during the second and the third waves of the pandemic.

Among the studied factors that have impact on the decline in the state of the mental health, statistically significant were female sex, being overwhelmed by the amount of news found in various media – a phenomenon called “infodemic” - altogether with poor health condition, both of the participants’ and their relatives. Obtaining vaccination was a factor that lowered aggression in participants, but only the ones that were primarily eager to get one.

The present deterioration of mental health in society was largely fuelled by the initial disturbance arising from global pandemic, general lockdown and financial crisis bound with it. The discrimination of risk factors for inefficient resilience was not possible on such a huge scale before. Unfortunately, as new challenges arise, the knowledge about the social groups most prone to mental crisis is necessary, as this is the only way to elaborate the proper procedures and guide a successful diagnostic process and treatment.

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Assessment of social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB) of Aboriginal people is challenging. A The culturally appropriate screening instrument for SEWB in Aboriginal adults entitled Here and Now Aboriginal Assessment (HANAA), has been developed and evaluated. The HANAA explores ten key domains and adopts a yarning process to initiate a semi-structured interview that covers each domain. This is recorded in narrative form and each domain rated as ‘problem’ or ‘no problem’ and a ‘recommended action’ is determined. The HANAA is widely used by Aboriginal mental health service providers around Australia.

There have been multiple requests by service providers for a similar instrument to be developed for young Aboriginal people. This study aims to develop a youth version of the instrument abbreviated as HANAA-Y.

A Working Group comprised of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal psychiatrists and mental health professionals with expertise of SEWB in Aboriginal youth was established and a draft version of the HANAA-Y has been produced. Evaluation od cultural applicability, reliability and validity of HANAA-Y is underway in metropolitan, rural and remote locations across Australia.

The original HANAA structure, yarning style, and rating has been retained. However, new domains and probe words relevant to young people have been selected. The new domains are as follows: somatic complaints; emotional issues; suicide risk and self-harm; alcohol and drug use; cognition and activity; behavioural and legal issues; strange thoughts and unusual experiences; functioning; stressful life events; and resilience and healing. The HANAA-Y administration guidelines have also been amended to be of relevance to Aboriginal youth.

It is expected that HANAA-Y will be a culturally appropriate and useful instrument which can be used by a range of service providers with differing levels of mental health training to screen for SEWB among young Aboriginal people.

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The Portuguese writer and Nobel prize winner José Saramago, is well-known for his sharp depiction and reflection of human condition. The recent events of the COVID pandemic juxtapose with his novel “Blindness” (1995) – original title: “Ensaio sobre a Cegueira”–, where the expression of fear of dehumanization in a globalized world where any contemporary society may lead to the obligation to follow what power structures define and establish. In his epidemic of blindness, an abandoned psychiatric asylum was chosen by the author as a quarantine ward and the centre of the plot. A question imposes: why an asylum? What is the focus of such a place in a cultural postmodernism message?

An historic background revision is proposed, glancing at the evolution of the architectural concept of asylum evolved until modern times, while setting a reflection towards today’s mental health services and European models.

A narrative review was performed, gathering points of view in the fields of Literature, Architecture, Philosophy, Politics and Economics.

Bertolt Brecht claims that “all art is political and the question is simply whether art attacks existing structures of power or refuses such attacks and thereby contributes to the continuation of those structures”. Regarding evolution of Asylum Architecture, and the principles which ought to control Modern Construction, In “Blindness”, the thematic of space appears above all through the reference of Marc Augé’s Non-Place. Initially extended to the city, gives way to the funneling of the space that leads to the “asylum” - a space that centralizes all the action. Through Saramago’s description, the floor plans were designed by Portuguese architect José Cardoso. As the first waves of blind people are imprisoned, it is characterized as a heterotopia, the embodiment of Foucaudian panopticism, as it is constituted as a prison whose role is to isolate, even if this attitude is motivated by despair of the government. A mental healthcare system assumes a multidisciplinary approach to psychiatric disorders. Evidence points to a balance between community-based and modern hospital-based care, with frontline services based in the community and hospitals playing a more specialized role. For most European countries, mental healthcare is financed in the same way as other healthcare services, using either national, regional or local budgets and four ways to purchase mental health services are looked at in depth. Therefore, general decisions about such financing may not be in line with mental health policy-maker or planner.

Where culture meets anthropology, social policies, legal boundaries and ethic reflections, a time for a joint dialogue arises. How to surpass the differences and heterogeneity between countries? Is there a place for a common system in mental health care?

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Approximately 21.2 million people with im- migrant backgrounds live in Germany, which constituted 26% of its total population in 2020. Approximately 67% of immigrants are from European countries, including Turkey. Turks account for 13.2% of immigrants and constitute one of the largest immigrant groups (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2020). The integration processes and life satisfaction of new wave Turkish immigrants are differ from the first and second generation Turkish immigrants.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of perceived discrimination on their integration process and life satisfaction of new wave Turkish immigrants living in Germany.

The Community Integration Measure (CIM), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), The Perceived Discrimination Scale (PDS) were used. Pearson correlation and Regression tests were used in our analyses to observe the differences in scale scores according to the variables. The relationship between the scale scores was analysed with the Pearson correlation test. The effect between the scale scores was analysed with the regression test.

The findings demonstrated that there was a significant negative relationship between perceived discrimination and social integration (p=0,05) as well as life satisfaction (p=0,05). In addition, there was a significant and positive relationship between social integration and life satisfaction of new wave Turkish immigrant participants.

The integration process and life satisfaction of new wave Turkish immigrants decreased when they perceive discrimination in their daily lives. However, the level of life satisfaction increased when they integrate into German society without any perceived discrimination.

None Declared

In the Ituri region of eastern DRC, Djugu territory has been the epicenter of violent clashes in 2020 and significant displacement since 2017. An initial assessment conducted by Action Contre la Faim (ACF) in January 2021 showed a significant level of psychological distress among 85% of respondents. Following this finding, an emergency response was proposed with the aim of contributing to the improvement of the psychological state of men, women, boys and girls affected by displacement and conflict while strengthening their psychological resilience. As part of this response, prior to the intervention, the NGO conducted a study on the representations of mental health and psychosocial needs as well as locally existing support mechanisms.

The study aimed to better understand the cultural dimension of the perception of mental health and psychological suffering as well as the use of traditional care or support systems. This will allow for better adaptation of clinical approaches to psychosocial intervention as well as the identification of risks incurred by communities in the context of mental health programming, in a context of inter-community tensions, and the development of mitigation measures, co-constructed with the targeted communities.

An analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats related to the local perception of mental health issues and pre-existing community support mechanisms was conducted using a mixed methodology. A quantitative approach was used to estimate the prevalence of psychological/psychiatric pathologies present in the intervention area and relate it to known data in the country. This was complemented by qualitative data collection including semi-structured interviews with key informants and focus group discussions with community members (adult men and women) as well as health workers, legal and customary authorities, religious leaders, community leaders, traditional practitioners, humanitarian actors, etc.

12 interviews, 8 focus group discussions and 316 questionnaires confirmed the high rates of distress in the community surveyed.

The cultural representations of mental suffering were better understood (i.e. the origin of suffering and mental illness is exogenous and a spiritual cause is often evoked: witchcraft, curse, divine punishment). Resilience factors (the most resilient would be children and women) and local support mechanisms have been identified, notably in religious leaders.

A very strong group cohesion and solidarity was highlighted.

This study helped to understand the issues related to a mental health care and psychosocial support proposal. This type of study is fundamental to culturally adapting care in humanitarian aid contexts. Concrete details of adaptation will be presented as an example.

None Declared

As part of the Global Mental Health (GMH) movement, WHO launched the Mental Health Gap Action Program (mhGAP). One of the key initiatives of the MhGAP is to train lay health professionals to meet the mental health needs of populations, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where the need far exceeds the availability and quality of services. Training modules are standardized and designed for use in many countries and settings. In practice, there is often a stereotyped reproduction of modules without consideration of specific cultural adaptation needs.

As part of a psychosocial support program in two provinces of the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Ituri and North Kivu), the NGO Action contre la Faim proposed a health and care system assessment aimed at adapting MhGAP modules for health center staff. The objective was to know the local practices in terms of psychic care as well as to identify the competences already existing to reinforce them, but also to contextualize the tools and the contents of the trainings.

The methodology used was mixed.

A questionnaire based on the WHO situation analysis tools was revised, simplified and adapted to the zone, allowing us to obtain quantitative data on the health centers, the care provided, referrals and supervision. Health care workers were interviewed using the questionnaire from ACF’s “Strengthening the Health Care System” guide, focusing on care methods, knowledge of mental health and the most frequently encountered symptoms. Focus Group Discussions with the Community Relais in the area allowed for the collection of information on the level of knowledge of the population in terms of mental health, their awareness on this subject, their cultural vision and the means of care.

The data collected from 9 health centers in the two provinces allowed us to learn about:

- Poor knowledge of mental health and school readiness

- Identification of barriers to access to care

- Beliefs around mental health, mental suffering and care

- Details about the different pathologies and symptoms as well as the issues related to the therapeutic framework.

The evaluation was fundamental to have a better knowledge of the context, which made it possible to adapt the content of the MhGap training modules les, to design tools more adherent to reality. The data collected may also be the subject of advocacy aimed at mobilizing the country’s policies in terms of mental health, as well as raising awareness in the international community.

None Declared

Cultural upbringing is an important factor that affects how one perceives the world and determines how blame is assigned when facing unfavorable outcomes. Governed by explanatory style, which refers to one’s pattern of causal explanations towards positive and negative situations, pessimism is defined as classifying bad events as internal, stable, and global within the personalization, permanence, and pervasiveness dimensions respectively (Peterson, 1992). This indicates that a pessimistic person would attribute a bad event as their own fault, as lasting, and as having great impact across all domains of their lives (Peterson, 1992).

Previous research has shown that when comparing the levels of pessimism between Mainland Chinese individuals, Chinese American individuals, and White American individuals, the Mainland Chinese group is found to be the most pessimistic (Lee & Seligman, 1997). However, much of the existing research to date assessing pessimism and optimism in Asian samples do not define these concepts within the realms of the explanatory style. Instead, a broader and more generalized understanding is usually used. This review therefore seeks to investigate whether Asians are more pessimistic compared to people of other races as defined by the explanatory style (Peterson, 1992).

A search was conducted in two bibliographic databases (Medline OVID and PsycINFO) to identify articles for inclusion. Two reviewers screened the search independently through Covidence and performed a result analysis.

A total of 20 peer-reviewed articles published between 1972 and 2022 are included that broadly compare the explanatory styles of Asians to other racial groups. Of the 20 studies, 3 papers specifically compare optimism versus pessimism in Asian groups, 4 papers mention coping strategies for “bad events”, 2 papers mention self-esteem, and 2 papers each mention causal attributions for success and failure respectively. When compared to other races, Asians were found to be more pessimistic, turn to faith and religion as a coping mechanism, have lower self-esteem, attribute success to external factors and internalize failure.

It is concluded that Asian groups internalize bad events, and view good events as external, which aligns with Asian groups being more pessimistic on the personalization dimension as defined by the explanatory style (Spencer-Rodgers et al., 2004; Anderson, 1999; Park & Kim, 1998). By understanding the cultural implications of the explanatory style, one can recognize why and in what way people behave and cope differently across cultures when facing adversity.

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Subjective well-being when on neuroleptic treatment (SWBN), has been established as a good predictor of adherence, early response and prognosis in patients with schizophrenia. The 20-item subjective well-being under neuroleptic treatment scale (SWN-K 20) is a self-rating scale that has been validated to measure SWBN. However the SWN-K20 has not been previously used to explore psychosocial and clinical factors influencing a low SWN-K20 score in an African population. This study uses the the SWN-K 20 scale among Xhosa speaking African patients with Schizophrenia to determine factors associated with SWBN in this population

To investigate and identify demographic and clinical predictors of subjective well-being in a sample of Xhosa people with schizophrenia on neuroleptic treatment.

As a part of a large genetic study, 244 study participants with a confirmed diagnosis of schizophrenia completed the translated SWN-K 20 scale. Internal consistency analysis was performed, and convergent analysis and exploratory analysis were conducted using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Linear regression methods were used to determine predictors of SWBN in the sample population.

When translated into isiXhosa, the sasubscales of SWN-K 20 on their own were observed to be less reliable when compared to the scale in its entirety,internal consistency of 0.86 vs0. 59-0.47. The subscales were therefore noted to be not meaningful in measuring specific constructs but the full scale could be used to determine a single construct of general wellbeing.The validity of the SWN-K20 was further confirmed by moderate correlation scores with Global Assesment functioning scores (GAF), 0.44.There was a significant correlation between overall subjective well-being score with higher education level, and increased illness severity and GAF scores.

Patients’ perception of well-being while on neuroleptic treatment is an essential area of focus when aiming at improving patient centred treatment, compliance and overall treatment outcome. Treating individuals with SMI is difficult and made more complex when patient’s treatment experience and expectations are not elicited. Having a self-reported measurement like the SWN-K 20 available in a validated Xhosa language version provides helpful, possibly broad insights into the subjective well-being experiences of this patient group. Future studies should explore specific symptoms domains that are associated with a change in subjective wellbeing instead of general illness severity.

None Declared

Depressive disorders are among the leading causes of disability. The lifetime risk for developing clinically significant depression is estimated around 15%. Multiple studies have found female-male ratio of 2:1 across nations and cultures. The reason for this marked difference is still not clear, although several theories addressing social, biological, and environmental contributors have been suggested. Respond to anti-depressant treatment is considerably similar in both genders. However, several studies have shown worse outcomes among women during menopause.

In 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a nasal spray formulation of esketamine for the treatment of resistant depression (TRD) in adults, and the treatment has been approved to use by the ministry of health in Israel since 2020 . Recent studies found more than 50% response and 35% remission rates, when nasal esketamine was given as an add-on therapy.

to assess gender differences in response and remission rates among patients receiving esketamine as an add-on therapy for TRD in a real-world setting

23 female and 22 males received at least 12 weeks of esketamine treatment in a day-care setting. Data collected included depression, dissociation and quality of life scales.

Females tend to experience more severe dissociation during treatment. Average response and remission rates were similar in both groups (48% and 32% respectively), however females were less favorable to show rapid response (during the first 4 weeks). among responders no major differences in time to response has been found.

no major gender differences in response or remission rates have been found among patients receiving esketamine treatment for TRD aside from lower rates of rapid response. Additionally, Females report more severe dissociation during treatment.

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When newborns are born prematurely, it is often necessary to be hospitalized in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). As a result, they are immediately separated from both parents, who experience an intense emotional burden throughout their baby’s hospitalization. Newborns’ entrance in Intensive Care Unit can trigger negative emotions in both parents.

To assess the feeling of loneliness, depressive symptoms and post-traumatic stress of parents with premature infants who are hospitalized in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs).

Our sample consisted of 251 parents, whose newborn was hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of three hospitals in Athens, the capital of Greece. The data were collected through a questionnaire which included (a) questions related to socio-demographic and clinical data, (b) the Center for Epidemiological Studies-depression scale, (c) the UCLA Loneliness Scale (d) ) the Impact of Event Scale- Revised- Greek version (IES-R-Gr) for the detection of post-traumatic stress.

The majority of our sample were women (69.7%) with a mean age of 32.2 years (SD = 15.4 years). Mothers experienced significantly higher scores on each scale, suggesting more symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress as well as a higher sense of loneliness compared to fathers. Parents whose infants were underweight and parents with previous experience of hospitalization in NICU exhibited a statistically significant higher sense of loneliness. 62.6% of parents developed depressive symptoms. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between feeling lonely and the onset of depressive symptoms and a statistically significant negative correlation between psychological support from hospital staff and the appearance of depressive symptomatology. The 60.1% of our participants showed symptoms of post-traumatic stress. The more depressive symptoms the participants exhibited, the more symptoms of avoidance, resuscitation, and overstimulation were noted. The greater the feeling of loneliness, the more symptoms of avoidance the participants exhibited.

Early detection of depressive symptoms, loneliness and post-traumatic stress in parents whose newborn is hospitalized in NICU is of major importance. Consequently, a systematic and well-organized training of the staff working in NICU should be provided. Specific protocols, as well as individualized interventions should be implemented to manage the needs and feelings of this vulnerable population.

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