Childbirth is a special time for every woman, bringing pregnancy to an end and marking the birth of a new baby. This transitional event presents countless physical and psychological changes. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the result of particularly intense stress, is often linked to the perception of childbirth as a traumatic event, requiring optimized follow-up and screening.

The aim of this current study is to estimate the prevalence of post-partum post-traumatic stress disorder in a sample group of Tunisian women and to determine factors associated with childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder.

This is a longitudinal prospective descriptive study conducted among women hospitalized for childbirth in the obstetrics and gynecology department and those who consulted the prenatal outpatient clinic at Taher Sfar Mahdia Hospital. The duration of the study is 7 months, from March 15, 2020 to September 15, 2020. Data collection was based on a pre-established questionnaire determining the various socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Psychometric assessment was carried out using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Scale (PCL-S).

We enrolled 120 women with a mean age of 28.2± 5.3 years. Few women had a psychiatric history of depression (1.2%) or anxiety (3%), and 29% had a pathological obstetric history. Nevertheless, 12.5% of patients were hospitalized during pregnancy. Eighty-seven patients expressed anticipatory fear of childbirth, and 102 women had good marital and social support. Almost half of deliveries (48.3%) were vaginal, and almost a third (27.5%) were emergency caesarean sections. Level 3 pain was reported in 73.3% of cases. Psychometric assessment revealed a prevalence of PTSD of 5.8%, with PTSD symptomatology in 18.4% of women. PTSD was statistically associated with low level of education (p=0.02), postpartum complications (p=0.05) and gender of newborn (p=0.01).

Postpartum PTSD is a major public health problem affecting the healthy development of the newborn, the overall mental and physical recovery and well-being of the mother.Our findings suggest several intervention points for healthcare practitioners, including careful prenatal screening of past trauma history, social support, pain management and expectations about the birth, within a multidisciplinary approach.

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357 million children live in conflict zones. Children’s mental health is a major but complex issue as needs and interventions depend on the age of the child, caregivers, daily safety and protection, etc. EMDR and CBT are the recommended therapies to treat PTSD according to the WHO, but there is not enough standardized evidence-based protocol for children. Testing and evaluating trauma management systems for children is essential for trauma treatment interventions to be implemented in emergency contexts, such as war and conflict situations.

This research compares two intervention protocols for children aged 6 to 17 years suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder after exposure to conflict traumatic events in the Central African Republic: the protocol “Kôno” developed by Action contre la Faim, based on a CBT and narrative approaches and the EMDR/G-TEP (Group Traumatic Events Protocol). After a psychoeducation session, the children were assigned to the ACF-KONO or EMDR/G-TEP groups for 5 sessions. The Child Psychosocial Distress Screener (CPDS) to measure general well-being and functioning and the Child Revised Impact of Events Scale (CRIES) to assess trauma, were administered before and after treatment.

793 children participated in the research, 391 were included in the ACF-KONO protocol and 402 in the EMDR/G-TEP protocol. Both protocols have been shown to be equally effective in improving well-being and reducing traumatic symptoms. 185 children (90 ACF-KONO and 95 EMDR/G-TEP) were also re-evaluated after 5 months. The CPDS and CRIES-8 measurements reveal that the results are stable over time, with the use of both protocols. Detailed results will be presented.

This research contributes to the discussion on a framework for group protocols for children in mental health and psychosocial support interventions in humanitarian programs. The two protocols tested showed very good results in reducing symptoms of PTSD in children. How to choose between EMDR/G-TEP and CBT? What contextual and cultural adaptations are to be expected? Are there differences in children’s appreciation? And in that of mental health practitioners? Ideas for reflection will be shared.

It is possible to widen access to therapeutic treatment of PTSD for children in emergency situations such as war and conflict. Further research in other contexts is needed. These studies should explore qualitative elements, such as children’s appreciations, but also the impact of these different protocols on the vicarious trauma of professionals involved in the treatment of children’s trauma.

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Psychic trauma profoundly affects a person’s confidence in himself and others. There is a sudden experience of helplessness, loss of control, fear for one’s own life, and the humiliation of having been violated. The victim may run out of internal and external reference elements.

Describe the factors that influence the development of Post-traumatic stress disorder after experiencing traumatic experiences.

Review in the literature of the different factors that influence the subject’s response to the traumatic experience.

1. 1) Predisposing and precipitating factors:

   • – characteristics of the traumatic evento: severity of the stressor agent: dose-dependent, Characteristics of the same: sudden, prolonged, repetitive, intentional; decrease the ability to control the situation and develop effective coping strategies; they question basic cognitive schemas; the symbolic meaning of the traumatic evento.

   • – characteristics of the person (predisposing factors of vulnerability): genetic-constitutional vulnerability, adverse experiences in childhood, previous traumatic events: increased vulnerability, personality characteristics, recent stressors or life changes, inadequate support system, use of alcohol, perception locus control more external than internal, pre-existing psychiatric symptoms: neuroticism, anxiety, depression, critical ages of development: time of greatest vulnerability (11-16 years).

2. 2) Perpetuating and empowering factors: sharing traumatic events, seeking the logic of the facts, rupture of affective ties.

3. 3) Elements of Resistance: tendency to selectively remember the positive elements in autobiographical memory, acceptance of a certain dose of uncertainty in life, perceiving themselves as survivors, perception of the stressful stimulus as less threatening, Less physiological reactivity to stress, use of humor, positive emotions counteracting during the traumatic process.

4. 4) Elements of Resilience: ability to extract and assimilate positive elements from negative situations.

Trauma threatens 3 basic assumptions of life: the world is good, the world has meaning, the self has value. The knowledge of these mentioned factors allow a better psychotherapeutic approach to Psychic Trauma.

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While most research on suicidal ideation (SI) in veterans adopts a variable-oriented perspective, this approach often fails to capture the complex interplay of symptoms and comorbid disorders. We hypothesised that a person-centred approach can identify distinct subpopulations of veterans with varying profiles of SI, PTSD symptoms, depression, and agitation.

To examine whether distinct subpopulations of veterans exists, characterized by different profiles of PTSD severity, depression and agitation, and intensity of SI.

We conducted a cross-sectional study in one big University Hospital Centre in Croatia on the sample of men, war veterans aged 30-65 years, undergoing treatment for chronic PTSD. Latent profiles indicators included the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 (HDRS-17) and Corrigan Agitated Behaviour Scale (CABS).

We included 203 male participants with a median age of 47 (IQR 43-45) years. The optimal model, allowing variances of indicators to vary between profiles while constraining covariances to zero, yielded five distinct latent profiles. Notably, the highest SI was found in a subpopulation with elevated CABS scores, but moderate PTSD and depression symptoms (13% of participants). Next in SI intensity were 11% of veterans with severe symptoms across all assessed disorders. Next in SI severity were 21% of veterans with low levels of agitation but high levels of depression. The last two profiles, one with mild symptoms of all assessed disorders (43%) and the other with high agitation (12%), have low SI severity.

Our findings affirm the utility of a person-centred approach in identifying nuanced subpopulations of veterans with diverse symptom profiles related to SI. This stratification can inform targeted interventions, thereby enhancing the efficacy of suicide prevention strategies.

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Regular practice of mindfulness has proven effectiveness in the treatment of affective disorders (Cash and Whittingham, 2010), increases the level of satisfaction in life (Brown and Ryan, 2003), as well as the level of self-esteem (Rasmussen & Pidgeon, 2010). Using “Mulholland Drive” (2001) by David Lynch as an example, we will prove that transcendental cinema, through the unique slow character, the means of expression used and the emphasis placed on the metaphysical experiences of the characters, in which D. Lynch forces us to participate, makes the screening similar to a meditation session.

The aim of this work is to indicate a new direction of research, linking cinema with psychoanalysis, philosophy and psychiatry and proving that a screening of transcendental cinema can be treated as a mindfulness meditation session.

This work is based on the film “Mulholland Drive” by D. Lynch and the understanding of transcendental cinema according to Paul Schrader. Using J. Kabat Zinn’s scientific publications, we analyze cinema in terms of a meditation session and using the approach of first generation analysts (S. Freud, C. Gustav Jung, S. Spielrein) in terms of a therapeutic process based on psychoanalysis.

“Mulholland Drive” subjects the protagonist to a therapy session: the woman lives guided by the unconscious, a dream that seems real and finally at the end she reaches her own true self. On screen, she undergoes successfully the therapeutic process. The transcendental cinema focuses on metaphysical sensations, has elongated scenes, creates dead time, viewer remains in the frame even when the character comes out of it, and strives for kenosis - the reduction of sensory experience. All of these qualities are crucial in mindfuless: focusing on emotions and feelings experienced in the moment, non-judgmental and calmly concentrating on single stimuli. This similarity allows us to treat a transcendental film show in the category of a meditation session.

Recognizing the similarity between the philosophy of mindfulness and transcendental cinema allows us to conclude that a film screening enriches us not only with knowledge about disorders and the therapeutic process, but is in itself a supportive element for mental health. Our work is the first to analyze cinema in the context of mindfulness meditation. In our opinion, culture should be more widely analyzed as a tool to support mental health and the development of one’s own identity.

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Thanks to Paul Schrader, transcendental cinema was distinguished from the slow cinema trend. What distinguishes it from it are the precise psychological portraits of the characters and the aptly reproduced world of internal experiences. Transcendental cinema draws from the philosophy of existentialism, presenting the assumptions of the human psyche. In D. Lynch’s cinematography, we can find faithful representations of mental disorders, such as dissociative fugue, depersonalization, mania or psychosis. Based on the “Lost Highway” (1997), we will prove that D. Lynch, with his cinematography, not only provides knowledge about mental disorders, but also gives patients humanity and dignity. The series also resembles a meditation session in the style of mindfulness, which, when practiced, helps a person affected by mental illness in his recovery process.

The aim of this work is to indicate the accurate record of the inner characters’ experiences in D. Lynch’s cinematography, which provides us with knowledge about mental disorders of an individual. By creating a visual image that affects many senses, transcendental cinema sensitizes us and makes us aware of the suffering of a patient affected by mental disorders. The session, while drawing on the philosophy of mindfulness, becomes a meditative session, therapeutic for both us and the protagonist.

In this research we use the approach proposed by Paul Schrader and David Lynch to analyze analyze transcendental cinema as an art that combines philosophy, cinematography and psychiatry. As a representation of the experiences of a person outgoing the therapy basen on psychoanalysis.

Many studies indicate the positive impact of mindfulness meditation on physical and mental health. Through long scenes, transcendental cinema draws attention to individual stimuli reaching our body, non-judgmental noticing them, focusing on one thought and one sensation, draws from the philosophy of mindfulness, becoming a meditative session in itself. Therefore, a film screening provides us with knowledge about the internal experiences of a psychiatric patient, indicates the form of therapy and at the same time leads us through a therapeutic meditation session.

We believe that the transcendental cinema represented by David Lynch can be treated not only as a representation of mental disorders and the suffering associated with them, but also as a meditative, healing and liberating session. Not only for the person affected by the disorder, but also for us as viewers.

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Transcendental cinema, distinguished from slow cinema by Paul Schreader, draws on the philosophy of existentialism and depicts the complexity of the human psyche using psychoanalytic tools. We claim that through the use of special procedures, the projection of transcendental cinema essentially becomes a meditation session in the spirit of mindfulness, which has been proven to alleviate and cure more than just neuropsychiatric ailments.

The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the similarity between mindfulness philosophy and transcendental cinema. We believe that the assumptions of both currents are so similar that we can treat the film screening in the category of a meditation session. Thus, we arrive at a situation in which we not only watch the protagonist developing his own consciousness in accordance with the mindfulness philosophy (also following the path of psychoanalysis), but also we, as viewers, develop self-awareness.

We analyze D. Lynch’s Twin Peaks series in accordance with Paul Schrader’s understanding of ‘transcendental cinema’. In addition, we use the scientific achievements of classical psychoanalysts, analyzing the metaphysical world of the characters in accordance with this trend. Using J. Kabat Zinn’s scientific publications, we analyze cinema in terms of a meditation session.

Participation is crucial; in meditation and in the transcendental cinema. Mindfulness means focusing on the emotions and feelings experienced at a given moment, on what comes to us, what we experience. Transcendental cinema using specific formal and narrative tools (e.g. extended scenes, no cuts, etc.) forces us to actively participate. Transcendental cinema fulfills the tenets of mindfulness, and during the screening we undergo a meditation session. What’s more, this style in cinema allows an in-depth exploration of the psyche, it brings us closer to the metaphysical, emotional dimension of humanity what develops in us the ability to understand the psyche of others, as well as our own.

We claim that the similarity between the philosophy of mindfulness and transcendental cinema allows us to treat a film screening as a meditation session. Cinema enriches us not only with knowledge about disorders and the therapeutic process, but is in itself a supportive tool - screening can allow viewers to deepen their awareness and improve their health. What is more, David Lynch’s work brings us closer to exploring the human psyche and the individualization of inner experiences, while also showing us what influence transcendental meditation has on characters and what happens when they undergo a kind of therapy; in the spirit of psychoanalysis or mindfulness philosophy.

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Phenomenology is one of the fundamental tools in the clinical practice of psychiatrists, constituting one of the touchstones regarding the diagnostic framework in which clinicians navigate.

For Husserl, Phenomenology provided access to the structure of pure consciousness, experience and existence. These are conditions of possibility for the object of Psychiatry, ontologically prior to it. Thus, clarification of the object and method of Phenomenology is preliminary to understanding the object of Psychiatry.

Phenomenology, being a direct tributary of Philosophy, evolves dialectically, constantly dialoguing with its predecessors. While it is taken as a philosophical current, it is also considered a method. It is precisely as a method that we can see how the methodology changes in different phenomenological traditions.

To compare how the main phenomenological traditions operate.

Comparative analysis between the phenomenological reductions in key figures of the phenomenological tradition, resorting to the corpus of the Husserliana, Being and Time, Phenomenology of Perception and General Psychopathology. Additionally, a non-systematic literature review of papers on the database Philpapers, using the keywords “critical phenomenology”, “eidetic reduction”, “phenomenological reduction”.

While there is a multiplicity of ways of taxonomizing phenomenological currents, we divide it in: pure, existential, embodied, jasperian, psychopathological, and critical.

Husserl’s pure phenomenology uses the free variation in phantasy and epoché as operators, starting from the natural attitude.

Heidegger’s existential phenomenology makes no reference to a reduction of any kind. For him, it is necessary to take a step back, to a more primordial mode of being through which we can access Being, where the world is given and constituted.

Embodied phenomenology, of Merleaupontinian provenance, recognizes the reduction, but cannot be fully achieve it.

Jasperian phenomenology uses empathy and co-experience as its operators, through which it gains access to the subjective states of the other, with the aim of systematizing and taxonomizing subjective phenomena.

Phenomenological psychopathology tentatively uses Husserlian reductions to identify the a priori structures of the human, be it Biswanger’s forms of manifestation of failed human existence or Blakenburg’s anthropological disproportions.

Critical phenomenology uses a historical-transcendental analysis of experience as its operator, through which it accesses transcendental intersubjectivity.

At a time when the DSM and ICD are increasingly seen as inadequate, limited and dogmatic, the resurgence of interest in Phenomenology is evident. It is important to avoid falling back on new presuppositions without constant revision and questioning, at the risk of simply mutating dogmas and missing the original legacy of pure phenomenology, the suspension of presuppositions.

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Phenomenology is historically fundamental for psychopathology. In recent decades constructivist approaches occur as an alternative. Some consider them quite compatible, others take the reverse stance, arguing for advances of one or the other. This has parallel in discussions and contradictions in philosophy of mind.

As Dennett points, there is no science free of philosophy, so it is recommendable to make clear and bear in mind on what kind of philosophy is based contemporary psychopathology.

Brief review and comparison between phenomenological and constructivist approaches.

There is no doubt, that culture influences self and experience. Culture and social environment shape abnormal experiences as well. In an extreme variant a constructivist statement would sound as “Someone suffers from a disorder because a violation of social norms.” The self is considered as socially constructed entirely, in the spirit of Mead. Psychopathological theories are function of societal development as well. Phenomenological approach pays attention to constitution and structure of subjective experience. The self has a multilayer structure with a pre-reflexive experiential level of self. Elements of subjective reality do exist, that are not result from social influence, these include abnormal experiences. Especially some experiences in severe mental illness originate from profound disturbance of intentionality based on dysfunction of pre-reflexive self-awareness as it shown by T. Fuchs.

Phenomenology offers more broad and satisfying framework for psychopathology and psychiatry. Contribution of constructivism is not to be ignored, but seems to be one-sided. Further research and deeper education in phenomenological psychopathology of trainees would be valuable.

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When reading about psychopathology what we find described are experiences similar to our own. Psychiatry deals with anguish, fear, motivation, choice, and many other aspects that makes us human. However, even though psychopathology is rooted in common human experience, mental disorders are often outside the experience of those who don’t suffer from it. Therefore, the distinction between normality and disease is central to psychiatry. The DSM proposes that mental disorders are necessarily linked to distress and/or impairment. However, it adds that the syndrome or pattern must not be an expectable response to an event - it excludes “normal” experiences and responses from the realm of mental illness. But how do we distinguish normal distress from illness? This review investigates how different meanings of normality can help us discern the fine line between mental illness and ordinary human experience.

We intend to critically examine and compare different models of normality. Additionally, we seek to discern the implications of these models for distinguishing mental disorders from normal mental experiences.

Review of the literature.

We analyzed definitions and models of normality throughout the literature and selected the most relevant ones according to their popularity and/or strength of argument. Different models of normality (e.g. Biostatistical, Process, Health, Ideal, Biological advantage, etc.) were examined and compared, and the conceptualization of mental disorder was examined through the lens of each of these frameworks. Our investigation reveals the multifaceted nature of normality, with different models offering unique perspectives on mental health. From statistical approaches to cultural considerations, each model contributes distinct criteria for distinguishing what is normal from what is illness. By synthesizing these results, we gain a comprehensive view of the factors influencing the conceptualization of normality in the context of mental health.

This review emphasizes the importance of adopting a nuanced, cautious and multifactorial approach when discerning mental disorders from normal experiences. Rather than relying on a singular definition, our analysis suggests that a comprehensive understanding of normality can help us to better discern what is normal and what is illness.

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Anticipation is the most valuable component of the regulatory side of human behavior. Adolescence is a sensitive period in relation to the formation of an anticipatory and prognostic system, which in turn provides an opportunity to assess causal relationships and evaluate the consequences of actions taken.

Study of the anticipatory viability of adolescents with long-term disorders in the prevention of deviations.

The study involved 46 adolescents aged 11-15 studying at a specialized boarding school for children with disabilities. The observational method was used as well as the author’s methodology “Studying the anticipatory solvency of adolescents” Akhmetzyanova A.I., Artemyeva T.V.; “Diagnostic questionnaire for identifying propensity to various forms of deviant behavior for students of educational institutions” developed by the Department of Psychiatry of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov.

The subjects had difficulty predicting the passage of time, with its adequate and rational distribution, including planning their own activities. Adolescents with musculoskeletal disorders had difficulty making a pragmatic and realistic forecast of possible events in communication with other people, as well as predicting the emotional states of interaction participants. Adolescents with movement disorders were characterized by an inadequate assessment of themselves as a subject of professional activity, fixation on the movement disorder, and high levels of anxiety and neuroticism. The subjects showed a tendency to suicidal behavior due to risk factors such as high levels of anxiety associated with self-esteem and anxiety in interpersonal relationships, high affectivity and demonstrativeness, social pessimism and negative prediction of the future. During the correlation analysis, the relationship between spatio-temporal and speech-communicative anticipatory consistency with indicators of deviant behavior - delinquent behavior and deviant behavior was revealed.

The data obtained in the study will allow specialists to timely identify and prevent the development of deviant behavior, as well as build a route for correctional classes with each child.. This paper has been supported by the Kazan Federal University Strategic Academic Leadership Program.

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One of the important tasks of modern education is the adaptation of children with autism spectrum disorders to the social space, which allows them to ensure their personal development and self-realization.

Study of the specifics of the socialization of children of preschool age with autism spectrum disorders.

The study involved 27 preschool children with autism spectrum disorders attending an educational institution for children with disabilities; 6 were girls and 21 were boys; 20 children with intact speech and 7 children with speech disorders. The following methods were used: “Map of manifestations of activity by A.M. Shchetinina, N.A. Abramova; “Map of observations of the manifestations of communicative abilities in preschool children” A.M. Shchetinina, M.A. Nikiforova; “Emotional faces” N.Y. Semago.

It was found that children with autism spectrum disorders have the greatest severity of such activity indicators as “is in a good mood” (1.67), “shows stubbornness” (1.56) and “shows great mobility” (1.56). Among the manifestations of communicative abilities in preschool children, the most developed parameter is: “sincere in his statements, in the manifestation of his feelings” (2,07). At the same time, the lowest expression of communication skills (0.96) in children with autism spectrum disorders is observed in terms of: “has organizational skills”, “the child seeks to understand the other, his thoughts, feelings”; “observant, sees and realizes the characteristics of other children and adults”. The least pronounced indicator is observed in the indicator of initiative; children do not show initiative in communication, have difficulty understanding and supporting the initiative of another child in an interaction situation. Children have a low level of operational communicative actions and skills: children are not expressive in communication, do not master verbal means of communication and are not able to maintain contact with communication partners.

The results obtained in the study confirm the need to develop and implement psychological and pedagogical programs aimed at developing social skills in preschool children with autism spectrum disorders. This paper has been supported by the Kazan Federal University Strategic Academic Leadership Program.

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Adolescents with speech pathology experience disturbances in sound pronunciation, phonemic processes, poor vocabulary, insufficiently formed grammatical structure, and disturbances in coherent speech. The specifics of the emotional-volitional sphere of adolescents in this group are anxiety, isolation and negativism prevent the establishment of full social contacts with peers and adults and complicate the formation of their anticipatory competence.

Studying the specifics of the anticipatory competence of adolescents with speech pathology.

The study involved 56 adolescent children aged 11-15, attending an educational institution for children with disabilities, diagnosed with general speech impairment level 2. The study was carried out using the following methods: “Achenbach Questionnaire”, “Test of Anticipatory Consistency” by V.D. Mendelevich, “Anticipation of the outcome of a situation with a violation of the norm” by V.P. Ulyanova and the author’s methodology “Studying the anticipatory competence of adolescents” by Akhmetzyanova A.I., Artemyeva T.V.

It was revealed that adolescents with speech pathology experience difficulties in mastering the material, it is difficult for them to concentrate their attention on the task and bring the work they have started to the end. Adolescents of this nosological group face difficulties in predicting the outcome of situations and the consequences of their own behavior in a situation of social interaction, find it difficult to control time in the process of doing homework and organizing leisure time, make a forecast of various situations that may arise at school and family, make new acquaintances, and communicate freely with parents, teachers and peers.

The level of speech development influences the formation of personal-situational, speech-communicative anticipatory competence of adolescents, and the ability to predict speech situations. Teenagers with speech pathology need help from adults This paper has been supported by the Kazan Federal University Strategic Academic Leadership Program.

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Schizotypal personality is a condition suffered by 4% of the population. It is defined by presenting interpersonal, behavioral and perceptual features similar to the clinical features of psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, in less intensity and dysfunctionality, but at risk of reaching psychosis.

Presentation of a clinical case about a patient with premorbid schizotypal personality traits presenting with an acute psychotic episode.

Literature review on association between schizotypal personality and psychosis.

A 57-year-old woman with a history of adaptive disorder due to work problems 13 years ago, currently without psychopharmacological treatment, goes to the emergency room brought by the emergency services due to behavioral alteration. She reports that “her husband and son wanted to sexually abuse her”, so she had to run away from home and has been running through the streets of the town without clothes and barefoot.

Her husband relates attitude alterations and extravagant behaviors of years of evolution, such as going on diets of eating only bread for 40 days or talking about exoteric and religious subjects, as believing that the devil got inside her husband through a dental implant. He reports that these behaviors have been accentuated during the last month. She has also created a tarot website, and has even had discussions with several users. She is increasingly suspicious of him, has stopped talking to him and stays in his room all day long, with unmotivated laughter and soliloquies.

It was decided to admit him to Psychiatry and risperidone 4 mg was started. At the beginning, she was suspicious and reticent in the interview. As the days went by, communication improved, she showed a relaxed gesture and distanced herself from the delirious ideation, criticizing the episode.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in understanding the association between schizotypy and serious mental disorder. Several theories understand schizotypy as a natural continuum of personality that reveals genetic vulnerability and that can lead to psychotic disorder when added to precipitating factors. Other theories define schizotypy as a “latent schizophrenia” where symptoms are contained and expressed in less intensity.

Around 20% evolves to paranoid schizophrenia or other serious mental disorders. It is complex to distinguish between those individuals in whom schizotypy is a prodrome and those in whom it is a stable personality trait. To date, studies applying early psychotherapeutic or pharmacological interventions have had insufficient and contradictory results, and the follow-up and treatment of these individuals could be a stress factor and a stigma. Some studies are looking for reliable markers of evolution to schizophrenia in order to establish adequate protocols for detention, follow-up and treatment.

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Personality characteristics have an important place in the choices of interns who are at the stage of deciding how their profession will be shaped in the future. While the Big 5 personality model has been widely used in evaluating the personality traits factor in career planning, the Enneagram has increased in popularity in recent years. In this study, it was aimed to investigate how senior medical students evaluate their professional future between these choices and the students’ personality types.

Forms and scales were presented to 221 interns who agreed to participate in our study and were studying in their final year in the 2022-2023 period at three different faculties, two state universities and one private university in the Marmara Region in Turkey.

The sociodemographic data form, Enneagram Personality Types and Subtypes Inventory, and Positive Future Expectation Scale, prepared by the researchers and containing questions about the factors that may be effective in choosing medical specialization, obtained through a face-to-face pilot interview with ten students and literature review, were applied to the participants. Participants answered the forms and scales via ‘Google forms’.

211 out of 221 participants, who did not constitute outliers, were included in the analysis. The mean age of the participants was 24.43 (S.E= 0.11)

In terms of Enneagram typologies, Type 2 (39.3%) exhibited the highest prevalence, followed by Type 1 (13.3%), Type 6 (11.8%), and Type 7 (8.5%).

Furthermore, a statistically significant relationship was found between specialization area and Enneagram types (Fisher exact <.001, p< .001). Post-hoc examinations highlighted specific associations, such as the relationship between Type 3 and Cardiovascular Surgery, Orthopedics and Traumatology; Type 4 and Pneumology, Psychiatry; Type 5 and PRC, Type 6 and Infectious Diseases, Neurology, Medical Microbiology; Type 7 and Cardiology; Type 8 and Pediatrics, Medical Biochemistry; and Type 9 and Family Medicine, Radiology, Psychiatry, Medical Pathology.

When the results are evaluated, the highest rate of type 2 and type 1 of the Enneagram typology in senior medical faculty students supports the fact that the medical profession consists of responsible and principled people who love helping others. It is compatible with the character traits of people with type 9 who avoid stress and conflict, preferring the department to have a low workload, and turning to family medicine, radiology, psychiatry and medical pathology departments, which are estimated to have relatively fewer working hours and emergency applications.

Our study suggests that this scale be used more widely, as the Enneagram typology, which is used in many professional and career choices, shows results compatible with the participants’ preferences in choosing a medical specialty.

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Diagnostic criteria for narcissistic personality disorder primarily focus on grandiosity and significance. In psychotherapeutic work, it is important to distinguish two subtypes of pathological narcissism: narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability. One of the manifestations of narcissistic traits is unstable or unformed self-esteem, manifested in attempts to conform to ideals. A part of modern society perceives the female body as an object that “needs to be looked at”. Self-objectification refers to a learned pattern of self-assessment of the importance of one’s body and appearance compared to other aspects of the self. Self-observation and comparison of oneself with others is one of the manifestations of self-objectification. With acts of auto aggression, the body becomes a tool or a means to solve psychological problems. In order for this to become possible, the ability to objectify your body “to look at it from the outside” plays an important role.

Analysis of the relationship between non-suicidal self-injurious behavior and narcissistic personality traits in young women with depression and young women without a psychiatric diagnosis.

Тhe study included 49 women divided into two groups. The first group included 24 patients with depression undergoing inpatient treatment (mean age 18.4). The second group included 25 healthy subjects (mean age 18 years). The methods: The answer to the question “Sometimes I purposely injure myself” was used as an indicator of self-harm (NSSI) (five-point Likert scale); “Ich structure test” (ISTA); “Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised” (PACS-R).

In the clinical group, a significant association of severity of NSSI with indicators of “deficit narcissism” was revealed (Spearman r=,534*). Correlations were found between the severity of NSSI and PACS-R (r=,344**). In the clinical group, there was no connection between “Comparison with others” and narcissistic traits. In a group of healthy subjects, significant associations of NSSI severity with “destructive narcissism” (,572**) and PACS-R (,576**) were revealed. In the clinical group, the severity of NSSI is associated with a more serious pathology - the lack of formation of “normal” narcissism, and in the healthy group it is more likely to be deformed narcissism. Self-objectification and comparison of oneself with others in the clinical group is not associated with manifestations of narcissistic traits, such connections are demonstrated in the group of healthy young women.

It is shown that in the clinical group of depressed young women, the severity of self-harming behavior is associated with “deficit narcissism”, and in healthy young women, first of all, with “destructive narcissism” with an increased need to compare themselves with others.

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The relationship between Borderline Personality Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder has been highlighted in different studies over the last few years, with an estimated prevalence of around 15-35% of ADHD in adult patients diagnosed with BPD and a 7.4 times higher risk of developing BPD in patients diagnosed with ADHD.

To conduct a pragmatic review of the recent literature on the relationship between ADHD and BPD, so that it serves as a starting point for an in-depth study of the sociodemographic, clinical and cross-sectional dimensional factors of both disorders.

A bibliographic review of scientific articles published in recent years, in English and Spanish, extracted from the MEDLINE database, which delve into the relationship between BPD and ADHD, will be carried out. In addition, the common psychopathological dimensions, such as impulsivity or emotional dysregulation, as well as the weight of other dimensional factors related to both disorders, will be studied.

The results of the selected articles will be grouped, for a better understanding, in the following sections:

• - Clinical factors and shared comorbidities.

• - Psychopathological dimensions: impulsivity and emotional dysregulation.

• - Other common dimensional factors.

There are common symptoms and etiological or perpetuating factors, as well as comorbidities shared in both conditions, which in many cases make the correct diagnosis and, therefore, the appropriate therapeutic approach to these patients, quite difficult. Taking into account the differential characteristics of BPD and ADHD, it is possible to create different profiles that allow a precise approach to both disorders in those cases in which they coexist in the same patient.

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Modern authors characterize hyperthymic individuals as eloquent, humorous, self-confident, optimistic, energetic, liberated, sexually active, constantly planning and implementing their plans. Four or more of the listed characteristics indicate the individual’s involvement in the circle of hyperthymic people. Statistical data on the prevalence of hyperthymic is scarce, which is due to rare requests for help and the diagnosis of this condition not as a disease, but within the framework of characterological traits. Attempts to classify hyperthymics have been made more than once, but previously none of the authors divided them according to the presence of side character traits in the personality structure.

To establish psychopathological types of hyperthymic individuals in whom affective states were formed.

The sample consisted of 50 patients (42 women, 8 men) who were on inpatient or outpatient treatment at the clinic since 2019 to 2022. Patients were examined by clinical-psychopathological, clinical-anamnestic methods due to the presence of a phase affective state.

Four types of hyperthymic personalities have been identified: anxious-hyperthymic, hysterical-hyperthymic, schizoid-hyperthymic and standard hyperthymic. Anxious-hyperthymic type, 20% (n=10) characterized by a combination of increased activity, sociability with such traits as suspiciousness, perfectionism, meticulousness, exactingness, concern for one’s health and the desire to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Hysterical-hyperthymic type, 46% (n=23) includes both hyperthymic and hysterical traits in the form of increased emotionality, egocentrism, drama, and desire for recognition from others. In addition, patients in this group are characterized by increased concern about their appearance (bright clothes, makeup, tattoos). Schizoid-hyperthymic type, 10% (n=5). In addition to increased activity and emancipation, patients in this group are prone to fantasizing, overvalued hobbies, sthenicity, emotional poverty and rationalism. Standard type, 24% (n=12) are characterized by the presence of typical hyperthymic traits - optimism, energy, constant desire for productive activity, success in the chosen profession, rapid career growth, sociability, openness.

Hyperthymic individuals with the development of affective phases are heterogeneous in their psychopathological structure and have features of the pathocharacterological structure that make it possible to distinguish anxious-hyperthymic, hysterical-hyperthymic, schizoid-hyperthymic and standard types. The developed classification of hyperthymia reveals the predominance of the hysterical-hyperthymic type (46%).

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Dimensional diagnosis of personality disorders has as its main criterion the assessment of the level of functionality. And in patients with other diagnostic categories, there is a difference in the degree of functioning, as well as a difference in the course and prognosis of the disorder. The reason for such a different course may be the existence of a certain degree of personality dysfunctionality.

The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of personality disorder in patients with neurotic disorder and predominantly anxiety symptomatology.

A descriptive cross-sectional study was made to determine personality disorder in patients with neurotic disorder (F40-F48, excluding those where the disorder is related to stress F43) and predominantly anxiety symptomatology. The HAM-A scale was used to assess anxiety, and the LPFS-BF-2.0 was used to assess the level of personality functioning. The results were processed by descriptive statistical analysis.

The study included 25 individuals (N 25, 64% women), aged between 18 and 65 years (mean age 44.16, SD 13.20) with a diagnosed neurotic disorder. All subjects had elevated anxiety symptomatology, mean HAM-A score was 35.36 (SD 7.76). The assessment of the level of personality functioning with the LPFS-BF-2.0 gave the following results: 20% of people have a personality difficulty, 12% have a mild personality disorder, 32% have a moderate and 4% have a severe personality disorder.

According to the obtained results, 68% of people with a neurotic disorder and a high degree of anxiety have a certain degree of personality dysfunction. The prevalence of personality disorder in individuals with neurotic disorder is high (48%). These results lead to the conclusion that people with pronounced anxiety often have a disruption in personality. In people with a high level of anxiety, an assessment should be made for the level of functioning of the person, as well as for the existence of a personality disorder, and the treatment should be adjusted according to the results obtained. In addition to the treatment of the emerging symptoms, the personality dysfunctions should also be treated.

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With the new dimensional diagnosis of personality disorders in ICD 11, the categorical model has been abandoned. The types of personality disorders in the new dimensional model should show certain common characteristics. According to the recognition of the common characteristics of individual types of personality disorders, as well as determining the severity, a transition from the categorical to the dimensional diagnostic system can be made.

To analyze and present the trait domains specifiers in persons with avoidant personality disorder and to facilitate the adoption of the new diagnostic criteria.

An unsystematized literature review was made, with key words: avoidant personality disorder, ICD 11, ICD 10, traits; and a case was presented.

This is the case of a 26-year-old student who has had no friends since his school days. During his secondary education, on the initiative of another person, he got together with several other people, but he was not fully accepted. During the studies, the communication with the colleagues took place only at the university and around the responsibilities. About a year ago, he had reduced willpower and suicidal thoughts, when he took antidepressant and adjuvant antipsychotic therapy for some time. He is now being examined due to severe tension, dissatisfaction, lack of friends, repeated suicidal ideation. According to researches, people with avoidant disorder have prominent trait domains – negative affectivity, detachment and reduced dissociality (Bach et al. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:351), negative affectivity, detachment and anankastia (Simon et al., Front. Psychiatry 2023, 14:1175425), negative affectivity and detachment (Bach et al. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation 2022, 9:12). In our case, assessments of trait domains were made with PSQ-11 and PiCD. On the PSQ-11, an increase in the negative affectivity, detachment and anankastia on critical score was obtained, while on the PiCD, an increase in negative affectivity, detachment, anankastia, and a decrease in dissociality was obtained. Mild personality disorder was scored on the Rating Scales for Severity of Disorder (SASPD, LPFS-BF 2.0).

The types of personality disorder can be represented by certain common trait domains specifiers, which will be useful in adopting the diagnostic criteria in ICD 11 for personality disorder. Assessment of the severity of the disorder provides additional information on treatment strategies and prognosis. The most significant features of avoidant personality disorder are negative affectivity and detachment, while anankastia is on the borderline score and has a reduction in dissociality.

None Declared