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IX.—Specific Gravities and Oceanic Circulation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 July 2012

Alex. Buchan
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Extract

In the report on Oceanic Circulation, based on the observations made on board H.M.S. “Challenger,” and other observations, which was published in the beginning of 1895 as an Appendix in the Summary of Results, Second Part Challenger Reports, the specific gravities dealt with were all at the standard temperature of 60° Fahr., the standard density being that of distilled water at 39°·2 (4° C). By this method of treatment the question of the salinity or saltness of the water is approximately stated, unquestionably one of the most important questions affecting the physics of the ocean. But the movement of the water, or oceanic circulation, as resulting from different densities, can only be represented by stating, not the specific gravity reduced to the uniform temperature of 60°, but the specific gravity at the observed temperature at all points in the ocean at which observations are made. In this paper these specific gravities are viewed in their relations to the circulation of the waters of the ocean.

Type
Research Article
Information
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh , Volume 38 , Issue 2 , 1897 , pp. 317 - 342
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1897

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References

page 317 note * Report, Maps 1 and 2.

page 317 note † For sources of information from which the specific gravities have been obtained, see Appendix, p. 342.

page 319 note * Maps showing specific gravity at were also constructed for depths of 200, 300, 400, and 800 fathoms, which are not produced with this Paper, but are referred to in the text.

page 319 note † In this paper the term salinity will, for convenience, be employed to represent the specific gravity at 60°.

page 321 note * “The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration.” By Murray, John, Ph.D., LL.D., of the Challenger Expedition (Geogr Journ., vol. iii. p. 18, 1894Google Scholar.)

page 326 note * Regenwaarnemingen in Nederlandsch-Indie. Batavia Landsdrukkerij.

page 327 note * Meteorological Charts of the Red Sea. Published by the Authority of the Meteorological Council. London, 1895Google Scholar.

page 330 note * See also Atlantischer Ozean Taf. 3. Deutsche Seewarte, Hamburg, 1882.

page 332 note * Challenger Report, Map 3.

page 335 note * See MrBuchanan's, J. Y. Papers, Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xxiii. p. 123Google Scholar, and Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc., December 1886, where this peculiarity is shown to hold good from the surface to 200 fathoms.

page 337 note * See Challenger Report, Temperature Maps.

page 338 note * For a more detailed account of these see the Challenger Report, p. 19. Consult also Maps 3 and 4 of that Report.

page 340 note * Proceedings, vol. xviii. pp. 142–43.