² On behalf of Gravesend Historical Society Mr. E. W. Tilley sent it on request to Penn, R.P.W. See, A. Cant, lxxiii (1959), 26 Google Scholar, 22 fig. 10, 11. Brailsford and Tilley, ibid. 51.

³ Information from the excavators, Mr. G. Brodribb and Mr. H. F. Cleere, who submitted the stone for inspection. See also no. 81 (below).

⁴ Line 3, perhaps vilicus agreeing with the subject of iussit, or villam the object of the verb governed by iussit. In either case the position after the main verb is strange. In line 5 the letters are smaller and inset as if forming the end of a word too long to fit completely in the preceding line.

⁵ Information and photograph from Mr. A. D. McWhirr, who directed the excavations. For a plan of the site see Antiq. Journ. xlix (1969), 223.Google Scholar

⁶ Colleges of Augustales, regular in coloniae, are also found in civitates peregrinae, e.g. the Bituriges (ILS 197), Mattiaci (ILS 7092).

⁷ Miss C. Johns, of the British Museum, sent details and drawings. Now in Harlow Museum. Mr. S. Eglinton-Mead, of Harlow Museum, made the items and nos. 41, 42 (below) available. His rescue excavation has produced votive miniature bronze axes, like those of Wood Eaton, bronze strips with incised decoration and a large quantity of pottery (see nos. 41, 42 below). For the temple in Latton parish, Harlow, see JRS lv (1965)Google Scholar, 213, fig. 18, 214, and Lewis, M. J. T., Temples in Roman Britain (Cambridge, 1966), 2 etc., 167, fig. 17.Google Scholar

⁸ Now in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. Mr. G. C. Boon sent full details and a squeeze. If the number of the cohort was VIII or VIIII, there will have been space for three or four letters for the abbreviated cognomen in 1. 2.

⁹ Now in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. Mr. G. C. Boon sent details and a squeeze.

¹⁰ Now in the Grosvenor Museum, Chester. Mr. D. F. Petch sent details and a photograph. Drawn by R.P.W.

¹¹ In (d) in l.1 the first letter may be P, T or F. In 1.2, O or Q,. In (e) the letter in l.1 may be C, G or perhaps O or Q.

In (a)-(c) 1.3 the final letter is probably E, but I is possible. It differs from the serif of T in CASTRIS or CONTRA. In 1.4 the final letter is M, to read REGIM[EN; the surface is intact and preserves no trace of the narrower letter N. In 1.5 the final letter is M, for the same reason as that stated in 1.4. In 1.6 a very worn triangular stop separates R and M.

¹² Drawn by R.P.W. in 1970 in situ. For a similar stone see JRS lviii (1968), 208, no. 12.Google Scholar

¹³ Mr. L. P. Wenham submitted the slab for study. For the excavation see II. 81 (below).

¹⁴ Professor E. Birley discussed the restoration and thought that Candidus was on frequency the most likely cognomen. Mr. A. M. Binns made a measured drawing; in a line where the letters are of three differing heights Candidus balances the next line, praef.alae, provided the two D's and terminal S are as large as initial G and the I and V are as small as the A. For the first letter in 1.2 only the lower part of the vertical stroke of some letter survives.

The ala Picentiana is recorded in Britain in the diploma of A.D. 124 (CIL vii 1195, xvi 70). Dr. J. C. Mann observes that large leaf-stops are typical of the period beginning with Antoninus Pius, but very rare in Britain before that. He would place this text in the second half of the second century.

¹⁵ In conservation by the Ministry of Public Building and Works, after the excavation by Valerie A. Maxfield and R. F. Miket which they reported in Archaeological Newsbulletin (of Durham University) no. 58 (April, 1971). Drawn by R.P.W.; Mr. C. Anderson provided photographs.

¹⁶ Gillam and Mann, Arch. Ael. xlviii (1970), 44.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Mr. C. Anderson sent photographs and details. For Granianus see ILS 5678, 9259a, b.

¹⁸ Submitted by Mr. R. E. Birley, who directed excavations for the Vindolanda Trust. The final letter on the object has corroded and the right-hand terminal is flaking away.

¹⁹ Reported by Miss D. Charlesworth, who provided a squeeze. Mr. C. Anderson supplied photographs. Drawn by R.P.W.

²⁰ Stored in the Museum of Antiquities of Newcastle upon Tyne as item 90 in the 1886 Catalogue ( Arch. Ael.² xii, 1886, 37, no. 90 ‘an uninscribed slab’). The late Dr. R. Raper supplied a photograph for its identification; drawn by R.P.W. Near its left margin the figure 90 is stencilled in red paint, the method of marking used on other items in the 1886 Catalogue.Google Scholar

²¹ By Mr. J. D. Leach and Dr. J. J. Wilkes (see above, p. 248). Photographs of (a) and (b) by courtesy of Miss H. C. Adamson were supplied by Dundee Museums and Art Gallery, where the objects are placed. Mr. H. Coutts made item (c) available and supplied details for all three. The side panel comes from the upper right corner where the frame is flat in contrast to the lower margin which had three mouldings, as item (b) indicates.

²² JRS lv (1965), 223 Google Scholar, pl. XIX, 1, 2; Wright, PSAS xcvii (1963–1964), 202, pl. x, 1, 2; id., Acta of the Fifth Epigraphic Congress 1967, 293–7, pl. 26.Google Scholar

²³ On the analogy of the letters from the east gate the wider cut in the groove forms the left part of the vertical letter and the narrower the right part. The position of the stop excludes T. The succeeding wide space makes the letter I less likely. For L widely spaced in LEG see RIB 2204.

²⁴ The material for items 16, 18, 19, 21, 23–5, 31–3 from the 1967–9 excavations on the Old Market Hall site at Chester were made available to R.P.W. by Mr. D. F. Petch in the Grosvenor Museum.

²⁵ Information from Mr. J. V. H. Eames, who directed the excavation for the University of Liverpool School of Archaeology. Drawn by R.P.W. The pipe seems to have been cast in a mould similar to, but slightly longer than, that used for the two known examples, EE ix 1039, ILS 8704a, Wright and Richmond, Cat. of Roman Inscribed…Stones in the Grosvenor Museum (1955), no. 199, pl. XLIV.

²⁶ Now in the Grosvenor Museum, Chester, where Miss M. Moffatt made the items available for study by R.P.W.

²⁷ Now in the Grosvenor Museum; drawn by R.P.W. For the two types see JRS xxxv (1945), 92, fig. 15, nos. 6, 7.Google Scholar

²⁸ Now in the Grosvenor Museum, Chester; drawn by R.P.W.

²⁹ Selected by Dr. G. Webster from stored material to illustrate methods of building.

³⁰ Now in the Grosvenor Museum; drawn by R.P.W. The interpretation of l.1 is due to Professor S. S. Frere; see Callender, Roman Amphorae, 15, 37. For l.1 see CIL iv 5637, xv 4732. Dressel (CIL xv p. 682) reaches no final conclusion on penuar(ium), which relates to the food-store and not the wine-cellar. It may be wine spiced with some relish, or a type of relish mixed with wine.

³¹ Rubbing and details supplied by Mr. F. H. Thompson.

³² Now in the Grosvenor Museum, Chester; drawn by R.P.W.

³³ Now in the Grosvenor Museum, Chester; drawn by R.P.W.

³⁴ Now in the Grosvenor Museum, Chester; drawn by R.P.W.

³⁵ For the Dorchester Excavation Committee Mr. C. Chaplin excavated east-south-east of the Prison (see above, p. 280). Miss J. Draper, now Mrs. C. Chaplin, sent details and photographs; figure drawn by R.P.W. For the use of mudstone as a material on which to write see JRS 1 (1960), 240, no. 24 (Wroxeter).Google Scholar

³⁶ Found by the late Mr. J. Tait; submitted by Mr. J. P. Gillam. O and H are linked and V has a triangular top-bar. This stamp matches a tegula from this site presented in 1882 to the British Museum and a tile (type IIA) found in 1949 in the well of the courtyard of the Headquarters Building ( JRS xli (1951), 143, no. 16(b)).Google Scholar

³⁷ Found by the late Mr. J. Tait, and submitted by Mr. J. P. Gillam.

³⁸ Alresford lies 5 miles south-east of Colchester. Now in Colchester Museum, drawn by R.P.W. For the site see Laver, , Essex AST² iii (1889), 136. For this crude comment on walls at Pompeii see CIL iv 2075,3146.Google Scholar

³⁹ Excavated by Billericay Archaeological Society under the direction of Mr. D. T. Bumpsteed; Mr. W. J. Rodwell sent details and a rubbing. The name is Billica or Billicat[….

⁴⁰ Information from Miss R. Dunnett who directed excavations (see above, p. 272). Now in Colchester Museum; Mr. D. T.-D. Clarke provided a cast.

⁴¹ For details of the discovery see (above) no. 4.

⁴² For details of the discovery see (above) no. 4.

⁴³ Mrs. M. U. Jones directed the excavation for the Ministry of Public Building and Works. Mr. W. J. Rodwell sent details and a rubbing; see also JRS lix (1969), 245, no. 70.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Monochrome photograph from the files of F. Haverfield, labelled ‘Found in Dyer Street, Feb. 1911’. It does not appear to have been published at that time, and in his article on Roman Cirencester in Arch. lxix (1917–1918) Haverfield does not cite Dyer Street for this date or this item.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Excavated for the Ministry of Public Building and Works by Mr. D. S. Neal, who sent a tracing of this item and nos. 46 and 47. Ingentius occurs as a name in an imperial rescript of A.D. 314 quoted by Augustine, Ep. 88, 4.

⁴⁶ The name is probably Tarentinus, as in CIL, ix, 4154.

⁴⁷ Professor S. S. Frere made these two items available.

⁴⁸ Submitted (to R.P.W.) by Mr. H. J. M. Green who excavated for the Cambridge Antiquarian Society with a grant from the Ministry of Public Building and Works. The sherd is broken at either end, and the text may have continued further to the right. Despite one's expectation the word in l.1 does not define the contents, and this might not have been known when the jar was being made. The verb, which seems to be a variant spelling of faciatis, governs the accusative case, lagonam. This interpretation, resembling the motto-beakers in Rhenish ware, may seem rather unusual, but a comment of this sort might have been cut by a potter. For a storage-jar from Irchester with a potter's claim to what he had produced see JRS lvii (1967), 209, no. 47. Miss J. M. Reynolds provided the reading of 1.2.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Sent to R.P.W. by Mr. A. P. Detsicas for the Eccles Excavation Committee.

⁵⁰ Mr. F. Jenkins detected it and sent it to R.P.W. for study. It was in a stratified deposit with late second- to early third-century pottery and coins of Faustina I and Septimius Severus. Oswald, Stamps, records one instance of the name AGESILLVS and several of AGISILLVS.

⁵¹ Mr. B. J. Philp, for the West Kent Border Archaeological Group, provided details and squeezes and made the object available. Philp, , Kent Archaeol. Rev. 18 (winter 1969–1970), 11 Google Scholar (with fig.), 21. For the excavation see Britannia i (1970), 304; Ministry of Public Building and Works, AE 1969, 19.Google Scholar

⁵² Haverfield, , Proc. Soc. Ant.² xxiii (1910), 108 Google Scholar, with fig. on 111 (summarized by Taylor, Margerie V., VCH Kent iii (1932), 122)Google Scholar, gave a detailed discussion of this stamp on the basis of seven fragments found in 1857 on the site of the Roman villa on Allen's Farm at Plaxtol (TQ 615531), 4 km. east of Sevenoaks, Kent. The seven fragments are preserved in Maidstone Museum. An eighth one, in the Mayer collection in Liverpool City Museum, is reported to have come from a site in London but adds nothing to the evidence. See also EE ix 1289.

See Lowther, A. W. G., Research Papers of the Surrey Archaeol. Soc. i [1948], 10, 15, no. 31, 34, fig. 17, for the Plaxtol stamp and the method of rolling a pattern in two strips on one or more sides of a box-tile before it was fired. The roller for the Plaxtol group must have been about 120 mm. wide, but the full width of the impression is not preserved. It was 175 mm. (6.9 in.) in circumference. The differences on the Darenth example cannot be explained by any recutting of the roller or any ‘pulling’ in its application. This roller must have been about 120 mm. wide and was just 170 mm. (6·7 in.) in circumference.Google Scholar

⁵³ The writer (R.P.W.) has made a composite drawing from the Plaxtol fragments, based on the largest fragment. Below 1.2 there is a gap where no clear impression was made by the roller. The broken lower margin of the largest fragment runs roughly horizontally through 1.4. The rest of this lower band of lettering has been built up from the other fragments.

Haverfield did not interpret the first four letters in 1.3 to his satisfaction, but Lowther's drawing (loc. cit. p. 34) needs only slight alteration in the way suggested above.

⁵⁴ Sent by Mr. B. J. Philp. The cross is less likely to be a numeral marking this as the tenth item in a series.

⁵⁵ Mr. E. W. Tilley sent this item and nos. 56–58 for Gravesend Historical Society.

⁵⁶ Purchased in 1970 by the British Museum from a dealer in Kent. Mr. K. S. Painter made it available to R.P.W. and provided details and a photograph.

⁵⁷ Information from Mr. G. C. Knowles, Curator of Archaeology, Museum and Art Gallery, Scunthorpe, who submitted the object for inspection. The find was made by Mr. M. E. Barker, in whose possession it remains. Compare Maria H. P. den Boesterd, Description of the collections in the Rijksmuseum G.M. Kam at Nijmegen, V: The bronze vessels (Nijmegen, 1956), nos. 14–31. She dates the general type to the first and second centuries A.D.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Now in London Museum (item A 1917), but not included in Wheeler, London in Roman times, 1930. Drawn by R. G. Collingwood in 1929, with additions by R.P.W. in 1971. For a similar box-wood comb see Jacobi, L., Das Römerkastell Saalburg i (1897), 454, fig. 71,3. For Dignus on tilestamps found near Swindon see CIL vii 1241Google Scholar; JRS xxvii (1937), 249 Google Scholar; and Britannia i (1970), 312, no. 31.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Mr. N. C. Cook made it available to R.P.W. for study, and drew attention to a vessel found at Silchester on which a pygmy is matched against a crane ( Arch, lxi, pt. 1 (1908), 209, fig. 5)Google Scholar.

In a Celtic area the goose and, if it is accepted, the pig provide the means for gluttony. For instances of a man with a nose caricatured as a phallus see CIL iv 7248; M. delta Corte, Notizie degli Scavi 1946, 90, nos. 44, 45; Cèbe, J.-P., La caricature et la parodie dans le monde romain… (Paris, 1966), 375 Google Scholar; Castrén, P. e Lilius, H., Graffiti del Palalino II (Helsinki, 1970), 128, no. 36. For cave malum as a warning at Pompeii see CIL iv 3782, 5438, 6253 etc.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Information and rubbing from Miss J. Morris, research assistant to the excavator, Prof. W. F. Grimes.

⁶¹ Drawn by Mr. R. Goodburn; included as M52 in Donald Atkinson's MS. Register of the excavation, made available by Professor S. S. Frere for this and items 65–71.

⁶² Britannia i (1970), 311, no. 28Google Scholar; cf. Antiq. Journ. 1 (1970), 257–9.Google Scholar

⁶³ See note 61 (above). D. Atkinson, MS. Register, O no. 37. For the site of the find see Atkinson, , Norfolk Arch, xxiv (1930), 97.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ D. Atkinson, MS. Register, T no. 4.

⁶⁵ Now in the Castle Museum, Norwich; drawn by Mr. R. Goodburn. D. Atkinson, MS. Register, T no. 6.

⁶⁶ Atkinson, , JRS xxii (1932), 45, pl. XII, B, C. While Atkinson advanced one possible interpretation of the letters he admitted that it could ‘hardly be seriously offered as an explanation’. Atkinson, MS. Register, T no. 3. Drawn by R.P.W. in 1951 in the Castle Museum, Norwich.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Now in the Castle Museum, Norwich; drawn by Mr. R. Goodburn. Atkinson, MS. Register, T no. 8; Norfolk Arch, xxvi (1936–1938), 226, W8, pl. item W8.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Atkinson, MS. Register, T no. 9. Presumably stored in the Castle Museum, Norwich.

⁶⁹ Atkinson, MS. Register, T no. 5. Presumably stored in the Castle Museum, Norwich.

⁷⁰ See note 18 (above). Mr. R. E. Birley submitted items 72–5.

⁷¹ Mr. R. E. Birley submitted it; drawn by R.P.W.

⁷² Mr. H. K. Bowes chose it from the stored material and cleaned it. Now in Corbridge Museum, where Mr. W. Bulmer granted leave for its study. Part of the circle of the terminal disc has survived; the raised flanges carry a line of punched dots on the inner side and traces of cable moulding on the outer side. It is Eggers, Import, type 142, and lies within Den Boesterd, Collections…Nijmegen, types 14–19.

⁷³ Submitted by Professor E. Birley; drawn by R.P.W.

⁷⁴ Dr. A. R. Hands submitted this item and no. 79. For the name Mina see Inscr. Lat. Ckristianae Vet. 1598A.

⁷⁵ Although the modern buildings of Shakenoak Farm now lie in Hailey parish and formerly in Wilcote, the Roman site is now within North Leigh parish (see Brodribb, A. C., Hands, A. R. and Walker, D. R., Excavations at Shakenoak ii (1971), 12, fig. 3).Google Scholar

⁷⁶ On behalf of Birmingham University Dr. G. Webster sent details and a rubbing.

⁷⁷ Information from the excavator, Mr. G. Brodribb, who provided a rubbing.

⁷⁸ Submitted with nos. 83–5 (below) to R.P.W. by Mr. B. Phillips, Director of Excavations of the Swindon Public Libraries Archaeological Society. For the cognomen Thermodon see CIL xi 2684 (ILS 4223). A few rings carry imperatives and VENI/VITA (CIL xiii 10024, 80) may be interpreted as such. A triple greeting is unmatched in that extensive list of rings.

⁷⁹ Found on a Roman site by a municipal workman; submitted to R.P.W. by Mr. H. K. Bowes.

⁸⁰ Deposited by Mr. L. P. Wenham; drawn by R.P.W. Professor S. S. Frere gave help with the transliteration. On the obv. there is a casual mark, subsequent to the letters, and shaped like a fibula, which overrides H.2–4. In 1.4 there are three casual gashes, (a) a wavy line between the first two letters, (b) a continuation of the tail of the second letter, and (c) an extra stroke to the final X.

⁸¹ Mr. L. P. Wenham deposited this and nos. 88–91 for study. He directed the excavation for St. John's College, York, and the York Excavation Group, aided by a grant from the Ministry of Public Building and Works.

⁸² The letter at the end of l.I is not A, but may be X for ‘10’ with an extra stroke, or a terminal symbol.

⁸³ In 1950 the Holt material stored in Wrexham Museum was transferred to the Grosvenor Museum, Chester. The restoration of 1.2 is due to Professor S. S. Frere.

⁸⁴ Part of the Key collection in Abergavenny Museum; Mr. K. A. Key sent rubbings and details. See Boon, , Monmouthshire Antiquary ii, pt. iv (1968–1969), 186, fig. 8, C.I.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Submitted by Mr. J. Casey, who excavated for the Department of the Environment. The stratum was sealed by the floor of a room of the Centurion's quarters of the Antonine barrack. For Iberna see RIB 377 (Caerleon); for Hibernus CIL xiii 5151; for Hibernalis Oswald, Stamps.

⁸⁶ Information from Miss J. Liversidge. Placed on permanent loan by Trinity College.

⁸⁷ Information from Mr. K. S. Painter. For the list of eight other inscriptions see Britannia i (1970), 315, item (b).Google Scholar