I admire the achievements of panels and the Appellate Body, and of the unsung heroes who assist them behind the scenes. Over the past decade, they have succeeded in developing a coherent jurisprudence and in maintaining the support of the membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) for the dispute settlement system. However, when evaluating the performance of the WTO dispute settlement system, one should not only examine how panels and the Appellate Body handled the complaints that were actually submitted to them. An evaluation of that system is only complete if it comprises also an analysis of the complaints that Members did not bring. The focus of this chapter is on one feature of the WTO dispute settlement system that has prevented Members from resorting to that system to assert their rights in many situations.

The statutes of international tribunals generally do not contain rules limiting the tribunal's right to determine the responsibilities of a State found to have committed a wrongful act. Thus, the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) does not impose any such limitation; nor did the procedures followed by the panels established under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947. The Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU) of the WTO is an exception. Article 19.1 of the DSU provides: