The relationship between mothers and their children is one which has received surprisingly little explicit literary treatment even in a post-Freudian age so acutely conscious of its crucial formative importance. Issues of familial relationships, however, inform the underlying structure of many folk– and fairy-tales, as the late Bruno Bettelheim in particular has demonstrated, and at this less than fully articulated, less than fully conscious level are common to the literatures of all ages and of all cultures.

While at first sight Middle English romance appears to have rather little to say about parent–child relationships, on closer examination a preoccupation with such issues will be seen to constitute an important element determining the underlying structure of many of these narratives. In this respect they are akin to traditional stories, with which they also share many surface motifs. My purpose in this essay is to examine the attitudes towards mothers and motherhood either implicit or explicit in the Middle English romances and, by viewing them in relation to attitudes to the maternal role expressed in non-narrative medieval literature, to try to determine how far a distinctively medieval view of motherhood can be inferred from the way in which the romances handle traditional motifs and story-patterns.

Perhaps the most extreme expression of medieval ambivalence towards motherhood comes, somewhat ironically, from the pen of a woman. In the sixtieth chapter of her Revelation, Julian of Norwich writes: