The scene takes place in the ‘removed house’ mentioned at 5.2.91, where Paulina keeps both an art gallery (5.3.10) and a chapel (5.3.86). Although Paulina refers to ‘my poor house’ (5.3.6), the site is not her domicile, since she ‘privately’ visits it only ‘twice or thrice a day’ (5.2.90–1). Some productions favour a gallery setting (Fontaine Syer, OSF, Ashland, OR, 1996Syer), while others a chapel (Jane Howell, BBC-Time Life, 1980 television filmHowell). Charles Kean, The Princess’s Theatre, London, 1856Kean (1856) chose a sculpture gallery in the peristyle of Paulina’s house. Wherever located, the space, in belonging to Paulina and housing the statue of Hermione, is a female domain, the first such space since 2.1; the difference now is that the male presence is invited rather than intrusive.

0 stage directionSD.2 etc. Editors frequently expand to ‘and Attendants’, though some prefer ‘and Others’. Richard Proudfoot, ‘Verbal Reminiscence and the Two-part Structure of The Winter’s Tale’, S. Sur. (1976), 67–78; rpt. in Hunt, 280–97Proudfoot (in Maurice Hunt, ed. The Winter’s Tale: Critical Essays, 1995Hunt, 297 n.8) proposes extending ‘etc.’ to include the six characters in 5.2, all of whom exit with the clearly stated intention of seeing the unveiling of Hermione’s statue (5.2.91, 149–51). Among recent productions showing Shepherd, Clown, and Autolycus are Fontaine Syer, OSF, Ashland, OR, 1996Syer, David Freeman, New Globe, London, 1997Freeman, Brian Kulick, NYSF, Central Park, New York, 2000Kulick, Irene Lewis, Center Stage, Baltimore, MD, 2002Lewis, and Ralph Alan Cohen, Shenandoah Shakespeare’s American Shakespeare Center, Blackfriars Theater, Staunton, VA, 2002Cohen; in Jane Howell, BBC-Time Life, 1980 television filmHowell, only the three gentlemen are brought back. See Supplementary note, p. 254.

1 grave esteemed. The combination of primary stresses and alliteration (‘grave’, ‘good’, and ‘great’) gives aural emphasis to Paulina’s worth.

4 paid home fully repaid. ‘To pay home’ was proverbial (Robert W. Dent, Shakespeare’s Proverbial Language: An Index, 1981 (references are to proverbs by letter and number)Dent h535.1); see 5.1.3 for a related commercial expression.

5 your contracted The Winter’s Tale, ed. Frank Kermode, Signet Classic Shakespeare, 1988Kermode (after The Winter’s Tale in The Plays of Shakespeare, ed. Howard Staunton, 3 vols., 1858–60 (vol. 3)Staunton) suggests that ‘your’ was a compositorial interpolation, caught either from the preceding ‘your crowned’ or from the following ‘your kingdoms’ (6).

7 It … grace Your visit is an extra manifestation of your kindness.

7–8 which … answer which I may never live long enough to reciprocate (‘answer’). See 1.2.3–9 for a similar fear.

9 with trouble with imposition on your hospitality by causing you extra work. Compare Duncan’s use of ‘trouble’ as he addresses his hostess, Lady Macbeth, ‘The love that follows us sometime is our trouble … Herein I teach you / How you shall … thank us for your trouble’ (MacbethMac. 1.6.11–14).

12 singularities notable objects, rarities.

15 dead The Winter’s Tale, ed. S. C. Boorman, English Literature Series, 1964Boorman and The Winter’s Tale, ed. Stephen Orgel, Oxford Shakespeare, 1996Orgel find a possible double meaning in the sense of ‘dead’ as ‘perfect’, ‘exact’ (Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn, 1989OED adjectiveadj 31b, c).

18 Lonely, apart i.e. not in the gallery that displays Paulina’s other works of art, but in the chapel (86), by itself. The Winter’s Tale in The Works of Shakespeare, ed. Thomas Hanmer, 6 vols., 1743–4 (vol. 2)Hanmer’s emendation is now the editorial norm, but Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, and Tragedies, 1623 (First Folio)F’s ‘Louely’ for ‘Lonely’ (in Secretary hand u and nounn could be easily confused) is possible, either in the modern adjectival sense of ‘lovely’ referring to the statue’s beauty or, as The Winter’s Tale in The Works of Shakspear, ed. William Warburton, 8 vols., 1747 (vol. 3)Warburton suggests, adverbially to mean ‘with more than ordinary regard and tenderness’ (though the parallel meaning of ‘lovingly, affectionately’ recorded in Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn, 1989OED [lovely adverbadv 1] was perhaps obsolete by the early seventeenth century).

19 lively mocked vividly (Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn, 1989OED lively adverbadv 4) counterfeited (Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn, 1989OED mock verbv 4, where this line is cited).

20 Still … death Proverbial (Robert W. Dent, Shakespeare’s Proverbial Language: An Index, 1981 (references are to proverbs by letter and number)Dent s527).

20 well well done, i.e. satisfactory in appearance.

20 stage directionSD draws … curtain On the early seventeenth-century stage, the statue would probably have been revealed in ‘the discovery space … generally an open tiring-house doorway within which curtains …, or in front of which hangings … had been fitted up’ (Richard Hosley, ‘The Playhouses and the Stage’, in A New Companion to Shakespeare Studies, ed. Kenneth Muir and S. Schoenbaum, 1971Muir and Schoenbaum, 32). The Winter’s Tale in The Works of Mr William Shakespear, ed. Nicholas Rowe, 6 vols., 1709 (vol. 2)Rowe was the first to stipulate the curtain mentioned in 68. For other examples in Shakespeare of a curtained discovery space ‘becom[ing] a place of anagnorisis’ (David Bevington, Action Is Eloquence: Shakespeare’s Language of Gesture, 1984Bevington, Action, 116–7), see PericlesPer. 5.1.36 (Riverside), The TempestTemp. 5.1.171, and King Henry the EighthH8 2.2.62 (Riverside) and 5.2.35 (Riverside). The atmosphere surrounding the unveiling of Hermione’s ‘statue’ may be related to similar veneration in remembered scenes of the old religion (as in Roger Martyn’s nostalgic recollection of the ceremonial uncovering of sculpture at Long Melford church, quoted in David Cressy and Lori Anne Ferrell, eds., Religion and Society in Early Modern England: A Sourcebook, 1996, 11).

20 stage directionSD like a statue The play’s performance history reveals a preference for a standing Hermione (as indicated by ‘posture’[23] and ‘stood’ [34]), but a number of recent productions have her sitting (e.g. Declan Donnellan, Maly Drama Theatre, St Petersburg, 1997 (on tour in Plymouth, England, 1999)Donnellan, Jon Kretzu, Tygres Heart Shakespeare Company, Portland, OR, 1999Kretzu, and Ralph Alan Cohen, Shenandoah Shakespeare’s American Shakespeare Center, Blackfriars Theater, Staunton, VA, 2002Cohen). Douglas Campbell, Stratford Festival of Canada, Ontario, 1958Campbell (1958) appears to have been the first to show Hermione recumbent on a tomb (Dennis Bartholomeusz, The Winter’s Tale in Performance in England and America, 1611–1976, 1982Bartholomeusz, 188). See Supplementary note, p. 254.

21 shows off displays (Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn, 1989OED show verbv 12b).

23 something near somewhat close to her likeness.

26–7 tender … grace Leontes may be treating the softness of a baby and the comfort of grace as two distinct comparisons, or he may mean ‘tender as a graceful (i.e. innocent, pleasing) baby’ (an example of hendiadys). Either way, the image recalls Paulina’s strategy in 2.2.39–41.

28 nothing not at all. While much has been made of the artist’s talent for rendering life-like depictions in 5.2 and here (19 and 23), ‘wrinkled’ is the first graphic clue that a surprise might be in the making.

29 O … much Brent Harris (Polixenes in Kahn) had trouble with this line, ultimately abandoning an ironic reading for a simple validation of Leontes’ blunt observation. In Jane Howell, BBC-Time Life, 1980 television filmHowell, Robert Stephenson delivered the line as a gentle rebuke to Leontes’ lack of tact.

31 lets … by indicates the passage of.

32 As As if.

33 it (1) the life-like statue or (2) Hermione’s actual death.

36 when … her For a contrasting memory of Leontes’ courtship, see 1.2.100–4.

38 more stone more unfeeling. See Robert W. Dent, Shakespeare’s Proverbial Language: An Index, 1981 (references are to proverbs by letter and number)Dent h310.1 and h311 for the proverbial ‘heart of stone’. The repetition of ‘stone’ after a few intervening words is an example of ploce, used in 37–8 to express intense emotion (Sister Miriam Joseph, Shakespeare’s Use of the Arts of Language, 1947Joseph, 85).

38 piece work of art, masterpiece.

39–44 Of two dangerous tendencies skirted in this scene, the first is defused here, i.e. idolatry associated with Roman Catholicism, specifically the ‘superstition’ of venerating images of Christ, Mary, and the saints before whom the faithful would kneel in prayer. See Alençon’s promise to Joan of Arc, The First Part of King Henry the Sixth1H6 3.3.14–16, ‘We’ll set thy statue in some holy place, / And have thee reverenc’d like a blessed saint. / Employ thee then, sweet virgin, for our good’. A photograph of Edith Wynne Matthison’s Hermione from Winthrop Ames, New Theatre, New York, 1910Ames’ New York revival in 1910 suggests the iconic Virgin Mary (see Dennis Bartholomeusz, The Winter’s Tale in Performance in England and America, 1611–1976, 1982Bartholomeusz, 138); Alan Armstrong, review of Syer’s 1996 WT, ShakB 15.2 (1997), 30–32Armstrong, viewing the ‘statue’ in Fontaine Syer, OSF, Ashland, OR, 1996Syer, immediately thought of ‘the Madonna without the infant’ (32). The second tendency, forbidden magic used to raise the dead (hinted at in ‘magic’ and ‘conjured’), is dealt with below (see 90–1, 96–7, and 110–11).

40 conjured … remembrance summoned up to my memory.

41 admiring awestruck.

41 spirits i.e. substances or fluids thought to permeate the blood and chief organs of the body (Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn, 1989OED spirit nounn 16). There were three types: animal, natural, and vital. The Winter’s Tale in The Complete Works of Shakespeare, ed. David Bevington, 1980Bevington and The Riverside Shakespeare, textual ed. G. Blakemore Evans, 1974Riverside gloss as ‘vital (i.e. animating) forces’, but the description of Perdita ‘standing like stone’ in the following line supports The Winter’s Tale, ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Werstine, New Folger Library Shakespeare, 1998Folger’s ‘animal spirits’, the principle of sensation and voluntary motion that mediated between mind and body (see Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn, 1989OED animal spirits 1).

44 If Perdita kneels during this line, as seems likely, when does she rise? The Winter’s Tale, ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Werstine, New Folger Library Shakespeare, 1998Folger has her do so at 5.3.84–5, but that requires a long period of kneeling. In Jane Howell, BBC-Time Life, 1980 television filmHowell, Perdita begins to rise after Paulina stays her attempt to touch the statue’s hand (46). A practicable choice may be after 48 (as in this edn).

46 patience (have) patience, i.e. not so fast. In Paulina’s admonition to Perdita to refrain from touching the statue, repeated to Leontes at 5.3.80, Cynthia Lewis (‘Soft Touch: On the Renaissance Staging and Meaning of the “Noli me tangere” Icon’, Comparative DramaCompD 36 [2002–3]: 53–73, esp. 67–70) detects a biblical allusion to the moment when the risen Christ says to Mary Magdalene, ‘Touch me not: for I am not yet ascended to my Father’ (John 20.17). For another example of this biblical icon, see Viola’s ‘Do not embrace me’ (Twelfth NightTN 5.1.251 (Riverside)).

47 fixed Generally read as ‘painted’, but The Winter’s Tale, ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Werstine, New Folger Library Shakespeare, 1998Folger’s ‘put (set) in place’ may be preferable since the meaning of ‘colour being made permanent’ is not recorded in Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn, 1989OED until 1665 (fix verbv 5a).

47 colour’s paint is. On painted statues in Shakespeare’s time, see 5.2.82 n.

49 sore … on rigorously imposed or inflicted (‘laid on’, see Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn, 1989OED lay verbv¹ 55a, c). The immediately surrounding words ‘colour’, ‘dry’ [twice], and ‘blow away’ lead some editors to detect a metaphor drawn from painting that permits a double reading of ‘sore’ = ‘heavily’, ‘thickly’ (The Winter’s Tale, ed. Ernest Schanzer, New Penguin Shakespeare, 1969Schanzer), and ‘laid on’ = ‘applied as a coat of paint’ (The Winter’s Tale, ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Werstine, New Folger Library Shakespeare, 1998Folger).

51 So … dry Nor sixteen summers dry up.

51–3 Scarce … sooner i.e. just as scarcely any joy can live so long, no sorrow can last sixteen years.

54 Let … this By accepting responsibility for Leontes’ suffering, Polixenes demonstrates the magnanimity mandated by ideal friendship in Shakespeare’s time. The Winter’s Tale, ed. J. H. P. Pafford, Arden Shakespeare, 1963Pafford compares Valentine’s forgiveness of Proteus at the end of The Two Gentlemen of VeronaTGV, Julius CaesarJC 4.3.86, ‘A friend should bear his friend’s infirmities’, and The SonnetsSon. 88, ‘Such is my love, to thee I so belong, / That for thy right myself will bear all wrong’.

56 piece … himself incorporate into himself (thereby adding to his own grief).

57 image i.e. the statue.

58 wrought stirred, overwhelmed.

58 for … mine Styan Thirlby, unpublished conjectures recorded as manuscript annotations in his copies of contemporary editions (as cited in Turner)Thirlby (in The Winter’s Tale in The Works of Shakespeare, ed. Lewis Theobald, 7 vols., 1733 (vol. 3)Theobald) queried the need of this parenthetical statement. Perhaps Paulina feels compelled to exert control; such was the reading of the subtext by Eileen Atkins (in Peter Hall, Royal National Theatre, London, 1988Hall): ‘Hermione will remain stone, under my control, until such time as you’re ready to accept her’ (Roger Warren, Staging Shakespeare’s Late Plays, 1990Warren, Staging, 148). Or the parenthesis may have been intended simply to clarify ‘my poor image’ as the statue rather than Paulina herself (The Winter’s Tale, ed. Robert Kean Turner and Virginia Westling Haas, New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare, 2005Turner).

62 May I die, if I do not think it moves already (The Winter’s Tale in The Plays of Shakespeare, ed. Howard Staunton, 3 vols., 1858–60 (vol. 3)Staunton). Remembering Macready’s performance, Helena Faucit, Lady Martin, On Some of Shakespeare’s Female Characters, 5^th edition, 1893Faucit writes (388): ‘Has he seen something that makes him think the statue lives? Mr. William Macready, Drury Lane, London, 1823; revived Covent Garden (1837); Drury Lane (1843)Macready indicated this, and hurriedly went on [with “What was he …”]. His eyes have been so riveted upon the figure, that he sees what the others have not seen, that there is something about it beyond the reach of art’.

63 What Who (E. A. Abbott, A Shakespearian Grammar, 3rd edn, 1870 (References are to numbered sections)Abbott 254).

65 Masterly Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, and Tragedies, 1623 (First Folio)F’s apostrophe (see Collation), which The Winter’s Tale, ed. H. H. Furness, The New Variorum Shakespeare, vol. 19, 1898Furness could not explain, is omitted by most editors; The Winter’s Tale, ed. Robert Kean Turner and Virginia Westling Haas, New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare, 2005Turner proposes an ellipsis = ‘It is’.

67 fixure an early form of ‘fixture’ = ‘fixedness’. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn, 1989OED, which records the first usage in 1603, cites this line. Shakespeare uses the word once elsewhere, Troilus and CressidaTro. 1.3.101.

68 So that we are fooled by artistic illusion (The Winter’s Tale in The Complete Works of Shakespeare, ed. David Bevington, 1980Bevington, substantivelysubst.). For the demonstrative meaning of ‘as’, see E. A. Abbott, A Shakespearian Grammar, 3rd edn, 1870 (References are to numbered sections)Abbott 110. In Declan Donnellan, Maly Drama Theatre, St Petersburg, 1997 (on tour in Plymouth, England, 1999)Donnellan, Leontes atypically snarled the line as a ‘furious denouncement of fraud’ rather than as the usual ‘exclamation of enrapture’ (Peter Smith, review of Donnellan’s 1999 WT, Cahiers E (Oct. 1999), 102–5P. Smith, 105).

69 transported carried away.

71 twenty … together (for) twenty uninterrupted years (i.e. forever).

72 settled senses untroubled mental faculties. The Winter’s Tale, ed. Stephen Orgel, Oxford Shakespeare, 1996Orgel and The Winter’s Tale, ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Werstine, New Folger Library Shakespeare, 1998Folger follow The Winter’s Tale, ed. Ernest Schanzer, New Penguin Shakespeare, 1969Schanzer in reading the line as ‘No calm mind in the world’. The Winter’s Tale, ed. J. H. P. Pafford, Arden Shakespeare, 1963Pafford, citing Harold Brooks, notes a parallel with Florizel in 4.4.462–5.

75 afflict Perhaps ‘affect’ (The Winter’s Tale in The Works of Shakspear, ed. William Warburton, 8 vols., 1747 (vol. 3)Warburton) but more likely ‘torment’ or ‘distress’, the sense Leontes understands in 75–7 where he presumably plays on the same stock phrase about affliction’s sour cup that Costard mangles in Love’s Labour’s LostLLL 1.1.313–15 (Riverside).

77 cordial restorative.

78 an air a breath.

79 cut breath carve stone so as to imitate breath. Howard Felperin, ‘“Tongue-tied Our Queen”: The Deconstruction of Presence in The Winter’s Tale’, in Shakespeare and the Question of Theory, eds. Patricia Parker and Geoffrey Hartman, 1985, pp. 3–18Felperin (‘Tongue-tied’, 175) praises the onomatopoeia of ‘What … breath’, finding in the ‘succession of monosyllabic words composed of short vowels chopped off by dental stops … [the imitation of] the sharp clicks of a chisel tapping through its medium’.

80 For … her Carol Thomas Neely, Broken Nuptials in Shakespeare’s Plays, 1985Neely (206) contends that Leontes’ ‘determination to kiss the statue signals Paulina that he is ready for reunion with the woman Hermione’.

83 painting paint.

84 not … years not for at least twenty years (see 5.3.71).

85 forbear withdraw. ‘Forbear’ = ‘refrain’ (see 80) is possible if Paulina is not using the word in apposition with the following command to leave the chapel but rather as a separate order to stop from touching the statue (The Winter’s Tale, ed. Robert Kean Turner and Virginia Westling Haas, New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare, 2005Turner).

86 presently immediately.

86 chapel As The Winter’s Tale, ed. Stephen Orgel, Oxford Shakespeare, 1996Orgel emphasizes, the statue is kept not only apart but in a religious, though not necessarily Christian (Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn, 1989OED 6), setting.

86 resolve you prepare yourselves.

87 behold it stand it.

91 wicked powers i.e. black magic. See 5.3.96, 105, and 110–11.

94–5 It … faith In Jon Kretzu, Tygres Heart Shakespeare Company, Portland, OR, 1999Kretzu, Paulina addressed the line to Leontes alone, ‘stressing that it is his faith that is crucial to this scene’; in productions where she turns directly to the audience at large (as in Fontaine Syer, OSF, Ashland, OR, 1996Syer and Scott Whitney, Harlequin Productions, Olympia, WA, 2001Whitney), the spectators’ ‘collective faith in theatre’s miraculous powers to create life [becomes] the issue’ (Michael Shurgot, review of Kretzu’s 1999 WT, ShakB 17.3 (1999), 27Shurgot, Kretzu review, 27).

96 On Let us go on (The Winter’s Tale in The Pictorial Edition of the Works of Shakespeare, ed. Charles Knight, 8 vols., 1839–43 (vol. 2)Knight). Most editors follow The Winter’s Tale in The Works of Shakespeare, ed. Thomas Hanmer, 6 vols., 1743–4 (vol. 2)Hanmer’s emendation, ‘Or’, presumably because (like The Winter’s Tale, ed. J. H. P. Pafford, Arden Shakespeare, 1963Pafford) they sense a required alternative to Paulina’s command that ‘all stand still’. But as Snyder perceived, The Winter’s Tale in The Pictorial Edition of the Works of Shakespeare, ed. Charles Knight, 8 vols., 1839–43 (vol. 2)Knight’s reading fits the assertive voice of a character who controls the choreography of the spectacle.

96 unlawful business i.e. occult activities, sorcery. ‘Parliament made conjuring evil spirits a secular crime punishable by death in 1563 and added necromancy to the roll of capital offenses in the second witchcraft statute of 1604’ (Michael MacDonald, ‘Science, Magic, and Folklore’, in John Andrews, ed. William Shakespeare: His World, His Work, His Influence, I, 1985, 185). Citing Martin Ingram (Church Courts, Sex and Marriage in England, 1570–1640 [1987], 97), The Winter’s Tale, ed. Stephen Orgel, Oxford Shakespeare, 1996Orgel remarks that despite the illegality of occult practices, prosecutions declined significantly after about 1585, and few cases are recorded in the early seventeenth century. Paulina’s disclaimer here and in 90–1 and 105 recalls Leontes’ charge of ‘mankind witch’ (2.3.67). In Ralph Alan Cohen, Shenandoah Shakespeare’s American Shakespeare Center, Blackfriars Theater, Staunton, VA, 2002Cohen, Paulina pointedly delivered 96–7 to the audience, and in Brian Kulick, NYSF, Central Park, New York, 2000Kulick, Leontes looked out at the spectators as he responded ‘No foot shall stir’ (98).

98 strike Paulina calls for musicians to ‘strike’ up, i.e. to begin playing their instruments.

99–103 Paulina’s eight separate commands, whether punctuated with colons as in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, and Tragedies, 1623 (First Folio)F or with semicolons and periods as here, yield a slow delivery, marked with strong pauses, thereby concluding the theme of waiting (see Introduction, p. 23). While Anna Calder Marshall (in Jane Howell, BBC-Time Life, 1980 television filmHowell) moves only when the text stipulates (the second half of 103), Pernilla August (in Ingmar Bergman, Royal Dramatic Theatre of Sweden, Stockholm, 1994 (on tour in the United States at BAM, 1995)Bergman) moved her fingers at ‘be stone no more’ and then sat up from her recumbent position (see illustration 27, p. 51); Lise Bruneau (in Kahn) found ‘redeems’ the pivot for what appeared as a sudden shaking off of a spell. See Supplementary note, p. 254.

101 I’ll … up The primary meaning refers to the immediate occasion that no longer requires Hermione to be dead, but there may be a secondary application to Paulina herself, who in 132–5 looks forward to her own death, as a substitute for Hermione: the Queen, who regains a husband and a daughter, is replaced in the grave by Paulina, whose loss of her husband has recently been confirmed and whose sustaining mission is now completed.

102 him i.e. death.

104 Start not Do not be startled.

106–7 Until … double i.e. do not shun Hermione until her (future) death, for if you do you kill her twice. Even now Paulina reminds Leontes of his grievous offense, and with the root word that pained him earlier (5.1.15–20). In Paulina’s caution against a double killing, Shakespeare may be remembering Eurydice’s ‘double dying’ in Ovid, Metamorphoses, trans. Arthur Golding, 1567Ovid (Metamorphoses, 10. 64–69).

107–9 Nay … suitor These lines suggest potential stage business for Hermione (see Introduction, pp. 52–3).

110–11 If … eating See ‘unlawful business’ (96 n.).

111–12 She embraces … neck Having heightened Hermione’s return by an aura of sanctity, the use of music, talk of magic, and Paulina’s formal incantation, Shakespeare turns to the amazement of on-lookers who (having not said anything for some time) now speak, while the focus of their attention – Leontes and Hermione coming together – is silent, beyond words.

113 pertain … life belong among the living. The Winter’s Tale, ed. Stephen Orgel, Oxford Shakespeare, 1996Orgel notes the legal overtone ‘be entitled’ (Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn, 1989OED pertain verbv 1b).

113 let … speak Compare Prince Hal’s similar desire for oral/aural verification of a living Falstaff, ‘I prithee speak, we will not trust our eyes / Without our ears’ (The First Part of King Henry the Fourth1H4 5.4.136–7 (Riverside)).

114–15 make … dead Speaking for the audience, not to mention the critics who have written extensively on whether Hermione really died in Act 3 (see Introduction, pp. 47–9), Polixenes poses two alternatives, one connecting Hermione to the ordinary (albeit puzzling) human realm – where and how has she been living all this time – and the other to the heightened world of classical myth, specifically the tales of Alcestis and Eurydice, wives who were ‘stol’n from the dead’ (115).

118 Mark Pay attention.

119 interpose i.e. position yourself between Leontes and Hermione (an embedded blocking cue).

121 Our … found ‘This succinct line, with the contrast in meaning between Perdita (she who was lost) and found marks the fulfillment of the Oracle’ (Peter Happé, Notes on The Winter’s Tale, 1969Happé).

121–8 You … issue Hermione speaks only once in this scene and to Perdita alone, leading some critics and directors to question the fullness of spousal reconciliation (see Introduction, p. 55).

121–2 You … graces A frequently cited parallel is the invocation of divine blessings (‘graces’) in The TempestTemp. 5.1.202–1 (Riverside), ‘Look down, you gods, / And on this couple drop a blessed crown’; see also CymbelineCym. 5.5.350–1, ‘The benediction of these covering heavens / Fall on their heads like dew’.

125–28 For … issue ‘This is the only explanation of Hermione’s sixteen-year-long sequestration that Shakespeare provides, and not a few readers have felt that he ought to have thought up a better one’ (The Winter’s Tale, ed. Ernest Schanzer, New Penguin Shakespeare, 1969Schanzer). But as The Winter’s Tale, ed. Robert Kean Turner and Virginia Westling Haas, New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare, 2005Turner argues, ‘Raising her own questions … Hermione here anticipates Perdita’s and ours. She remained silent so that which was lost could be found, not only Perdita but Leontes as well, whose regeneration is a major part of the triumph of time’. See Introduction, pp. 41–7.

126 Knowing … Paulina Hermione in fact heard the oracle herself. If this scene was added some time after the original composition, what appears to be a misrecollection becomes more understandable. See Introduction, pp. 63–6.

127 in being alive.

128 issue (1) the prophecy’s fulfillment, and (2) Perdita herself (‘issue’ = ‘offspring’).

128 There’s … that Paulina acts as a surrogate dramatist, recognizing that too many logical questions and the exposition they prompt, particularly as regarding Hermione’s narrative, would shatter the wonder of the moment.

129 upon … push ‘at this critical juncture’ (Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn, 1989OED push nounn¹ 6). But a reading of ‘push’ as ‘provocation’ (The Winter’s Tale, ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Werstine, New Folger Library Shakespeare, 1998Folger) or ‘prompting’ (The Winter’s Tale, ed. John F. Andrews, Everyman Shakespeare, 1995Andrews) is attractive in establishing Hermione’s questions to Perdita as the impetus for ‘like relation’ (see 130 n.).

129 trouble interrupt (Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn, 1989OED verbv 2).

130 with … relation with similar stories and inquiries of their own. The Winter’s Tale, ed. Ernest Schanzer, New Penguin Shakespeare, 1969Schanzer, however, proposes ‘by asking you similarly to tell your story’. Retaining Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, and Tragedies, 1623 (First Folio)F’s ‘Least’ (129), The Riverside Shakespeare, textual ed. G. Blakemore Evans, 1974Riverside (1974, 1997) reads as ‘The last thing they want, at this critical moment, is to trouble your happiness with such an account’. The Winter’s Tale in The Complete Works of Shakespeare, ed. David Bevington, 1980Bevington, who earlier (1980) offered a similar interpretation, emends to the usual ‘Lest’ in his 4th edn (1997) and suggests both narrative possibilities: ‘Lest they insist, at this critical juncture, on interrupting this moment of joy with your relating of your story or with their telling of what has happened to them.’ If Shepherd and Clown are present, Paulina’s admonition might take on added force (Richard Proudfoot, ‘Verbal Reminiscence and the Two-part Structure of The Winter’s Tale’, S. Sur. (1976), 67–78; rpt. in Hunt, 280–97Proudfoot, in Maurice Hunt, ed. The Winter’s Tale: Critical Essays, 1995Hunt, 297 n.8).

132 Partake to Make known to, share with.

132 turtle turtledove (traditionally regarded as a symbol of fidelity). See 4.4.154–5. Few things moved Harley Granville-Barker, Savoy Theatre, London, 1912Granville-Barker more than the lines about the lone turtledove, to which he responded, ‘Plucky Paulina, such a good fellow’ (‘Preface’, in Maurice Hunt, ed. The Winter’s Tale: Critical Essays, 1995Hunt, 79). Dennis Bartholomeusz, The Winter’s Tale in Performance in England and America, 1611–1976, 1982Bartholomeusz (156) detects the ‘ironic, haunting echo’ of the ‘Song of Solomon’ (2.11–12): ‘The winter is past and gone … the time of singing has come … the voice of the turtle is heard in our land’. For a different response to 5.3.132–5, see 135 n.

133 wing me fly.

135 lost dead. Having spoken of the others as ‘precious winners’ (131), Paulina may also be thinking of ‘lost’ in reference to herself as one who has ‘lost what can never be recovered’ (The Winter’s Tale in The Plays of William Shakespeare, ed. Samuel Johnson, 8 vols., 1765 (vol. 2)Johnson). During rehearsals Kahn interpreted Paulina’s lamentation as one of the scene’s ‘embedded jokes’: ‘It’s like here she goes again. We’ve been through this for sixteen years.’

136–8 Thou … vows That Paulina has agreed to marry a suitor chosen by Leontes as part of a mutual agreement with the king is new information (see 5.1.69–71, 81–4). The Paulina-Camillo coda (5.3.136–46) strikes many critics as being problematic and several directors omit the business: e.g. Peter Brook, Phoenix Theatre, London, 1951Brook, Ingmar Bergman, Royal Dramatic Theatre of Sweden, Stockholm, 1994 (on tour in the United States at BAM, 1995)Bergman, and Declan Donnellan, Maly Drama Theatre, St Petersburg, 1997 (on tour in Plymouth, England, 1999)Donnellan – the last abruptly ending the play after Hermione blesses her newly restored daughter (5.3.123). See Introduction, pp. 58–9 and Appendix B, p. 266.

138 between’s between us.

142 For As for

144 whose … honesty i.e. Camillo’s (Monck Mason, Comments on the Last Edition of Shakespeare’s Plays [the Johnson-Steevens 1778 edn], 1785Mason’s reading [139], followed by The Winter’s Tale, ed. John Dover Wilson and Arthur Quiller-Couch, New Shakespeare, 1931Wilson, The Winter’s Tale, ed. Ernest Schanzer, New Penguin Shakespeare, 1969Schanzer, and The Winter’s Tale, ed. Frank Kermode, Signet Classic Shakespeare, 1988Kermode, but disputed by The Winter’s Tale, ed. J. H. P. Pafford, Arden Shakespeare, 1963Pafford and The Winter’s Tale, ed. Stephen Orgel, Oxford Shakespeare, 1996Orgel). That the praise logically – if not grammatically, given the pronominal antecedent – refers to Camillo rather than Paulina is borne out by the next two lines: Polixenes and Leontes are both able to validate Camillo’s probity through his long service to each, but only Leontes can similarly attest to Paulina’s worth. ‘Come … kings’ (143–6) may be read as Leontes’ making good on his promise to find Paulina ‘an honourable husband’ (143).

145 richly noted abundantly celebrated.

145 justified vouched for.

146 from i.e. go from.

147 Look … brother With this command, the action comes full circle – especially if Hermione and Polixenes take hands – since looks and the touching of hands fuelled Leontes’ initial jealous rage. Hermione has perhaps shown some natural embarrassment about greeting Polixenes (The Winter’s Tale, ed. Frank Kermode, Signet Classic Shakespeare, 1988Kermode), either not wishing to remember what started her travail or fearing to restart it should Leontes misinterpret her look.

148 holy chaste.

149 ill evil.

149 This The insertion in The Winter’s Tale in The Works of William Shakespeare, ed. Alexander Dyce, 9 vols., 1864–7 (vol. 3)Dyce² of an apostrophe to mark the omission of ‘is’, a popular emendation, is unnecessary since the syntax makes it clear that ‘This your son-in-law’ is the subject of ‘Is troth-plight to your daughter’.

150 whom … directing with the heavens guiding him (The Winter’s Tale, ed. Stephen Orgel, Oxford Shakespeare, 1996Orgel).

151 troth-plight betrothed. See 1.2.275 and 4.4.370, 397.

153–4 demand … Performed i.e. ask questions and provide answers about the parts we have performed (The Winter’s Tale, ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Werstine, New Folger Library Shakespeare, 1998Folger). Leontes’ proposal – a tactic Shakespeare frequently uses – deftly spares the audience needless exposition; for its opposite, see the conclusion to The Comedy of ErrorsErr.

154 wide … time An echo of 4.1.7.

155 dissevered separated.