Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-lrblm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-15T10:16:20.899Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
This chapter is part of a book that is no longer available to purchase from Cambridge Core

Chapter 14 - Trafficking, Prostitution, and Inequality: The Centrality of Gender

By
Catharine A. MacKinnon
Edited by
Jude Browne
Jude Browne
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Get access

Summary

No one defends trafficking; few defend inequality. Prostitution is not like this. Some support it. Many believe it politically correct to tolerate it and oppose doing anything effective about it. Most assume that, even if not desirable, prostitution is necessary, harmless, and inevitable. On my analysis, views about prostitution structure the debate on trafficking, whether prostitution is distinguished from trafficking or seen as a form of it, whether seen as a human right or a denial of human rights, and whether seen as a form of sexual freedom or its ultimate violation.

Type
Chapter
Information
Why Gender? , pp. 306 - 327
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

APNE APP Women Worldwide. 2015. Red Light Despatch, VIII(9). http://apneaap.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/RLD_September-2015.pdf.Google Scholar
Barry, Kathleen. 1984. Female Sexual Slavery. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
ECOSOC. 2002. Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking. May 20, U.N. Doc. E/2002/68/Add. 1, at 7 n.6.Google Scholar
Ekberg, Gunilla S. 2002. The International Debate About Prostitution and Trafficking in Women: Refuting the Arguments. Unpublished paper: Seminar on the Effects of Legalisation of Prostitution Activities, Stockholm, Sweden.Google Scholar
Farley, Melissa et al. 2004. Prostitution and Trafficking in Nine Countries: An Update on Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Trauma Practice, 2(3–4), 33–74.Google Scholar
Farley, M., Franzblau, K. and Kennedy, M. A. 2014. Online Prostitution and Trafficking. Albany Law Review, 77(3), 1039–94.Google Scholar
Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2018. Table 43: Arrests by Race and Ethnicity. https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2018/crime-in-the-u.s.-2018/topic-pages/tables/table-43.Google Scholar
Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth. 2007. Report by the German Federal Government on the Impact of the Act Regulating the Legal Situation of Prostitutes. Publikationsverstand der Bundesregierung. www.bmfsfj.de.Google Scholar
Ghosh, S. N. 2011. Review: Anuja Agrawal, Chaste Wives and Prostitute Sisters: Patriarchy and Prostitution among the Bedias of India. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 18(2), 263–66.Google Scholar
Halling, Christina et al. 2012. Svårigheter och möjligheter i organiseringen av stöd till offer för människohandel för sexuella ändamål i Sverige. [Difficulties and Potential in the Organization of Support to Victims of Human Trafficking for Sexual Purposes in Sweden]. Malmö: Malmö University. https://perma.cc/6GV8-DZCB.Google Scholar
Henriques, Fernando. 1962. Prostitution And Society: A Survey. London: MacGibbon & Kee.Google Scholar
Hunter, Susan Kay. 1993. Prostitution is Cruelty and Abuse to Women and Children. Michigan Journal of Gender and Law, 91(1), 91–104.Google Scholar
Kotsadam, Andreas and Jakobsson, Niklas. 2014. “Shame on You, John! Laws, Stigmatization, and the Demand for Sex. European Journal of Law and Economics, 37(3), 393–404.Google Scholar
Larsdotter, Suzann, et al. 2011. Osynliga synliga aktörer: Hbt-personer med erfarenhet av att sälja och/eller köpa sexuella tjänster [Invisible Visible Actors: LGBT People with Experience in Selling and/or Buying Sexual Services]. RFSL. https://perma.cc/X5PY-TSB3.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Catharine. 2011. Trafficking, Prostitution, and Inequality. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 46(2), 271–309.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Catharine. 2016. Rape Redefined. Harvard Law and Policy Review, 10(2), 431–77.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Catharine. 2017. Butterfly Politics. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Macleod, Jan et al. 2008. A Research Report Based on Interviews with 110 Men Who Bought Women in Prostitution. Women’s Support Project. www.prostitutionresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/ChallengingDemandScotland.pdf.Google Scholar
Malarek, Victor. 2009. The Johns: Sex for Sale and the Men Who Buy It. New York: Arcade Publishing.Google Scholar
Moran, Rachel. 2015. Paid For: My Journey Through Prostitution. Dublin: Gill Books.Google Scholar
Mujaj, Endrit and Netscher, Amanda. 2015. Prostitutionen i Sverige 2014. En omfattningskartläggning [Prostitution in Sweden 2014. A Scope Survey]. Länsstyrelsen [County Administrative Board] Stockholm. https://perma.cc/2ML4-6LMR.Google Scholar
National Assembly, Fr. 2016. Texte Adopté 716 Proposition de loi visant à renforcer la lutte contre le système prostitutionnel et à accompagner les personnes prostituées [Text adopted 716, Bill proposing to strengthen the fight against the prostitution system and to accompany prostitutes]. April 6. www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/documents/notice/14/ta/ta0716/%28index%29/ta.Google Scholar
National Board of Health and Welfare [Socialstyrelsen]. 2004. Prostitution in Sweden 2003. Stockholm: SoS. https://perma.cc/0vWJVmQN1Ea.Google Scholar
National Criminal Investigation Department [Rikspolisstyrelsen]. 2003. Trafficking in Women: Situation Report no. 5. https://perma.cc/QXD7-DVMN.Google Scholar
National Criminal Investigation Department [Rikspolisstyrelsen] 2009. Lägesrapport 10: Människohandel för sexuella och andra ändamål 2007–2008. https://perma.cc/9ZAV-N8CQ.Google Scholar
New Zealand Government. 2008. Report of the Prostitution Law Review Committee on the Operation of the Prostitution Reform Act 2003. www.justice.govt.nz/policy/commercial-property-and-regulatory/prostitution/prostitution-law-review-committee/publications/plrc-report/report-of-the-prostitution-law-review-committee-on-the-operation-of-the-prostitution-reform-act-2003Google Scholar
Noorani, Tabrez. 2018. Love Sonia (film). Zee Studios.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha C. 1998. ‘Whether from Reason or Prejudice’: Taking Money for Bodily Services. Journal of Legal Studies, 27(S2), 693–94.Google Scholar
Parriott, Ruth. 1994. Health Experiences of Women Used in Prostitution: Survey Findings and Recommendations. Available from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy: http://hdl.handle.net/11299/205150.Google Scholar
Sex Industry Kills. 2019. Prostituiertenmorde in Deutschland. Last updated August 4. https://sexindustry-kills.de/doku.php?id=prostitutionmurders:de; https://perma.cc/8WPK-LQCR.Google Scholar
Swedish Police Authority [Polismyndigheten]. 2018. Människohandel för sexuella och andra ändamål: Lägesrapport 19 [Human Trafficking for Sexual and Other Purposes: Situation Report 19]. https://perma.cc/3CUX-YR7G.Google Scholar
Stark, Christine. 2019. Strategies to Restore Justice for Sex Trafficked Native Women. In Winterdyk, John and Jones, Jackie, eds., The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking 1. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1–22. https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-63192-9_123-1.Google Scholar
Statens Offentliga Utredningar [SOU]. 2010: Förbud mot köp av sexuell tjänst: En utvärdering 1999–2008 [Prohibition Against Purchase of Sexual Service: An Evaluation 1999–2008]. July 2. www.government.se/articles/2011/03/evaluation-of-the-prohibition-of-the-purchase-of-sexual-services.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Mary. 2005. What Happens When Prostitution Becomes Work: An Update on Legalisation of Prostitution in Australia. www.feministes-radicales.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Mary-Sullivan-CATW-What-Happens-When-Prostitution-Becomes-Work…-An-Update-on-Legalisation-of-Prostitution-in-Australia.pdf.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Mary. 2007. Making Sex Work: A Failed Experiment with Legalised Prostitution. North Melbourne, Australia: Spinifex Press.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Mary Lucille and Jeffreys., Sheila 2002. Legalization: The Australian Experience. Violence Against Women, 8(9), 1140–48.Google Scholar
UN OHCHR. 1926. Slavery Convention, art. 1(1), Sept. 25. 46 Stat. 2183, 2191, 60 L.N.T.S. 253, 263.Google Scholar
UN OHCHR 1949. Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, art. 1, December 2, G.A. Res. 317 (IV), U.N. Doc. A/1251.Google Scholar
UN OHCHR 2000. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime art. 3(a). November 2. G.A. Res. 25 (II), at 54, U.N. Doc. A/55/383.Google Scholar
UNAIDS. 2008. Inter-Agency Task Team on Gender & HIV/AIDS, Fact Sheet: HIV/AIDS, Gender and Sex Work 1. www.unfpa.org/hiv/docs/factsheet_genderwork.pdf.Google Scholar
Vanwesenbeeck, Ine. 1994. Prostitutes’ Well-Being and Risk, 1st ed. Amsterdam: VU University Press.Google Scholar
Vuolajärvi, Niina. 2019. Governing in the Name of Caring – the Nordic Model of Prostitution and its Punitive Consequences for Migrants Who Sell Sex. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 16(2), 151–65.Google Scholar
Waltman, Max. 2014a. Assessing Evidence, Arguments, and Inequality in Bedford v. Canada. Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, 37(2), 459–503.Google Scholar
Waltman, Max. 2014b. The Politics of Legal Challenges to Pornography: Canada, Sweden, and the United States. Stockholm Studies in Politics, 160. Stockholm: Stockholm University. PhD thesis. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2539998.Google Scholar
White, Penny. 2015. Commentary, “Remembering the Murdered Women Erased by the Pro-Sex Work Agenda.” Feminist Current, November 13. www.feministcurrent.com/2015/11/03/remembering-the-murdered-women-erased-by-the-pro-sex-work-agenda/; https://perma.cc/CS8A-JMPU.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×