1977 Geneva Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, Art. 51 (5) (b), in Documents on the Laws of War (3rd edition), Roberts, Adam and Guelff, Richard, eds., Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 481–512, 2000.Google Scholar

Adcock, Frank E.Roman Political Ideas and Practice. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1964.Google Scholar

Adelman, Howard. “The Ethics of Humanitarian Intervention: The Case of the Kurdish Refugees,” Public Affairs Quarterly, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 61–87, January 1992.Google Scholar

Allhoff, Fritz. “A Defense of Torture: Separation of Cases, Ticking Time-Bombs, and Moral Justification,” International Journal of Applied Philosophy, vol. 19, pp. 243–64, Fall 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

American Articles of War of 1775, Article 12, reprinted in Winthrop, William, Military Law and Precedents, vol. 2 (2nd edition). Washington D.C.: Kessinger, 1896.Google Scholar

Anaya, S. James. “The Contemporary Definition of the International Norm of Self-determination,” Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 131–64, 1993.Google Scholar

Anderson, Kenneth. “Who Owns the Rules of War?,” New York Times Magazine, pp. 38–43, April 13, 2003.Google Scholar

Anghie, Antony. “Finding the Peripheries: Sovereignty and Colonialism in Nineteenth Century International Law,” Harvard International Law Journal, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1–81, Winter 1999.Google Scholar

Anscombe, Elizabeth. “War and Murder,” in Nuclear Weapons and Christian Conscience, Stein, Walter, ed., London: Merlin, pp. 45–62, 1960.Google Scholar

Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae, IIaIIae, q. 40, art. 1, resp. in Jonathan Barnes, “The Just War,” in The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy, Kretzmann, Norman, Kenny, Anthony, and Pinborg, Jan, eds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Archibugi, Danielle. “Universal and Cosmopolitan Democracy,” presented at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, 2005.

Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics, in The Complete Works of Aristotle, Barnes, Jonathan, ed., Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984.Google Scholar

Arrigo, Jean Maria. “A Utilitarian Argument against Torture Interrogation of Terrorists,” Science and Engineering Ethics, vol. 10, pp. 543–72, July 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Austin, John L. “A Plea for Excuses,” in John L. Austin, Philosophical Papers (3rd editon), Urmson, J. O. and Warnock, G. J., eds., Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 175–204, 1979.Google Scholar

Australian government report. Bringing Them Home, available at http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/special/rsjproject/rsjlibrary/hreoc/stolen.

Ayoob, Mohammed. “Humanitarian Intervention and State Sovereignty,” International Journal of Human Rights, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 81–102, Spring 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bainton, Roland. Christian Attitudes towards War and Peace. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1960.Google Scholar

Barnett, Michael N., and Finnemore, Martha. “The Politics, Power and Pathologies of International Organizations,” International Organization, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 699–732, Autumn 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beardsley, Kyle C., Quinn, David, Biswas, Bidisha, and Wilkenfeld, Jonathan. “Mediation Styles and Crisis Outcomes,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 58–86, February 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beitz, Charles. Political Theory and International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979.Google Scholar

Beitz, Charles. “Social and Cosmopolitan Liberalism,” International Affairs, vol. 75, pp. 515–29, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belgrad, Eric, and Nitza, Nachmías, eds., The Politics of Humanitarian Aid Operations. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997.Google Scholar

Bellinger, John B. III (Legal Adviser, U.S. Department of State) and William J. Haynes, II (General Counsel, U.S. Department of Defense) to Jakob Kellenberger (ICRC President), Nov. 3, 2006, available at http://www.defenselink.mil/home/pdf/Customary_International_Humanitiarian_Law.pdf.

Bennett, Jonathan. “Morality and Consequences,” in The Tanner Lectures on Human Values II, Sterling, M. McMurrin, ed., Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1981.Google Scholar

Best, Geoffery. War and Law since 1945. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Black-Michaud, Jacob. Cohesive Force: Feud in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1975.Google Scholar

Bloomfield, David, Barnes, Teresa, and Huyse, Luc, eds. Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: A Handbook. Stockholm: International Institute for Democratic and Electoral Assistance, 2003.Google Scholar

Blumenfeld, Laura. Revenge, New York: Washington Square Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Bohman, James. “Beyond the Democratic Peace: An Instrumental Argument for Transnational Democracy,” Journal of Social Philosophy, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 127–38, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bohman, James. “The Republic of Humanity: The Cosmopolitan Imperative of Democratic Non-Domination,” in Republicanism and Political Theory, Laborde, Cécile and Maynor, J., eds., London: Basil Blackwell, 2007.Google Scholar

Brandt, Richard B. “Utilitarianism and the Rules of War,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol. 1, pp. 145–65, 1971/72.Google Scholar

Brock, Gillian. “Humanitarian Intervention: Closing the Gap between Theory and Practice,” Journal of Applied Philosophy, vol. 23, no. 3. pp. 277–91, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buchanan, Allen. Justice, Legitimacy and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations for International Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Buchanan, Allen. “Recognitional Legitimacy and the State System,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol. 28, pp. 46–78, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bull, Hedley. The Anarchical Society (3rd edition), New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Burnham, Gilbert. “Mortality after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Cluster Sample Survey,” The Lancet, October 6, 2006, available at http://www.thelancet.com/webfiles/images/journals/lancet/s0140673606694919.pdf.Google Scholar

Cajetan. De Justitia et Jure opera omnia, in The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings, Gregory, M. Reichberg, Syse, Henrik, and Begby, Endre, eds., Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.Google Scholar

Cassese, Antonio. Self-Determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Charter of the United Nations, T.S. 993, 59 Stat. 1031, 1976 Y.B.U.N. 1043 (June 26, 1945), Art. 51. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1950.

Chevrier, Marie I. “Deliberate Disease: Biological Weapons, Threats, and Policy Responses,” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 395–417, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chivers, Christopher J. “In Murky War Zone, a Secret Life as Terrorist's Wife,” International Herald Tribune, August 28, 2006.Google Scholar

Christopher, Paul. The Ethics of War and Peace (3rd edition), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2004.Google Scholar

Christopher, Paul. “Humanitarian Interventions and the Limits of Sovereignty,” Public Affairs Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 103–19, April 1996.Google Scholar

Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Pro Milone 11, Francis, H. Colson, ed., London: Bristol Classical Press, 1991.Google Scholar

Cicero on the Emotions: TusculanDisputations 3 and 4. Margaret, R. Graver, trans., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Coady, C. A. J. (Tony) “The Morality of Terrorism,” Philosophy, vol. 60, no. 231, pp. 47–69, 1985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coates, Anthony J.The Ethics of War. Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Coleman, Jules. Risks and Wrongs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar

Coppieters, Bruno, and Fotion, Nick, eds. Moral Constraints on War: Principles and Cases. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002.Google Scholar

Cox, Michael, Ikenberry, John, and Inoguchi, Takashi. American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Daes, Erica-Irene. “Striving for Self-Determination for Indigenous Peoples,” in The Right to Self-Determination, Kly, Y. N. and Kly, D., eds., Atlanta: Clarity Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Davis, Michael. “The Moral Justifiability of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment,” International Journal of Applied Philosophy, vol. 19, pp. 161–78, Fall 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, Michael. “Three Fallacies of Torture,” Free Inquiry, vol. 26, pp. 49–50, December 2005/January 2006.Google Scholar

Davis, Michael. “Torturing Profession,” Professional Ethics, forthcoming.Google Scholar

Mulinen, Frederic. Handbook on the Law of War for Armed Forces (ICRC, 1987), Conduct Principle 387. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1987.Google Scholar

de Vattel, Emer. “The Law of Nations,” in The Ethics of War: Classical and Contemporary Readings, Gregory, M. Reichberg., eds., Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.Google Scholar

Dershowitz, Alan M.Why Terrorism Works: Understanding the Threat, Responding to the Challenge. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Deudney, Michael. Bounding Power. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Devine, Philip E. “A Fallacious Argument against Moral Absolutes,” Argumentation, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 611–16, November 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diamond, Larry. Can the Whole World Become Democratic?: Democracy, Development, and International Policies. Irvine, CA: Center for the Study of Democracy, 2003.Google Scholar

Dickey, Christopher. “Women of Al Qaeda,” Newsweek, pp. 27–36, December 12, 2005.Google Scholar

Downey, William Gerald Jr. “The Law of War and Military Necessity,” American Journal of International Law, vol. 47, pp. 251–62, 1953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Duffy, Helen. The “War on Terror” and the Framework of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dwyer, Susan. “Reconciliation for Realists,” in Dilemmas of Reconciliation: Cases and Concepts, Carol, A. L. Prager and Govier, Trudy, eds., Waterloo, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Easterbrook, Gregg. “Term Limits,” The New Republic, vol. 227, no. 1, pp. 22–25, October 7, 2002.Google Scholar

Elden, Stuart. “Contingent Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity and the Sanctity of Borders,” SAIS Review, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 31–61, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elster, Jon. “Norms of Revenge,” Ethics, vol. 100, pp. 862–85, July 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Falk, Richard. Human Rights Horizons: The Pursuit of Justice in a Globalizing World. New York: Routledge, 2000.Google Scholar

Falk, Richard. “The Rights of Peoples (in Particular Indigenous Peoples),” in The Rights of Peoples, Crawford, James, ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.Google Scholar

Farer, Tom. “The Ethics of Intervening in Self-Determination Struggles,” Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 382–406, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Farley, Gail R. “Lustration, Decommunization, and European Union Enlargement 2004,” available at http://www.eucenter.scrippscollege.edu/eu_events/papers/paper/panel.

Farrell, Daniel. “The Justification of Deterrent Violence,” Ethics, vol. 100, pp. 301–17, 1990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fixdal, Mona, and Smith, Dan. “Humanitarian Intervention and Just War,” Mershon International Studies Review, vol. 42, pp. 283–312, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fletcher, George P. “Punishment and Self-Defense,” Law and Philosophy, vol. 8, pp. 201–15, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fletcher, George P.. “Self-Defense as a Justification for Punishment,” Cardozo Law Review, vol. 12, pp. 859–66, 1990–1991.Google Scholar

Freedman, Lawrence. The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981.Google Scholar

French, Peter. The Virtues of Vengeance, Lawrence: The University Press of Kansas, 2001.Google Scholar

Fridja, Nico. “The Lex Talionis: On Vengeance,” in Emotions: Essays on Emotion Theory, Goozen, S. H. M., Poll, N. E., and Sergeant, J. A., eds., Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1994.Google Scholar

Friedman, Marilyn. “Female Terrorists: What Difference Does Gender Make?” presented to the North American Society for Social Philosophy, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada, August 4, 2006.

Fullinwider, Robert. “War and Innocence,” in International Ethics, Beitz, ., eds., Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985.Google Scholar

Fussell, Paul. “Thank God for the Atom Bomb,” in Thank God for the Atom Bomb and Other Essays. New York: Summit Books, 1988, available at http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfib/courses/Fussell.pdf.Google Scholar

Garamone, Jim. “DoD, State Department Criticize Red Cross Law of War Study,” Armed Forces Press Service, March 8, 2007, available at http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=3308.Google Scholar

Gentili, Alberico. “De jure belli libri tres (On the Law of War),” in The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings, Gregory, M. Reichberg, Syse, Henrik, and Begby, Endre, eds., Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.Google Scholar

Gould, Carol. “Self-Determination beyond Sovereignty: Relating Transnational Democracy to Local Autonomy,” Journal of Social Philosophy, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 44–60, Spring 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Govier, Trudy. Social Trust and Human Communities. Montreal and Kingston: McGill–Queen's University Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Govier, Trudy. Taking Wrongs Seriously: Acknowledgement, Reconciliation, and the Politics of Sustainable Peace. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2006.Google Scholar

Govier, Trudy, and Verwoerd, Wilhelm. “Trust and the Problem of National Reconciliation,” Philosophy of the Social Sciences, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 178–205, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gratian. “Decretum,” in The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings, Gregory, M. Reichberg, Syse, Henrik, and Begby, Endre, eds., Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.Google Scholar

Green, Leslie. “Command Responsibility in International Humanitarian Law,” Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, vol. 5, pp. 337–38, 1995.Google Scholar

Gross, Oren. “The Prohibition of Torture and the Limits of Law,” in Torture: A Collection, Levinson, , ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Grotius. “De jure belli ac pacis,” in The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings, Gregory, M. Reichberg, Syse, Henrik, and Begby, Endre, eds., Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.Google Scholar

Haggenmacher, Peter. “Just War and Regular War in Sixteenth Century Spanish Doctrine,” International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 290, 1992.Google Scholar

Hashmi, Sohail, and Steven P. Lee. “Introduction,” in Ethics and Weapons of Mass Destruction, Hashmi, Sohail and Lee, Steven, eds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hedges, Chris. War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning. New York: Anchor Books, 2002.Google Scholar

Henckaerts, Jean-Marie. Customary International Humanitarian Law. Cambridge: Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan, Oakeshott, Thomas, ed., Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1957.Google Scholar

Holder, Cindy. “Self-Determination as a Universal Human Right,” Human Rights Review, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 5–18, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holmes, Robert L.On War and Morality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Honohan, Iseult. Civic Republicanism. London: Routledge, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Houston, Barbara. “In Praise of Blame,” Hypatia, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 128–47, Fall 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Humphrey, John H. “Preventing CBW,” in CBW: Chemical and Biological Warfare, Rose, Steven, ed., Boston: Beacon Press, 1969.Google Scholar

Hurka, Thomas. “Liability and Just Cause,” Ethics & International Affairs, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 199–218, Summer 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hurka, Thomas. “Rights and Capital Punishment,” Dialogue, vol. 21, pp. 647–60, 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ICTY decision Prosecutor v. Halilovic, ICTY Trial Chamber, Judgement of 16 November 2005, paras. 42–54, available at http://www.un.org/icty/halilovic/trialc/judgement/index.htm.

Ignatieff, Michael. The Warrior's Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience. New York: Henry Holt, 1997.Google Scholar

The Iliad. Fagles, Robert, trans., New York: Penguin, 1999.Google Scholar

International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (International Development Research Centre: Ottawa, 2001), available at http://www.iciss.ca/report-en.asp.

Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Blackmailing Young Women into Suicide Terrorism” (February 12, 2003), available at http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Communiques/2003/Blackmailing%20Young%2.

Jackson, Robert. The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of States. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Jeffery, Renee. Hugo Grotius in International Thought. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnson, James Turner. Ideology, Reason and the Limitation of War: Religious and Secular Concepts 1200–1740. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975.Google Scholar

Johnson, James Turner. The Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981.Google Scholar

Johnson, James Turner. Morality and Contemporary Warfare. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Johnson, James Turner. The Quest for Peace: Three Moral Traditions in Western Cultural History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987.Google Scholar

Jünger, Ernst. The Storm of Steel. New York: Fertig, 1996.Google Scholar

Kadish, Mortimer R., and Sanford, H. Kadish. Discretion to Disobey: A Study of Lawful Departures from Legal Rules. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1973.Google Scholar

Kamm, Frances M. “Failures of Just War Theory: Terror, Harm, and Justice,” Ethics, vol. 114, pp. 650–92, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kamm, Frances M.. “Justifications for Killing Noncombatants in War,” Midwest Studies in Philosophy, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 219–28, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaufman, Whitley. “What Is the Scope of Civilian Immunity in Wartime?,” Journal of Military Ethics, vol. 2, pp. 186–94, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keegan, John. The Faces of Battle: A Study of Agincourt, Waterloo and the Somme. New York: Vintage, 1976.Google Scholar

Keegan, John. The Mask of Command. New York: Viking, 1987.Google Scholar

Keen, Maurice H.The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages. London: Routledge, 1965.Google Scholar

Kemp, Kenneth W. “Punishment as Just Cause for War,” Public Affairs Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 335–53, October 1996.Google Scholar

Kent, Randolph C. “International Humanitarian Crises: Two Decades Before and Two Decades Beyond,” International Affairs, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 851–69, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Khattak, Saba Gul. “Afghan Woman: Bombed to Be Liberated?,” Middle East Report, vol. 222, pp. 18–23, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kingsbury, Benedict. “Sovereignty and Inequality,” European Journal of International Law, vol. 9, pp. 599–625, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kirk, Geoffrey S., and John, E. Raven. The Presocratic Philosophers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957.Google Scholar

Koblentz, Gregory. “Pathogens as Weapons,” International Security, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 123–48, Winter 2003/04.Google Scholar

Koskenniemi, Martti. “Between Impunity and Show Trials,” Max Planck Yearbook of International Law, vol. 6, pp. 1–35, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Koskenniemi, Martti. The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law, 1880–1960. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Lee, Steven P.Morality, Prudence, and Nuclear Weapons. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1996.

Lewis, David. “Devil's Bargains and the Real World,” in The Security Gamble: Deterrence Dilemmas in the Nuclear Age, MacLean, Douglas, ed., Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanheld, 1984.Google Scholar

Lewis, Norman. Naples 44. New York: Pantheon, 1978.Google Scholar

Lichtenberg, Judith. “War, Innocence, and the Doctrine of Double Effect,” Philosophical Studies, vol. 74, pp. 347–68, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liechty, Joseph, and Clegg, Cecilia. Moving beyond Sectarianism: Religion, Conflict, and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland. Dublin: Columbia Press, 2001.Google Scholar

“Life Histories, Blood Revenge and Warfare in a Tribal Population,” Science, vol. 16, pp. 985–92, February 1988.

Luban, David. “Fairness to Rightness: Jurisdiction, Legality, and the Legitimacy of International Criminal Law,” in Philosophy in International Law, Besson, Samantha and Tasioulas, John, eds., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Luban, David. “Liberalism, Torture, and the Ticking Bomb,” The Torture Debate in America, in Karen, J. Greenberg, ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 35–83, 2005.Google Scholar

“Marines Wade into Dreaded Urban Battle,” The Globe and Mail, March 25, 2003 (New York Times Service).

Martin, Susan. “The Role of Biological Weapons in International Politics: The Real Military Revolution,” Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 63–98, March 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Martin, Susan. “Weapons of Mass Destruction: A Brief Overview,” in Ethics and Weapons of Mass Destruction, Hashmi, Sohail and Lee, Steven P., eds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mavrodes, George I. “Conventions and the Morality of War,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol. 4, pp. 117–31, 1975.Google Scholar

May, Larry. Aggression and Crimes against Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

May, Larry. Crimes against Humanity: A Normative Account. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar

May, Larry. The Morality of Groups. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1987.Google Scholar

May, Larry. War Crimes and Just War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

May, Larry, Rovie, Eric, and Viner, Steve, eds. The Morality of War. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2006.Google Scholar

McIntyre, Alison. “Doing Away with Double Effect,” Ethics, vol. 111, pp. 219–55, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McKenna, Michael. “The Relationship between Autonomous and Morally Responsible Agency,” in Personal Autonomy: New Essays on Personal Autonomy and Its Role in Contemporary Moral Philosophy, James, Stacey Taylor, ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 205–34, 2005.Google Scholar

McKeogh, Colm. Innocent Civilians: The Morality of Killing in War. New York: Palgrave, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McMahan, Jeff. “The Ethics of Killing in War,” Ethics, vol. 114, pp. 693–733, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McMahan, Jeff. “Intervention and Collective Self-Determination,” Ethics & International Affairs, vol. 10, pp. 1–24, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McMahan, Jeff. “Just Cause for War,” Ethics & International Affairs, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1–21, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McMahan, Jeff, and McKim, Robert, “The Just War and the Gulf War,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy, vol. 23(4), pp. 501–41, December 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mellow, David. “Counterfactuals and the Proportionality Criterion,” Ethics & International Affairs, vol. 20(4), pp. 439–54, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Melzer, Yehuda. Concepts of Just War. Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1975.Google Scholar

“Memo: President Bush on Humane Treatment of al-Qaeda and Taliban Detainees,” in Danner, Mark, Torture and Truth. New York Review Books, pp. 105–7, February 7, 2002.Google Scholar

Meron, Theodore. Henry's Wars and Shakespeare's Laws: Perspectives on the Law of War in the Later Middle Ages. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mesquita, Bruno Bueno, and George, W. Downs, “Intervention and Democracy,” International Organization, vol. 60, pp. 627–49, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty, in The Philosophy of John Stuart Mill: Ethical, Political, and Religious, Cohen, Marshall, ed., New York: Modern Library, 1961.Google Scholar

Miller, William. An Eye for an Eye. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar

“The Ministries Case Judgment,” Trials of War Criminals before Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, vol. 14, p. 337.

Philip, Montague. Punishment as Societal Defense. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1995.Google Scholar

Morris, Christopher. An Essay on the Modern State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morrison, Philip, and Tsipis, Kosta. “Rightful Names,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 59, no. 3, p. 77, May/June 2003.Google Scholar

Mueller, John, and Mueller, Karl. “Sanctions of Mass Destruction,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 43–53, May/June 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Murphy, Jeffrie. Getting Even: Forgiveness and Its Limits. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Neff, Stephen C.War and the Law of Nations: A General History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Newman, Dwight G. “The Rome Statute, Some Reservations Concerning Amnesties, and a Distributive Problem,” American University International Law Review, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 293–357.

Nickel, James W. “Are Human Rights Mainly Implemented by Intervention?” in Rawls's Law of Peoples: A Realistic Utopia?, Martin, Rex and Reidy, David, eds., New York: Blackwell, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Norman, Richard. Ethics, Killing and War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ober, Josiah. “Classical Greek Times,” in The Laws of War: Constraints on Warfare in the Western World, Howard, Michael, Andreopoulos, George, and Mark, R. Schulman, eds., New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994.Google Scholar

O'Brien, William V.The Conduct of Just and Limited War. New York: Praeger, 1981.Google Scholar

O'Donovan, Oliver. The Just War Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Orend, Brian. “Justice after the War,” in Ethics & International Affairs, vol. 16, pp. 43–56, Spring 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Orend, Brian. War and International Justice: A Kantian Perspective. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2000.Google Scholar

Orend, Brian. “War,” in Stanford Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2007 edition, available at http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2007/entries/war/.

Oshana, Marina. “The Misguided Marriage of Responsibility and Autonomy,” The Journal of Ethics, vol. 6, pp. 261–80, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Osiel, Mark. “The Banality of Good: Aligning Incentives against Mass Atrocity,” Columbia Law Review, vol. 105, pp. 1751–1862, 2005.Google Scholar

Osiel, Mark. Obeying Orders: Atrocity, Military Discipline, and the Law of War. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1999.Google Scholar

Ottaway, Marina, and Lacina, Bethany. “International Interventions and Imperialism: Lessons from the 1990s,” SAIS Review, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 71–92, Summer–Fall 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pagden, Anthony. Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France c. 1500–1800. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Pagden, Anthony, and Lawrence, Jeremy, eds. Francisco de Vitoria: Political Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.Google Scholar

Pandolfi, Mariella. “Contract of Mutual (In)difference: Governance and the Humanitarian Apparatus in Contemporary Albania and Kosovo,” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 369–81, Winter 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Panofsky, Wolfgang. “Dismantling the Concept of ‘Weapons of Mass Destruction,’” Arms Control Today, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 3–8, April 1998.Google Scholar

Pape, Robert A.Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. New York: Random House, 2005.Google Scholar

Parker, Geoffery. The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West 1500–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Patton, George S. “The Effect of Weapons on War,” Cavalry Journal. November 1930, available at http://www.pattonhq.com/textfiles/effect.html.Google Scholar

Pei, Minxin, and Kasper, Sara. Lessons from the Past: The American Record on Nation Building. Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003.Google Scholar

Perkovich, George. “Deconflating ‘WMD,’” 2004 paper by the Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission, available at www.wmdcommission.org.

Pettit, Philip. “Responsibility Incorporated,” Ethics, vol. 117, no. 2, pp. 171–201, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pfaff, Tony. “The Ethics of Complex Contingencies,” in The Future of the Army Profession (2nd edition), Snider, Don and Matthews, Lloyd, eds., New York: McGraw Hill, 2005.Google Scholar

Pogge, Thomas. “An Institutional Approach to Humanitarian Intervention,” Public Affairs Quarterly, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 89–103, January 1992.Google Scholar

Pogge, Thomas. World Poverty and Human Rights. Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Quester, George. “Review: Chemical and Biological Warfare,” American Political Science Review, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 1285–91, September 1974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Quinn, Warren S. “Actions, Intentions, and Consequences: The Doctrine of Double Effect,” reprinted in Ethics: Problems and Principles, John, Martin Fischer and Ravizza, Mark, eds., Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992.Google Scholar

Ramsey, Paul. The Just War: Force and Political Responsibility. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968.Google Scholar

Rawls, John. Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, Kelly, Erin, ed., Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Rawls, John. The Law of Peoples. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Reichberg, Gregory M. “Aquinas on Defensive Killing: A Case of Double Effect?” The Thomist, vol. 69, pp. 341–70, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reichberg, Gregory M.. “Just War and Regular War: Competing Paradigms,” in Just and Unjust Warriors: Moral Equality on the Battlefield, Rodin, David and Shue, Henry, eds., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Reichberg, Gregory M.. “Preventive War in Classical Just War Theory,” Journal of the History of International Law, vol. 9, issue 1, pp. 5–33, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reichberg, Gregory M., Syse, Henrik, and Begby, Endre. The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.Google Scholar

Rengger, Nicholas. “The Judgment of War: On the Idea of Legitimate Force in World Politics,” The Review of International Studies, special issue, vol. 31, pp. 143–61, December 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rengger, Nicholas. “On the Just War Tradition in the Twenty First Century,” International Affairs, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 353–63, April 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Report of the Special Committee on the Question of Defining Aggression, 11 March–12 April 1974, in Melzer, Yehuda, Concepts of Just War. Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1975.Google Scholar

Richardson, Louise. What Terrorists Want: Understanding the Enemy, Containing the Threat. New York: Random House, 2006.Google Scholar

Roach, Steven C. “Humanitarian Emergencies and the International Criminal Court (ICC): Toward a Cooperative Arrangement between the ICC and UN Security Council,” International Studies Perspectives, vol. 6, pp. 431–46, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roberts, Adam, and Guelff, Richard. Documents on the Laws of War (3rd edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.Google Scholar

Roberts, Brad, and Moodie, Michael. “Biological Weapons: Toward a Threat Reduction Strategy,” Defense Horizons, paper #15, Center for Technology and National Security Policy, National Defense University, July 2002.Google Scholar

Robinson, Mary. “Foreward,” in Stephen Macedo's Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction. Princeton, NJ: Program in Law and Public Affairs, 2001.Google Scholar

Rodin, David. “Problems with Preventive War,” in Preventive War, Shue, Henry, ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Rodin, David. “Terrorism without Intention,” Ethics, vol. 114, pp. 752–71, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rodin, David. War and Self-Defense. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Sadat, Leila Nadya. “Exile, Amnesty and International Law.” Notre Dame Law Review, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 935–1036, Spring 2006.Google Scholar

Saul, Ben. Defining Terrorism in International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.Google Scholar

Scanlon, Thomas M. “Intention and Permissibility I,” Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 301–17, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scanlon, Thomas M.. What We Owe to Each Other. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Schmid, Alex P., and Albert, J. Jongman, Political Terrorism. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1983.Google Scholar

Scott, James. Seeing Like a State. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Sen, Amartya. Development as Freedom. New York: Knopf, 1999.Google Scholar

Sen, Amartya. Poverty and Famine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.Google Scholar

Seneca: Moral and Political Essays, John, M. Cooper and Procopé, J. F., trans., New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Google Scholar

Shay, Jonathan. Achilles in Vietnam. New York: Touchstone, 1994.Google Scholar

Sherman, Nancy. “Empathy, Respect, and Humanitarian Intervention,” Ethics & International Affairs, vol. 12, pp. 103–19, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sherman, Nancy. Stoic Warriors: The Ancient Philosophy behind the Military Mind. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Shue, Henry. “Torture,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol. 7, pp. 124–43, Spring 1978.Google Scholar

Shue, Henry. “War,” in The Oxford Handbook of Practical Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Singer, Peter W.Children at War. New York: Pantheon, 2005.Google Scholar

Skinner, Quentin. The Foundations of Modern Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.Google Scholar

Slater, Jerome, and Nardin, Terry. “Nonintervention and Human Rights,” Journal of Politics, vol. 48, pp. 86–96, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Michael. “Humanitarian Intervention: An Overview of the Ethical Issues,” Ethics & International Affairs, vol. 12, pp. 63–79, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Solis, Gary D. “Obedience of Orders and the Law of War: Judicial Application in American Forums,” American University International Law Review, vol. 15, pp. 481–526, 2000.Google Scholar

Solomon, Robert. In Defense of Sentimentality. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stein, Mark S. “Unauthorized Humanitarian Intervention,” Social Philosophy and Policy, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 14–38, Winter 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Steinbruner, John. “Biological Weapons: A Plague upon All Houses,” Foreign Policy, vol. 109, pp. 85–96, Winter 1997–1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stern, Jessica. “Dreaded Risks and the Control of Biological Weapons,” International Security, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 89–123, Winter 2002/2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Suárez, Francisco. “De bello” (“On War”), in The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings, in Gregory, M. Reichberg, Syse, Henrik, and Begby, Endre, eds., Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.Google Scholar

Suárez, Francisco. “On War,” in Selections from Three Works (Dispation XIII, De Triplici Virtute Theologica: Charitate) (c. 1610), Gwladys, L. Williams, Brown, Ammi, and Waldron, John, trans., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1944.Google Scholar

Szasz, Paul. “The International Law Concerning Weapons of Mass Destruction,” in Ethics and Weapons of Mass Destruction, Hashmi, Sohail and Lee, Steven P., eds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Talbot, Rhiannon. “Myths in the Representation of Women Terrorists,” Eire-Ireland, Fall 2001, available at http://www.dushkin.com/text-data/articles/31680/body.pdf, pp. 1–10.Google Scholar

Taylor, Telford. The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.Google Scholar

Teson, Fernando. Humanitarian Intervention: An Inquiry into Law and Morality. New York: Transnational, 1997.Google Scholar

Tessman, Lisa. Burdened Virtues: Virtue Ethics for Liberatory Struggles. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thomas, Evan, and Johnson, Scott. “Probing Bloodbath,” Newsweek, June 12, 2006.Google Scholar

Thomson, Judith Jarvis. “Physician Assisted Suicide: Two Moral Arguments,” Ethics, vol. 109, pp. 497–518, 1999.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Thomson, Judith Jarvis. “Self Defense,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 283–310, 1991.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles. Coercion, Capital and European States. London: Blackwell, 1990.Google Scholar

Tindale, Christopher W. “The Logic of Torture,” Social Theory and Practice, vol. 22, pp. 349–74, Fall 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vanderpol, Alfred. La Doctrine Scholastique du droit de guerre. Pedone: Paris, 1919.Google Scholar

Verwoerd, Wilhelm J.Equity, Mercy, and Forgiveness: Interpreting Amnesty within the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Leuven: Peeters, 2007.Google Scholar

Vitoria, Francisco de. De Indis et De Ivre Belli Reflectiones (On the Indians and Reflections on War) (1536), Nys, Ernest, ed., Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1917.Google Scholar

Vitoria, Francisco de. De jure belli, in The Ethics of War: Classic and Contemporary Readings, Gregory, M. Reichberg, Syse, Henrik, and Begby, Endre, eds., Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.Google Scholar

Vitoria, Francisco de. “On the Law of War,” in Political Writings, Pagden, Anthony and Lawrence, Jeremy, eds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.Google Scholar

Volkan, Vamik. Killing in the Name of Identity. Charlottesville, VA: Pitchstone, 2006.Google Scholar

von Clausewitz, Carl. On War, Rapaport, Anatol, ed., Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1968.Google Scholar

Wallace, R. Jay. Responsibility and the Moral Sentiments. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Waltz, Kenneth. “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better,” Adelphi Papers, no. 171, London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1981.Google Scholar

Walzer, Michael. “Emergency Ethics,” in Arguing about War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Walzer, Michael. Just and Unjust Wars. New York: Basic Books, 1977.Google Scholar

Walzer, Michael. “The Moral Standing of States: A Response to Four Critics,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 209–29, 1980.Google Scholar

Weiler, Joseph. “An ‘Ever Closer Union’ in Need of a Human Rights Policy,” European Journal of International Law, vol. 9, pp. 658–723, 1998.Google Scholar

William, Bernard. Shame and Necessity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Wynia, Matthew K. “Consequentialism and Harsh Interrogations,” The American Journal of Bioethics, vol. 5, pp. 4–6, January–February 2005.Google Scholar

Zanetti, Véronique. “Global Justice: Is Interventionism Desirable?” Metaphilosophy, vol. 32, no. 1 and 2, pp. 196–211, January 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar