Adamson, Walter L., Avant-Garde Florence: From Modernism to Fascism (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alares, Gustavo, ‘Ruralismo, fascismo y regeneración: Italia y España en perspectiva comparada’, Ayer, 83 (2011), pp. 127–47Google Scholar

Albanese, Giulia, ‘Brutalizzazione e violenza alle origini del fascismo’, Studi Storici, 55, 1 (2014), pp. 3–14Google Scholar

Albanese, Giulia, Alle origini del fascismo: La violenza politica a Venezia 1919–1922 (Padua, Il Poligrafo, 2001)Google Scholar

Albanese, Giulia, La marcia su Roma (Rome-Bari, Laterza, 2006)Google Scholar

Albanese, Giulia, ‘Alla scuola del fascismo: la Spagna dei primi anni venti e la marcia su Roma’, in Isnenghi, Mario (ed.), Pensare la nazione. Silvio Lanaro e l’Italia contemporanea (Roma, Donzelli, 2012), pp. 111–122Google Scholar

Albert, Mathias, et al., Transnational Political Spaces: Agents, Structures, Encounters (Frankfurt, Campus Verlag, 2009)Google Scholar

Alcalde, Ángel, Los excombatientes franquistas: La cultura de guerra del fascismo español y la Delegación Nacional de Excombatientes (1936–1965) (Zaragoza, Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza, 2014)Google Scholar

Alcalde, Ángel, ‘Los excombatientes en el mundo rural de la posguerra: del mito del campesino soldado a la realidad social de la España franquista’, in Barreira, Óscar Rodríguez (ed.), El franquismo desde los márgenes: Campesinos, mujeres, delatores, menores …, Lleida-Almería, UdLl & UAL, 2013, pp. 113–29Google Scholar

Alcalde, Ángel, ‘Los orígenes de la Delegación Nacional de Excombatientes de FET-JONS: la desmovilización del ejército franquista y la Europa de 1939’, Ayer, 97 (2015), pp. 169–94Google Scholar

Alcalde, Ángel, ‘War veterans and the transnational origins of Italian Fascism (1917–1919)’, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 21, 4 (2016), pp. 565–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arco, Miguel Ángel del, ‘Hunger and the Consolidation of the Francoist Regime (1939–1951)’, European History Quarterly, 40, 3 (2010), pp. 458–83Google Scholar

Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane, Combattre: Une anthropologie historique de la guerre moderne, XIXe–XXIe siècle (Paris, Seuil, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane and Becker, Annette, 14–18, retrouver la Guerre (Paris, Gallimard, 2000)Google Scholar

Baird, Jay W., Hitler’s War Poets: Literature and Politics in the Third Reich (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2008)Google Scholar

Baldassari, Marco, ‘La memoria celebrata: La festa del 4 novembre a Lucca tra dopoguerra e fascismo’, Italia contemporanea, 242 (2006), pp. 23–43Google Scholar

Ballini, Pier Luigi, Le elezioni nella storia d’Italia dall’Unità al fascismo: Profilo storico-statistico (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1988)Google Scholar

Baravelli, Andrea, La vittoria smarrita: Legittimità e rappresentazioni della Grande Guerra nella crisi del sistema liberale (1919–1924) (Rome, Carocci, 2006)Google Scholar

Barnes, James J. and Barnes, Patience P., Nazis in Pre-War London 1930–1939: The Fate and Role of German Party Members and British Sympathizers (Brighton, Sussex Academic Press, 2005)Google Scholar

Barone, Giuseppe, ‘Statalismo e riformismo: l’Opera Nazionale Combattenti (1917–1923)’, Studi Storici, 25 (1984), pp. 203–44Google Scholar

Barr, Niall, The Lion and the Poppy: British Veterans, Politics, and Society, 1921–1939 (London, Praeger, 2005)Google Scholar

Barr, Niall, ‘“The Legion that Sailed but Never Went”: The British Legion and the Munich Crisis of 1938’, in Eichenberg, Julia and Newman, John Paul (eds.), The Great War and Veterans’ Internationalism (New York, Palgrave, 2013), pp. 32–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barth, Boris, Dolchstoßlegenden und politische Desintegration: Das Trauma der deutschen Niederlage im Ersten Weltkrieg 1914–1933 (Düsseldorf, Droste, 2003)Google Scholar

Bartov, Omer, Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide, and Modern Identity (Oxford University Press, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bauerkämper, Arnd, ‘Transnational Fascism: Cross-Border Relations between Regimes and Movements in Europe, 1922–1939’, East Central Europe, 37 (2010), pp. 214–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beaupré, Nicolas, Écrire en guerre, écrire la guerre, France, Allemagne 1914–1920 (Paris, CNRS, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Becker, Annette, ‘Du 14 Julliet 1919 au 11 novembre 1920: Mort, où est la victoire?’, Vingtième siècle, Revue d’histoire, 49 (1996), pp. 31–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ben-Ghiat, Ruth, Fascist modernities: Italy, 1922–1945 (Berkeley, University of California Press, 2001)Google Scholar

Berardi, Roberto, Dizionario di termini storici politici ed economici moderni (Florence, Felice Le Monier, 1976)Google Scholar

Berghahn, Volker R., Der Stahlhelm: Bund der Frontsoldaten (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1966)Google Scholar

Berghahn, Volker R., ‘Das Ende des “Stahlhelm”’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 13, 4 (1965), pp. 446–51Google Scholar

Berghaus, Günter, Futurism and Politics: Between Anarchist Rebellion and Fascist Reaction, 1909–1944 (Oxford, Berghahn Books, 1996)Google Scholar

Bers, Günter (ed.), ‘Rote Tage’ im Rheinland: Demonstrationen des Roten Frontkämpfer-Bundes (RFB) im Gau Mittelrhein 1925–1928 (Hamburg, Einhorn Presse Verlag, 1980)Google Scholar

Berstein, Serge, ‘L’affrontement simulé des années 1930’, Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’histoire, 5 (1985), pp. 39–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bessel, Richard, Germany after the First World War (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993)Google Scholar

Bessel, Richard, ‘Die Heimkehr der Soldaten: Das Bild der Frontsoldaten in der Öffentlichkeit der Weimarer Republik’, in Hirschfeld, Gerhard, Krumeich, Gerd and Renz, Irina (eds.), ‘Keiner fühlt sich hier mehr als Mensch …’ Erlebnis und Wirkung des Ersten Weltkriegs (Frankfurt am Main, Fischer Taschenbuch, 1996), pp. 260–82Google Scholar

Bessel, Richard, ‘The Front Generation and the Politics of Weimar Germany’, in Roseman, Mark (ed.), Generations in Conflict: Youth Revolt and Generation Formation in Germany, 1770–1968 (Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 121–36Google Scholar

Bianchi, Roberto, Pace, pane, terra: Il 1919 in Italia (Rome, Odradek, 2006)Google Scholar

Boca, Angelo Del, La guerra d’Abissinia 1935–1941 (Milan, Feltrinelli, 1965)Google Scholar

Bottici, Chiara, A Philosophy of Political Myth (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowen, Wayne H., Spaniards and Nazi Germany: Collaboration in the New Order (Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 2000)Google Scholar

Bullón de Mendoza, Alfonso, José Calvo Sotelo (Barcelona, Ariel, 2004)Google Scholar

Bracco, Barbara, La patria ferita: I corpi dei soldati italiani e la Grande guerra (Florence, Giunti, 2011)Google Scholar

Burgwyn, H. James, The Legend of the Mutilated Victory: Italy, the Great War, and the Paris Peace Conference, 1915–1919 (Westport, CT, Greenburg Press, 1993)Google Scholar

Burgwyn, H. James, Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period 1918–1940 (Westport, CT, Praeger, 1997)Google Scholar

Cabanes, Bruno, La Victoire endeuillée: La sortie de guerre des soldats français (1918–1920) (Seuil, Paris, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cabanes, Bruno, ‘“Génération du feu”: aux origines d’une notion’, Revue historique, CCCIX, 1 (2007), pp. 139–50Google Scholar

Cadorza, Anthony L., Agrarian Elites and Italian Fascism: The Province of Bologna 1901–1926 (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1982)Google Scholar

Calí, Vincenzo, ‘Il monumento alla Vittoria di Bolzano: Un caso di continuità fra fascismo e post-fascismo’, in Leoni, Diego and Zadra, Camillo (eds.), La Grande Guerra: Esperienza, memoria, immagini (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1986), pp. 663–70Google Scholar

Canali, Mauro, Il delitto Matteotti: Affarismo e politica nel primo governo Mussolini (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1997)Google Scholar

Caprariis, Luca De, ‘“Fascism for Export”? The Rise and Eclipse of the Fasci Italiani all’Estero’, Journal of Contemporary History, 35, 2 (2000), pp. 151–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carbajosa, Mónica and Carbajosa, Pablo, La corte literaria de José Antonio: la primera generación cultural de la Falange (Barcelona, Crítica, 2003)Google Scholar

Casanova, Julián, Europa contra Europa 1914–1945 (Barcelona, Crítica, 2011)Google Scholar

Chini, Chiara, ‘Fascismo britannico e fascismo italiano: La British union of fascists, Oswald Mosley e i finanziamenti stranieri’, Contemporanea, XI, 3, (2008), pp. 433–57.Google Scholar

Clausewitz, Carl von, On War (ed. and trans. Howard, Michael and Paret, Peter) (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1984)Google Scholar

Cohen, Deborah, The War Come Home: Disabled Veterans in Britain and Germany, 1914–1939 (Berkeley, University of California Press, 2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cohrs, Patrick O., ‘The First “Real” Peace Settlements after the First World War: Britain, the United States and the Accords of London and Locarno, 1923–1925’, Contemporary European History, 12, 1 (2003), pp. 1–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cointet, Jean-Paul, La Légion Française des Combattants, 1940–1944: La tentation du fascisme (Paris, Albin-Michel, 1995)Google Scholar

Cointet, Jean-Paul and Cointet, Michèle, ‘Contribution a une socio-politique de l’État français: La Légion française des combattants dans la Vienne (1940–1943)’, Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, 20, 4 (1973), pp. 595–618CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Colarizi, Simona, Dopoguerra e fascismo in Puglia (1919–1926) (Bari, Laterza, 1971)Google Scholar

Colarizi, Simona, L’opinione degli italiani sotto il regime 1929–1943 (Rome, Laterza, 1991)Google Scholar

Coppola, Salvatore, Conflitti di lavoro e lotta politica nel Salento nel primo dopoguerra (1919–1925) (Lecce, Salento Domani, 1984)Google Scholar

Cordova, Ferdinando, Arditi e legionari Dannunziani (Padua, Marsilio, 1969)Google Scholar

Corner, Paul, Fascism in Ferrara, 1915–1925 (London, Oxford University Press, 1975)Google Scholar

Correia, Silvia, ‘The Veterans’ Movement and First World War Memory in Portugal (1918–33): Between the Republic and Dictatorship’, European Review of History, 19 (2012), pp. 531–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Corsini, Paolo, Il feudo di Augusto Turati: Fascismo e lotta politica a Brescia (1922–1926) (Milan, Franco Angeli, 1988)Google Scholar

Crotty, Martin and Edele, Mark, ‘Total War and Entitlement: Towards a Global History of Veteran Privilege’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 59, 1 (2013), pp. 15–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cruz, Rafael, En el nombre del pueblo: República, rebelión y guerra en la España de 1936 (Madrid, Siglo XXI, 2006)Google Scholar

Coverdale, John F., Italian Intervention in the Spanish Civil War (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1975)Google Scholar

Cuzzi, Marco, Antieuropa: Il fascismo universale di Mussolini(Milan, M&B, 2006)Google Scholar

Delarue, Jacques, ‘La guerra d’Abissinia vista dalla Francia: Le sue ripercussioni nella politica interna’, in Boca, Angelo Del (ed.), Le guerre coloniali del fascismo (Rome, Laterza, 2008), pp. 317–39Google Scholar

Demiaux, Victor, ‘Dov’è la vittoria? Le rôle de la référence interalliée dans la construction rituelle de la sortie de guerre italienne (1918–1921)’, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome–Italie et Méditerranée modernes et contemporaines [on-line], 125, 2 (2013), available at http://mefrim.revues.org/1426 (accessed 22 February 2014)Google Scholar

Diehl, James M., ‘Germany: Veterans’ Politics under Three Flags’, in Ward, Stephen R. (ed.), The War Generation: Veterans of the First World War (Port Washington, NY, Kennikat Press, 1975), pp. 135–86Google Scholar

Diehl, James M., Paramilitary Politics in Weimar Germany (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1977)Google Scholar

Diehl, James M., The Thanks of the Fatherland: German Veterans after the Second World War (Chapel Hill, University of North Carloina Press, 1993)Google Scholar

Diehl, James M., ‘Von der “Vaterlandspartei” zur “Nationalen Revolution”: Die “Vereinigten Vaterländischen Verbände Deutschlands (VVVD)” 1922–1932’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 33, 4 (1985), pp. 617–39Google Scholar

Diehl, James M., ‘Victors or Victims? Disabled Veterans in the Third Reich’, Journal of Modern History, 59, 4 (1987), pp. 705–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dobry, Michel, ‘Desperately Seeking “Generic Fascism”: Some Discordant Thoughts on the Academic Recycling of Indigenous Categories’, in Pinto, António Costa (ed.), Rethinking the Nature of Fascism: Comparative Perspectives (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), pp. 53–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dobry, Michel, (dir.), Le mythe de l’allergie française au fascisme (Paris, Albin Michel, 2003)Google Scholar

Dominioni, Matteo, Lo sfascio dell’impero: Gli italiani in Etiopia 1936–1941 (Rome-Bari, Laterza, 2008)Google Scholar

Douglas, Allen, From Fascism to Libertarian Communism: Georges Valois against the Third Republic (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Douglas, Allen, ‘Violence and Fascism: The Case of the Faisceau’, Journal of Contemporary History, 19, 4 (1984), pp. 689–712CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Drábik, Jakub, ‘“We’re of Their Blood and Spirit of Their Spirit”: Ex-Servicemen and the British Union of Fascists’, in Alessandro, Salvador and Kjøstvedt, Anders G. (eds.), New Political Ideas in the Aftermath of the Great War (Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp. 151–74.Google Scholar

Dunker, Ulrich, Der Reichsbund jüdischer Frontsoldaten 1919–1938: Geschichte eines jüdischen Abwehrvereins (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1977)Google Scholar

Durham, Martin and Power, Margaret (eds.), New Perspectives on the Transnational Right (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Edele, Mark and Gerwarth, Robert (eds.), Special Issue: ‘The Limits of Demobilization’, Journal of Contemporary History, 50, 1 (2015)Google Scholar

Eichenberg, Julia, Kämpfen für Frieden und Fürsorge: Polnische Veteranen des Ersten Weltkriegs und ihre internationalen Kontakte, 1918–1939 (Munich, Oldenbourg, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eichenberg, Julia and Newman, John Paul (eds.), The Great War and Veterans’ Internationalism (New York, Palgrave, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eksteins, Modris, ‘War, Memory, and Politics: The Fate of the Film All Quiet on the Western Front’, Central European History, 13 (1980), pp. 60–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elliot, C. J., ‘The Kriegervereine and the Weimar Republic’, Journal of Contemporary History, 10, 1 (1975), pp. 109–29Google Scholar

Erger, Johannes, Der Kapp-Lüttwitz-Putsch: Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Innenpolitik 1919/20 (Düsseldorf, Droste Verlag, 1967)Google Scholar

Erger, Johannes, ‘War, Memory, and Politics: The Fate of the Film All Quiet on the Western Front’, Central European History, 13 (1980), pp. 60–82Google Scholar

Fabbri, Fabio, Le origini della guerra civile: L’Italia dalla Grande Guerra al fascismo, 1918–1921 (Milan, Utet, 2009)Google Scholar

Fagerberg, Elliott Pennell, ‘The “Anciens Combattants” and French Foreign Policy’, unpublished PhD thesis, Université de Genève, 1966Google Scholar

Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta, Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini’s Italy (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fava, Andrea, ‘Assistenza e propaganda nel regime di guerra (1915–1918)’, in Isnenghi, Mario (ed.): Operai e contadini nella Grande Guerra (Bologna, Cappelli, 1982), pp. 174–212Google Scholar

Felice, Renzo de, Mussolini il rivoluzionario, 1883–1920 (Turin, Einaudi, 1965)Google Scholar

Felice, Renzo de, Il Fascismo: Le interpretazioni dei contemporanei e degli storici, (Rome-Bari, 1998)Google Scholar

Felice, Renzo de, Mussolini e Hitler: I rapporti segreti (1922–1933) (2nd edn.) (Florence, Felice Le Monnier, 1983)Google Scholar

Felice, Renzo de, Mussolini il fascista. I. La conquista del potere 1921–1925 (Turin, Einaudi, 1966)Google Scholar

Felice, Renzo de, Mussolini il fascista. II. L’organizzazione dello Stato fascista 1925–1929 (Turin, Einaudi, 1968)Google Scholar

Felice, Renzo de, Mussolini il duce. I. Gli anni del consenso 1929–1936 (Turin, Einaudi, 1974)Google Scholar

Figlia, Matteo di, Farinacci: Il radicalismo fascista al potere (Rome, Donzelli, 2007)Google Scholar

Fincardi, Marco, ‘I reduci risorgimentali veneti e friulani’, Italia contemporanea, 222 (2001), pp. 79–83Google Scholar

Kurt, Finker, Geschichte des Roten Frontkämpferbundes (Berlin, Dietz Verlag, 1982)Google Scholar

Francescangeli, Eros, Arditi del Popolo: Argo Secondari e la prima organizzazione antifascista (1917–1922) (Rome, Odradek, 2000)Google Scholar

Finchelstein, Federico, Transatlantic Fascism: Ideology, Violence, and the Sacred in Argentina and Italy, 1919–1945 (Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Franz-Willing, Georg, Die Hitlerbewegung: Der Ursprung 1919–1922 (Berlin, Deckers Verlag G. Schenk, 1962)Google Scholar

Franzina, Emilio and Sanfilippo, Matteo (eds.), Il fascismo e gli emigrati: La parabola dei Fasci italiani all’estero (1920–1943) (Rome, Laterza, 2003)Google Scholar

Franzinelli, Mimmo, Squadristi: Protagonisti e tecniche della violenza fascista, 1919–1922 (Milan, Mondadori, 2003)Google Scholar

Fussell, Paul, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford University Press, 1975)Google Scholar

Galey, John H., ‘Bridegrooms of Death: A Profile Study of the Spanish Foreign Legion’, Journal of Contemporary History, 4, 2 (1969), pp. 47–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gallego, Ferran, El Evangelio fascista: La formación de la cultura política del franquismo (1930–1950) (Barcelona, Crítica, 2014)Google Scholar

Gallego, Ferran, Ramiro Ledesma Ramos y el fascismo español (Madrid, Síntesis, 2005)Google Scholar

Garau, Salvatore, ‘The Internationalisation of Italian Fascism in the Face of German National Socialism, and Its Impact on the British Union of Fascists’, Politics, Religion & Ideology, 15, 1 (2014), pp. 45–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gentile, Emilio, Le origini dell’ideologia fascista (1918–1925) (Bari, Laterza, 1975).Google Scholar

Gentile, Emilio, Storia del partito fascista, 1919–1922: Movimento e milizia (Rome-Bari, Laterza, 1989)Google Scholar

Gentile, Emilio, Il culto del Littorio: La sacralizzazione della politica nell’Italia fascista (Rome, Laterza, 1993)Google Scholar

Gentile, Emilio, La via italiana al totalitarismo: Il partito e lo Stato nel regime fascista (Rome, Carocci, 2008)Google Scholar

Gerber, David A. (ed.), Disabled Veterans in History (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2000)Google Scholar

Gerwarth, Robert, ‘The Central European Counter-Revolution: Paramilitary Violence in Germany, Austria and Hungary after the Great War’, Past and Present, 200 (2008), pp. 175–209CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gerwarth, Robert and Horne, John (eds.), War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War (Oxford University Press, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gietinger, Klaus, Der Konterrevolutionär: Waldemar Pabst – eine deutsche Karriere (Hamburg, Nautilus, 2009)Google Scholar

Goeschel, Christian, ‘Italia Docet? The Relationship between Italian Fascism and Nazism Revisited’, European History Quarterly, 42 (2012), pp. 480–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar

González Calleja, Eduardo, El máuser y el sufragio: Orden público, subversión y violencia política en la crisis de la Restauración (1917–1931), (Madrid, CSIC, 1999)Google Scholar

González Calleja, Eduardo, ‘El Servicio Exterior de Falange y la política exterior del primer franquismo: Consideraciones previas para su investigación’, Hispania. Revista española de historia, LIV, 1 (1994), pp. 279–307Google Scholar

González Calleja, Eduardo, Contrarrevolucionarios: Radicalización violenta de las derechas durante la Segunda República, 1931–1936 (Madrid, Alianza, 2011)Google Scholar

González Calleja, Eduardo and del Rey, Fernando, La defensa armada contra la revolución: Una historia de las guardias cívicas en la España del siglo XX (Madrid, CSIC, 1995)Google Scholar

Gooch, John, Army, State and Society in Italy, 1870–1915 (Houndmills, Macmillan, 1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodfellow, Samuel Huston, ‘Fascism as a Transnational Movement: The Case of Inter-War Alsace’, Contemporary European History, 22, 1 (2013), pp. 87–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gordon, Harold J. Jr., Hitlerputsch 1923: Machtkampf in Bayern 1923–1924 (Munich, Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 1978)Google Scholar

Götz von Olenhusen, Imtraud, ‘Vom Jungstahlhelm zur SA: Die junge Nachkriegsgeneration in den paramilitärischen Verbänden der Weimarer Republik’, in Krabbe, Wolfgang R. (ed.), Politische Jugend in der Weimarer Republik (Cohum, Universitätsverlag Dr. N. Brockmezer, 1993), pp. 146–82Google Scholar

Grady, Tim, ‘Fighting a Lost Battle: The Reichsbund jüdischer Frontsoldaten and the Rise of National Socialism’, German History, 28, 1 (2010), pp. 1–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Griffin, Roger, The Nature of Fascism (London, Printer Publishers, 1991)Google Scholar

Groenendijk, Fleuris, ‘The NSDAP’s Local Organizations in Italy, 14 September 1930 to 30 January 1933’, Yearbook of European Studies, 3 (1990), pp. 67–99Google Scholar

Gruber, Alfons, Südtirol unter dem Faschismus (Bozen, Verlagsanstalt Athesia, 1974)Google Scholar

Guillon, Jean-Marie, ‘La Légion française des combattants, ou comment comprendre la France de Vichy’, Annales du Midi: revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale, 116, 245 (2004), pp. 5–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hailemariam, Zaude, ‘La vera data d’inizio della seconda guerra mondiale’, in Boca, Angelo Del (ed.), Le guerre coloniali del fascismo (Bari, Laterza, 2008), pp. 288–313Google Scholar

Hall, Alex, ‘The War of Words: Anti-Socialist Offensives and Counter-Propaganda in Wilhelmine Germany 1890–1914’, Journal of Contemporary History, 11, 2–3 (1976), pp. 11–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hancock, Eleanor, Ernst Röhm: Hitler’s SA Chief of Staff (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008)Google Scholar

Hannover, Heinrich and Hannover-Drück, Elisabeth (eds.): Der Mord an Rosa Luxemburg und Karl Liebknecht. Dokumentation eines politischen Verbrechens (Göttingen, Lamuv, 1989)Google Scholar

Hinton, Perry R., Stereotypes, Cognition and Culture (East Sussex, Psychology Press, 2000)Google Scholar

Hippler, Thomas, Citizens, Soldiers and National Armies: Military Service in France and Germany, 1789–1830 (London, Routledge, 2008)Google Scholar

Hoepke, Klaus-Peter, Die deutsche Rechte und der italiensiche Faschismus (Düsseldorf, Droste Verlag, 1968)Google Scholar

Hoffstadt, Anke, ‘Eine Frage der Ehre – Zur “Beziehungsgeschichte” von “Stahlhelm. Bund der Frontsoldaten” und SA’, in Müller, Yves and Zikenat, Reiner (eds.), Bürgerkriegsarmee: Forschungen zur nationalsozialistischen Sturmabteilung (SA) (Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang, 2013), pp. 267–96Google Scholar

Hoffstadt, Anke, ‘Frontgemeinschaft? Der “Stahlhelm. Bund der Frontsoldaten” und der Nationalsozialismus’, in Krumeich, Gerd (ed.), Nationalsozialismus und Erster Weltkrieg, (Broschiert, 2010), pp. 191–206Google Scholar

Hömig, Herbert, Brüning. Kanzler in der Krise der Republik: Eine Wiemarer Biographie (Paderborn, Ferdinand Schöningh, 2000)Google Scholar

Horne, John, ‘Remobilising for “total war”: France and Britain, 1917–1918’, in Horne, John (ed.), State, Society and Mobilization in Europe during the First World War (Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 195–211Google Scholar

Horne, John, (dir.), ‘Démobilisations culturelles après la Grande Guerre’, 14–18 Aujourd’hui, Today, Heute, 5 (2002)Google Scholar

Houreou, Fabienne Le, L’Épopée des soldats de Mussolini en Abyssinie 1936–1938: Les ‘Ensablés’ (Paris, L’Harmattan, 1994)Google Scholar

Ingram, Norman, The Politics of Dissent: Pacifism in France 1919–1939 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Iriye, Akira, Global and Transnational History: The Past, Present and Future (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Irvine, William D., ‘Fascism in France and the Strange Case of the Croix de Feu’, Journal of Modern History, 63 (1991), pp. 271–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Isola, Gianni, Guerra al regno della Guerra: Storia della Lega proletaria mutilati invalidi reduci orfani e vedove di guerra (1918–1924) (Florence, Le Lettere, 1990)Google Scholar

Isola, Gianni, ‘Socialismo e combattentismo: La Lega proletaria. 1918–1922’, Italia contemporanea, 141 (1980), pp. 5–29Google Scholar

Isola, Gianni, ‘Immagini di guerra del combattentismo socialista’, in Leoni, Diego and Zadra, Camillo (eds.), La Grande Guerra: Esperienza, memoria, immagini (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1986), pp. 519–43Google Scholar

Isnenghi, Mario, Il mito della Grande Guerra (Bari, Laterza, 1970)Google Scholar

Jiménez Campo, Javier, El fascismo en la crisis de la Segunda República española (Madrid, Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 1979)Google Scholar

Johansen, Anja, ‘Violent Repression or Modern Strategies of Crowd Management? Soldiers as Riot Police in France and Germany, 1890–1914’, French History, 15 (2001), pp. 400–20CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jones, Larry Eugene, ‘Nationalists, Nazis, and the Assault against Weimar: Revisiting the Harzburg Rally of October 1931’, German Studies Review, 29, 3 (2006), pp. 483–94Google Scholar

Jones, Mark, Founding Weimar: Violence and the German Revolution of 1918-1919 (Cambridge University Press, 2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, Mark, ‘From “Skagerrak” to the “Organisation Consul”: War Culture and the Imperial German Navy, 1914–1922’, in Kitchen, James E., Miller, Alisa and Rowe, Laura (eds.), Other Combatants, Other Fronts: Competing Histories of the First World War (Newcastle, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011), pp. 249–74Google Scholar

Kallis, Aristotle A, ‘“Fascism”, “Para-fascism” and “Fascistization”: On the Similarities of Three Conceptual Categories’, European History Quarterly, 33, 2 (2003), pp. 219–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kallis, Aristotle A, Fascist Ideology: Territory and Expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945 (London, Routledge, 2000)Google Scholar

Kalman, Samuel, ‘Georges Valois et le Faisceau: Un mariage de convenance’, in Dard, Olivier (ed.), Georges Valois, itinéraire et réceptions (Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2011), pp. 37–53Google Scholar

Kalman, Samuel, The Extreme Right in Interwar France: The Faisceau and the Croix de Feu (Hampshire, Ashgate, 2008)Google Scholar

Keene, Judith, Fighting for Franco: International Volunteers in Nationalist Spain during the Spanish Civil War, 1936–39 (London, Leicester University Press, 2001)Google Scholar

Kemper, Claudia, Das ‘Gewissen’ 1919–1925: Kommunikation und Vernetzung der Jungkonservativen (Munich, Oldenbourg Verlag, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kennedy, Sean, Reconciling France against Democracy: The Croix de Feu and the Parti Social Français 1927–1945 (Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kiesel, Helmut, Ernst Jünger: Die Biographie (Munich, Siedler, 2007)Google Scholar

Klotzbücher, Alois, ‘Der politische Weg des Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten in der Weimarer Republik: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der “Nationalen Opposition” 1918–1933’, PhD dissertation, Friedrich Alexander-Universität zur Erlangen-Nürnberg, 1964Google Scholar

Kluge, Ulrich, Soldatenräte und revolution: Studien zur Militärpolitik in Deutschland 1918/19 (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1975)Google Scholar

Koon, Tracy H., Believe, Obey, Fight: Political Socialization of Youth in Fascist Italy, 1922–1943 (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1985)Google Scholar

Krassnitzer, Patrick, ‘Die Geburt des nationalsozialismus im Schützengraben: Formen der Brutalisierung in den Autobiographien von nationalsozialistischen Frontsoldaten’, in Dülfer, Jost and Krumeich, Gerd (eds.), Der verlorene Frieden: Politik und Kriegskultur nach 1918 (Essen, Klartex, 2002), pp. 119–48Google Scholar

Krimmer, Elisabeth, The Representation of War in German Literature (Cambridge University Press, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krüger, Gabriele, Die Brigade Ehrhardt (Hamburg, Leibniz-Verlag, 1971)Google Scholar

Krumeich, Gerd (ed.), Nationalsozialismus und Erster Weltkrieg (Essen, Klartext, 2010)Google Scholar

Kühne, Thomas, Kameradschaft: Die Soldaten des nationalsozialistischen Krieges und das 20 Jahrhundert (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Labanca, Nicola, Una guerra per l’impero: Memorie della campagna d’Etiopia 1935–1936 (Bologna, Il Mulino, 2005)Google Scholar

Laboire, Pierre, L’opinion française sous Vichy (Paris, Seuil, 1990)Google Scholar

Lawrence, Jon, ‘Forging a Peaceable Kingdom: War, Violence, and Fear of Brutalization in Post–First World War Britain’, Journal of Modern History, 75, 3 (2003), pp. 557–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Layton, Roland V. Jr., ‘Kurt Ludecke and ‘I Knew Hitler’: An Evaluation’, Central European History, 12, 4 (1979), pp. 372–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ledeen, Michael, The First Duce: D’Annunzio at Fiume (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977)Google Scholar

Ledeen, Michael, Universal Fascism: The Theory and Practice of the Fascist International, 1928–1936 (New York, Howard Fertig, 1972)Google Scholar

Leed, Eric J., No Man’s Land: Combat and Identity in World War I (Cambridge University Press, 1979)Google Scholar

Leitz, Christian, Nazi Foreign Policy, 1933–1941: The Road to Global War (London, Routledge, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leoni, Diego and Zadra, Camillo (eds.), La Grande Guerra: Esperienza, memoria, immagini (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1986)Google Scholar

Linder, Ann P., Princes of the Trenches: Narrating the German Experience of the First World War (Columbia, Camden House, 1996)Google Scholar

Linehan, Thomas, British Fascism 1918–39: Parties, Ideology and Culture (Manchester University Press, 2000)Google Scholar

Loez, André and Mariot, Nicolas, Obéir/desobéir: Les mutineries de 1917 en perspective (Paris, Éditions La Découverte, 2008)Google Scholar

Löffelbein, Niels, Ehrenbürger der Nation: Die Kriegsbeschädigten des Ersten Weltkriegs in Politik und Propaganda des Nationalsozialismus (Essen, Klartext, 2013)Google Scholar

Longerich, Peter, Die braunen Bataillone: Geschichte der SA (Munich, C.H. Beck, 1989)Google Scholar

Lönne, Karl-Egon, Faschismus als Herausforderung: Die Auseinandersetzung der ‘Roten Fahne’ und des ‘Vorwärts’ mit dem italienischen Faschismus 1920–1933 (Cologne, Böhlau-Verlag, 1981)Google Scholar

Loughlin, Michael B., ‘Gustave Herve’s Transition from Socialism to National Socialism: Another Example of French Fascism?’, Journal of Contemporary History, 36, 1 (2001), pp. 5–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lüdtke, Alf (ed.), Everyday Life in Mass Dictatorship: Collusion and Evasion (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lupo, Salvatore, Il Fascismo: La politica in un regime totalitario (Rome, Donzelli, 2000)Google Scholar

Lyons, Anthony, Clark, Anna, Kashima, Yoshihisa and Kurz, Tim, ‘Cultural Dynamics of Stereotypes: Social Network Processes and the Perpetuation of Stereotypes’, in Kashima, Yoshihisa, Fiedler, Klaus and Freytag, Peter (eds.), Stereotype Dynamics: Language-Based Approaches to the Formation, Maintenance, and Transformation of Stereotypes (New York, Erlbaum Associates, 2008), pp. 59–92Google Scholar

Lyttelton, Adrian, The Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy 1919–1929 (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1987) (1st edn. 1973)Google Scholar

Lyttelton, Adrian, ‘Fascism in Italy: The Second Wave’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1, 1 (1966), pp. 75–100CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maier, Charles S., Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War I (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1975)Google Scholar

März, Markus, Nationale Sozialisten in der NSDAP (Graz, Ares Verlag, 2010)Google Scholar

Mann, Michael, Fascists (Cambridge University Press, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maser, Werner, Frühgeschichte der NSDAP: Hitler’s Weg bis 1924 (Frankfurt am Main, Athenäum Verlag, 1965)Google Scholar

McGarty, Craig, Yzerbyt, Vincent Y. and Spears, Russell, Stereotypes as Explanations: The Formation of Meaningful Beliefs about Social Groups (Cambridge University Press, 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mesching, Alexander, Der Wille zur Bewegung: Militärischer Traum und totalitäres Programm. Eine Mentalitätsgeschichte vom Ersten Weltkrieg zum Nationalsozialismus (Bielefeld, Transcript, 2008)Google Scholar

Millan, Matteo, Squadrismo e squadristi nella dittatura fascista (Rome, Viella, 2014)Google Scholar

Millington, Chris, From Victory to Vichy: Veterans in Inter-War France (Manchester University Press, 2012a)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Millington, Chris, ‘The French Veterans and the Republic: The Union nationale des combattants and the Union fédérale, 1934–1938’, European History Quarterly, 42 (2012b), pp. 50–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Millington, Chris, ‘February 6, 1934: The Veterans’ Riot’, French Historical Studies, 33, 4 (2010), pp. 545–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Millington, Chris, ‘Street-Fighting Men: Political Violence in Inter-War France’, English Historical Review, 129, 538 (2013), pp. 606–38Google Scholar

Millington, Chris, ‘Communist Veterans and Paramilitarism in 1920s France: The Association républicaine des anciens combattants’, Journal of War & Culture Studies, 8, 4 (2015), pp. 300–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milza, Pierre, L’Italie fasciste devant l’opinion française 1920–1940 (Paris, Armand Colin, 1967)Google Scholar

Milza, Pierre, (ed.), Les italiens en France de 1914 à 1940 (Rome, École française de Rome, 1986)Google Scholar

Mohler, Armin, Die Konservative Revolution in Deutschland 1918–1932 (Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1994) (1st edn. 1949)Google Scholar

Mondini, Marco, La politica delle armi: Il ruolo dell’esercito nell’avvento del fascismo, (Rome-Bari, Laterza, 2006)Google Scholar

Mondini, Marco, ‘La festa mancata: I militari e la memoria della Grande Guerra, 1918–1923’, Contemporanea, 4 (2004), pp. 555–78Google Scholar

Mondini, Marco and Schwarz, Guri, Dalla guerra alla pace: Retoriche e pratiche della smobilitazione nell’Italia del Novecento (Verona, Cierre Edizioni/Istrevi, 2007)Google Scholar

Monteleone, Renato and Sarasini, Pino, ‘I monumenti italiani ai caduti della Grande Guerra’, in Leoni, Diego and Zadra, Camillo (eds.), La Grande Guerra: Esperienza, memoria, immagini (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1986), pp. 631–62Google Scholar

Moreau-Trichet, Claire, Henri Pichot et l’Allemagne de 1930 à 1945 (Bern, Peter Lang, 2004)Google Scholar

Moreau-Trichet, Claire, ‘La propagande nazie à l’égard des associations françaises d’anciens combattants de 1934 à 1939’, Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains, 205 (2002), pp. 55–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morgan, Philip, Italian Fascism, 1915–1945 (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morgan, Philip, Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945 (London, Routledge, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morton, Desmond, and Wright, Glenn, Winning the Second Battle: Canadian Veterans and the Return to Civilian Life 1915–1930 (University of Toronto Press, 1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mosse, George L., The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York, Universal Library, 1964)Google Scholar

Mosse, George L., ‘Two World Wars and the Myth of the War Experience’, Journal of Contemporary History, 21, 4 (1986), pp. 491–513CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mosse, George L., Fallen Soldiers. Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars (New York, Oxford University Press, 1990)Google Scholar

Murdoch, Brian, ‘Innocent Killing: Erich Maria Remarque and the Weimar Anti-War Novels’, in Leydecker, Karl (ed.), German Novelists of the Weimar Republic. Intersections of Literature and Politics (New York, Candem House, 2006 ), pp. 141–168CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Musiedlak, Didier, ‘L’Italie fasciste et Georges Valois’ in Dard, Olivier (ed.), Georges Valois, itinéraire et réceptions (Berne, Peter Lang, 2011), pp. 205–214Google Scholar

Nello, Paolo L’avanguardismo giovanile alle origini del fascismo (Bari, Laterza, 1978)Google Scholar

Nelson, Tood D., Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination (New York, Psychology Press, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Newman, John Paul, Yugoslavia in the Shadow of War: Veterans and the Limits of State Building, 1903–1945 (Cambridge University Press, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nicolò, Mario De (a cura di): Dalla trincea alla piazza: L’irruzione dei giovani nel Novecento (Rome, Viella, 2011)Google Scholar

Nieddu, Luigi, Dal combattentismo al fascismo in Sardegna (Milan, Vangelista, 1979)Google Scholar

Nobécourt, Jacques, Le colonel de La Rocque (1885–1946), ou, Les pièges du nationalisme chrétien (Paris, Fayard, 1996)Google Scholar

Núñez Florencio, Rafael, Militarismo y antimilitarismo en España (Madrid, CSIC, 1990)Google Scholar

O’Brien, Paul, Mussolini in the First World War: The Journalist, the Soldier, the Fascist (Oxford, Berg, 2005)Google Scholar

Orlow, Dietrich, The History of the Nazi Party, Vol. I: 1919–1933 (Newton Abbot, David & Charles, 1971) (1st edn. 1969)Google Scholar

Orlow, Dietrich, The Lure of Fascism in Western Europe: German Nazis, Dutch and French Fascists, 1933–1939 (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Parejo, Fernández and Antonio, José, Señoritos, jornaleros y falangistas (Seville, Bosque de Palabras, 2008)Google Scholar

Passerini, Luisa, Mussolini immaginario: Storia di una biografia 1915–1939 (Bari, Laterza, 1991)Google Scholar

Passmore, Kevin, ‘L’historiographie du “fascisme” en France’, French Historical Studies, 37, 3 (2014), pp. 466–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pavan Dalla Torre, Ugo, ‘L’Anmig fra D’Annunzio e Mussolini (ottobre 1922): Note e prospettive di ricerca’, Italia Contemporanea, 278 (2015), pp. 325–52Google Scholar

Paxton, Robert O., Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 (New York, Knopf, 1972)Google Scholar

Paxton, Robert O., The Anatomy of Fascism (New York, Knopf, 2004)Google Scholar

Paxton, Robert O., ‘The Five Stages of Fascism’, Journal of Modern History, 70, 1 (1998), pp. 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peloille, Manuelle, Fascismo en ciernes: España 1922–1930, textos recuperados (Tolouse, Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 2005)Google Scholar

Pencak, William, For God and Country: The American Legion, 1919–1941 (Boston, Northeastern University Press, 1989)Google Scholar

Perfetti, Francesco, Fiumanesimo, sindacalismo e fascismo (Rome, Bonacci, 1988)Google Scholar

Pese, Walter Werner, ‘Hitler und Italien 1920–1926’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 2 (1955), pp. 113–26Google Scholar

Petersen, Jens, Hitler-Mussolini: Die Entstehung der Achse Berlin-Rom 1933–1936 (Tübingen, Max Niemeyer, 1973)Google Scholar

Piano, Lorenzo Del and Atzeni, Francesco, Combattentismo, fascismo e autonomismo nel pensiero di Camillo Bellieni (Rome, Edizioni dell’Ateneo, 1986)Google Scholar

Plöckinger, Othmar, Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren: Hitler’s prägende Jahre im deutschen Militär 1918–1920 (Paderborn, Ferdinand Schöningh, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Poesio, Camilla, Reprimere le idee: Abusare del potere. La Milizia e l’instaurazione del regime fascista (Rome, Quaderni della Fondazione Luigi Salvatorelli, 2010)Google Scholar

Porte, Pablo La, ‘The Moroccan Quagmire and the Crisis of Spain’s Liberal System, 1917–23’, in Salvadó, Francisco J. Romero and Smith, Angel (eds.), The Agony of Spanish Liberalism, pp. 230–54Google Scholar

Christophe, Poupault, À l’ombre des faisceaux: Les voyages français dans l’Italie des chemises noires (1922–1943) (Rome, École française de Rome, 2014)Google Scholar

Procacci, Giovanna, Soldati e prigionieri italiani nella Grande Guerra: Con una raccolta di lettere inedite (Rome, Editori Riuniti, 1993)Google Scholar

Prost, Antoine, Les Anciens Combattants et la Societé Française 1914–1939, 3 vols. (Paris, Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1977)Google Scholar

Prost, Antoine, In the Wake of War: The ‘Anciens Combattants’ and French Society (Oxford, Berg, 1992)Google Scholar

Prost, Antoine, ‘Les limites de la brutalisation: Tuer sur le front occidental, 1914–1918’, Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’histoire, 81 (2004), pp. 5–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Puymége, Gérard de, Chauvin, le soldat-laboureur: Contribution à l’étude des nationalismes, (Paris, Gallimard, 1993)Google Scholar

Quiroga, Alejandro, Making Spaniards: Primo de Rivera and the Nationalization of the Masses, 1923–30 (New York, Palgrave, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reichardt, Sven, Faschistische Kampfbünde: Gewalt und Gemeinschaft im italienischen Squadrismus und in der deutschen SA (Cologne, Böhlau, 2002)Google Scholar

Reichardt, Sven and Nolzen, Armin (eds.), Faschismus in Italien und Deutschland: Studien zu Transfer und Vergleich (Göttingen, Wallstein, 2005)Google Scholar

Relinger, Jean, Henri Barbusse: Écrivain combattant (Paris, PUF, 1994)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Remond, René, ‘Les anciens combattants et la politique’, Revue française de science politique, 5, 2 (1955), pp. 267–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Répaci, Antonino, La Marcia su Roma (Milan, Rizzoli, 1972)Google Scholar

Ridolfi, Maurizio, Le feste nazionali (Bologna, Il Mulino, 2003)Google Scholar

Rochat, Giorgio, L’esercito italiano da Vittorio Veneto a Mussolini (1919–1925) (Bari, Laterza, 1967)Google Scholar

Rochat, Giorgio, Gli arditi della Grande Guerra: Origini, battaglie e miti, Milan, Feltrinelli, 1981Google Scholar

Rochat, Giorgio, ‘Antimilitarismo ed esercito rosso nella stampa socialsita e comunista del primo dopoguerra (1919–1925)’, Il movimento di liberazione in Italia, 76 (1964), pp. 3–42Google Scholar

Rodríguez Jiménez, José Luis, Historia de Falange Española de las JONS (Madrid, Alianza, 2000)Google Scholar

Rodríguez Jiménez, , ¡A mi la Legión! De Millán Astray a las misiones de paz (Barcelona, Planeta, 2005)Google Scholar

Rodríguez Jiménez, , ‘Una unidad militar en los orígenes del fascismo en España: la Legión’, Pasado y Memoria. Revista de Historia Contemporánea, 5 (2006), pp. 219–40Google Scholar

Rodríguez Jiménez, , De héroes e indeseables: La División Azul (Madrid, Espasa, 2007)Google Scholar

Rohe, Karl, Das Reichsbanner Schwarz Rot Gold: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte und Struktur der politischen Kampfverbaende zur Zeit der Weimarer Republik (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1966)Google Scholar

Romero Salvadó, Francisco J., Spain 1914–1918: Between War and Revolution (London, Routledge, 1999)Google Scholar

Romero Salvadó, Francisco J., The Foundations of Civil War: Revolution, Social Conflict and Reaction in Liberal Spain, 1916–1923 (London, Routledge, 2008)Google Scholar

Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. and Smith, Angel (eds.), The Agony of Spanish Liberalism: From Revolution to Dictatorship, 1913–23 (New York, Palgrave, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rossi, Marco, Arditi, non gendarmi! Dalle trincee alle barricade: Arditismo di guerra e arditi del popolo (1917–1922) (Pisa, BFS, 2011)Google Scholar

Roux, Christophe, ‘De la Grande Guerre à la démocratie: Les anciens combattants et le mouvement autonomiste sarde’, in Duclos, Natale (dir.), L’adieu aux armes: Parcours d’anciens combattants (Paris, Karthala, 2010), pp. 299–323Google Scholar

Sabbatucci, Giovanni, I combattenti nel primo dopoguerra, Rome-Bari, Laterza, 1974.Google Scholar

Sabbatucci, Giovanni, La stampa del combattentismo (1918–1925) (Bologna, Cappelli, 1980)Google Scholar

Sabbatucci, Giovanni, ‘Il “suicidio” della classe dirigente liberale: La legge Acerbo 1923–1924’, Italia contemporanea, 174 (1989), pp. 57–80Google Scholar

Salvador, Alessandro, La guerra in tempo di pace: Gli ex combattenti e la politica nella Repubblica di Weimar (Trento, Università degli Studi di Trento, 2013)Google Scholar

Salvador, Alessandro, ‘Il nazionalsocialismo e la destra nazionalista tedesca: 1925–1933’, PhD dissertation, Università degli Studi di Trento, 2009Google Scholar

Salvador, Alessandro, and Kjøstvedt, Anders G. (eds.), New Political Ideas in the Aftermath of the Great War (Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Salvante, Martina, ‘The Italian Associazione Nazionale Mutilati e Invalidi di Guerra and Its International Liaisons in the Post Great War Era’, in Eichenberg, Julia and Newman, John Paul (eds.), The Great War and Veterans’ Internationalism (New York, Palgrave, 2013), pp. 162–83Google Scholar

Sandu, Traian, Un fascisme roumain: Histoire de la Garde de fer (Paris, Perrin, 2014)Google Scholar

Saunier, Pierre-Yves, Transnational History (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Saz, Ismael, Mussolini contra la II República: Hostilidad, conspiraciones, intervención (1931–1936) (Valencia, Edicions Alfons el Magnànim, 1986)Google Scholar

Sbacchi, Alberto, Il colonialismo italiano in Etiopia, 1936–1940 (Milan, Mursia, 1980)Google Scholar

Schieder, Wolfgang, ‘Fatal Attraction: The German Right and Italian Fascism’, in Mommsen, Hans (ed.), The Third Reich between Vision and Reality: New Perspectives on German History 1918–1945 (Oxford, Berg, 2002), pp. 39–57Google Scholar

Schieder, Wolfgang, ‘Faschismus im politischen Transfer: Giuseppe Renzetti als faschistischer Propagandist und Geheimagent in Berlin 1922–1941’, in Faschistische Diktaturen: Studien zu Italien und Deutschland (Göttingen, Wallstein Verlag, 2008), pp. 223–49Google Scholar

Schüler-Springorum, Stephanie, Krieg und Fliegen: Die Legion Condor im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg (Paderborn, Ferdinand Schöningh, 2010)Google Scholar

Schumann, Dirk, ‘Europa, der Erste Weltkrieg und die Nachkriegszeit: Eine Kontinuität der Gewalt?’, Journal of Modern European History, 1, 1 (2003), pp. 24–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schuster, Kurt G. P., Der Rote Frontkämpferbund 1924–1929 (Düsseldorf, Droste Verlag, 1975)Google Scholar

Selva, Enrique, Ernesto Giménez Caballero: Entre la vanguardia y el fascismo (Valencia, Pre-textos/Instituciò Alfons el Magnànim, 2000)Google Scholar

Segré, Claudio G., Italo Balbo: Una vita fascista (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1988)Google Scholar

Seipp, Adam R., The Ordeal of Peace: Demobilization and the Urban Experience in Britain and Germany, 1917–1921 (Farnham, Ashgate, 2009)Google Scholar

Seipp, Adam R., ‘“Scapegoats for a Lost War”: Demobilisation, the Kapp Putsch, and the Politics of the Streets in Munich, 1919–1920’, War & Society, 25, 1 (May 2006), pp. 35–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Serrano, Carlos and Salaün, Serge (eds.), Los felices años veinte: España, crisis y modernidad (Madrid, Marcial Pons, 2006)Google Scholar

Sgueglia della Marra, Sabrina, ‘Le aggressioni agli ufficiali nel primo dopoguerra’, Nuova Storia Contemporanea, 3 (2012), pp. 117–34Google Scholar

Sherman, Daniel J., The Construction of Memory in Interwar France (University of Chicago Press, 1999)Google Scholar

Shorrock, William I., ‘France and the Rise of Fascism in Italy’, Journal of Contemporary History, 10, 4 (1975), pp. 591–610CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Simms, Brendan, ‘Against a “World of Enemies”: The Impact of the First World War on the Development of Hitler’s Ideology’, International Affairs, 90, 2 (2014), pp. 317–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Skor, Holger, Brücken über den Rhein’: Frankreich in der Wahrnehmung und Propaganda des Dritten Reiches, 1933–1939 (Essen, Klartext, 2011)Google Scholar

Skoutelsky, Rémi, Novedad en el frente: Las brigadas internacionales en la guerra civil (Madrid, Temas de Hoy, 2006)Google Scholar

Sluga, Glenda, ‘Fascism and Anti-Fascism’, in Iriye, Akira and Saunier, Pierre-Yves (eds.), The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)Google Scholar

Smith, Leonard V., ‘Jean Norton Cru et la subjectivité de l’objectivité’, in Becker, Jean-Jacques (dir.), Histoire culturelle de la Grande Guerre (Paris, Armand Colin, 2005), pp. 89–100Google Scholar

Snowden, Frank M., The Fascist Revolution in Tuscany 1919–1922 (Cambridge University Press, 1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Soucy, Robert, French Fascism: The First Wave, 1924–1933 (New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1986)Google Scholar

Soucy, Robert, French Fascism: The Second Wave 1933–1939 (New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Soucy, Robert, ‘France: Veterans’ Politics between the Wars’, in Ward, Stephen R. (ed.), The War Generation: Veterans of the First World War (Port Washington, NY, Kennikat Press, 1975), pp. 59–103Google Scholar

Sprenger, Matthias, Landsknechte auf dem Weg ins Dritte Reich? Zu Genese und Wandel des Freikorpsmythos (Paderborn, Ferdinand Schöning, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stachura, Peter D. Gregor Strasser and the Rise of Nazism (London, Allen & Unwin, 1983)Google Scholar

Stephenson, Scott, The Final Battle: Soldiers of the Western Front and the German Revolution of 1918 (Cambridge University Press, 2009)Google Scholar

Sternhell, Zeev, ‘Anatomie d’un mouvement fasciste en France: Le faisceau de Georges Valois’, Revue française de science politique, 1 (1976). pp. 5–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sternhell, Zeev, La droite révolutionnaire 1885–1914: Les origines françaises du fascisme (Paris, Fayard, 1997)Google Scholar

Tasca, Angelo Nascita e avvento del fascismo (Milan, La Nuova Italia, 2002) (1st edn. 1950)Google Scholar

Theweleit, Klaus, Männerphantasien (Frankfurt am Main, Verlag Roter Stern, 1977–8)Google Scholar

Thompson, Mark, The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915–1919 (New York, Basic Books, 2009)Google Scholar

Thöndl, Michael, Oswald Spengler in Italien: Kulturexport politischer Ideen der ‘Konservativen Revolution’ (Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2010)Google Scholar

Tobia, Bruno, L’Altare della Patria (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1998)Google Scholar

Tognotti, Eugenia, L’esperienza democratica del combattentismo nel Mezzogiorno: Il movimento degli ex-combattenti e il Partito Sardo d’Azione a Sassari (1918–1924) (Cagliari, Edizioni Della Torre, 1983)Google Scholar

Traverso, Enzo, A ferro e fuoco: La guerra civile europea, 1914–1945 (Bologna, Il Mulino, 2007)Google Scholar

Tusell, Javier, Franco en la guerra civil: Una biografía política (Barcelona, Tusquets, 1992)Google Scholar

Ungari, Andrea, ‘Tra mobilitazione patriottica e suggestioni eversive: La vicenda dell’Unione Nazionale Ufficiali e Soldati nel primo dopoguerra’, Nuova Storia Contemporanea, 5 (2001), pp. 41–76Google Scholar

Valli, Roberta Suzzi, ‘The Myth of Squadrismo in the Fascist Regime’, Journal of Contemporary History, 35 (2000), pp. 131–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vanzetto, Livio, ‘Contadini e grande guerra in aree campione del Veneto (1910–1922)’, in Isnenghi, Mario (a cura di), Operai e contadini nella Grande guerra (Bologna, Cappelli, 1982), pp. 72–103Google Scholar

Ventrone, Angelo, La seduzione totalitaria: Guerra, modernità, violenza politica (1914–1918) (Rome, Donzelli, 2003)Google Scholar

Venza, Claudio, ‘El consulado italiano de Barcelona y la comunidad italiana en los inicios del fascismo (1923–1925)’, Investigaciones Históricas, 17 (1997), pp. 265–83Google Scholar

Verhey, Jeffrey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany (Cambridge University Press, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vilar, Pierre, ‘Reflexions sur les années 20’, in VV.AA., Piero Gobetti e la Francia: Atti del colloquio italo francese (Milan, Franco Angeli, 1985), pp. 15–25Google Scholar

Viscarri, Dionisio, Nacionalismo autoritario y orientalismo: La narrativa prefascista de la guerra de Marruecos (1921–1927) (Bolonia, Il Capitello del Sole, 2004)Google Scholar

Vivarelli, Roberto, Storia delle origini del fascismo: L’Italia dalla grande guerra alla marcia su Roma (Bologna, Il Mulino, 2012), Vol. 1, pp. 436–60Google Scholar

Wachsam, Nikolaus, ‘Marching under the Swastika? Ernst Junger and National Socialism’, in Journal of Contemporary History, 33, 4 (1998), pp. 573–89Google Scholar

Whalen, Robert Weldon, Bitter Wounds: German Victims of the Great War, 1914–1939 (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1984)Google Scholar

Waite, Robert G. L., Vanguard of Nazism: The Free Corps Movement in Postwar Germany 1918–1923 (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1952)Google Scholar

Wanrooij, Bruno, ‘The Rise and Fall of Italian Fascism as a Generational Revolt’, Journal of Contemporary History, 22, 3 (1987), pp. 401–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ward, Stephen R., ‘The British Veterans’ Ticket of 1918’, Journal of British Studies, 8, 1(1968), pp. 155–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ward, Stephen R., (ed.), The War Generation: Veterans of the First World War (Port Washington, NY, Kennikat Press, 1975)Google Scholar

Weber, Thomas, Hitler’s First War. Adolf Hitler, the Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War (Oxford University Press, 2010)Google Scholar

Weiß, Christian, ‘“Soldaten des Friedens”: Die pazifistischen Veteranen und Kriegsopfer des “Reichsbundes” und ihre Kontakte zu den französischen anciens combattatns 1919–1933’, in Hardtwig, Wolfgang (ed.), Politische Kulturgeschichte der Zwischenkriegszeit 1918–1939 (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2005), pp. 183–204Google Scholar

Wingeate Pike, David, France Divided: The French and the Civil War in Spain (Portland, Sussex Academic Press, 2011)Google Scholar

Winter, Jay and Prost, Antoine, René Cassin and Human Rights: From the Great War to the Universal Declaration (Cambridge University Press, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wohl, Robert, The Generation of 1914 (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Woller, Hans, Rom. 28–Oktober 1922: Die faschistische Herausforderung (München, DTV, 1999)Google Scholar

Wootton, Graham, The Politics of Influence: British Ex-Servicemen, Cabinet Decisions and Cultural Change (1917–57) (London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963)Google Scholar

Zani, Luciano, Italia Libera: Il primo movimento antifascista clandestino 1923–1925 (Bari, Laterza, 1975)Google Scholar

Zavatti, Francesco, Mutilati ed invalidi di guerra: una storia politica. Il caso modenese (Milan, Unicopli, 2011)Google Scholar

Zenobi, Laura, La construcción del mito de Franco: De jefe de la Legión a Caudillo de España (Madrid, Cátedra, 2011)Google Scholar

Ziemann, Benjamin, War Experiences in Rural Germany 1914–1923 (Oxford, Berg, 2007)Google Scholar

Ziemann, Benjamin, Contested Commemorations, Republican War Veterans and Weimar Political Culture (Cambridge University Press, 2013)Google Scholar

Ziemann, Benjamin, ‘Die Konstruktion des Kriegsveteranen und die Symbolik seiner Erinnerung 1918–1933’, in Dülffer, Jost and Krumeich, Gerd (eds.), Der verlorene Frieden. Politik und Kriegskultur nach 1918 (Essen, Klartex-Verlag, 2002), pp. 101–18Google Scholar