In 1778, when François-de-Paule Latapie, inspector of manufactures, toured the Périgord, he remarked on the persistence of the populace's traditional moeurs in comparison to elsewhere in Aquitaine. What particularly distressed him was the scarcity of elite men who had shed their “antiquated moeurs”:

Shunning luxury and fashion, such men instead conformed to the laws of nature and led lives that were truly human, argued Latapie. Only these enlightened and civilized individuals would be able to “revivify their locales and remedy indigence without even trying.”

A pan-European code of honor (differentiated by gender) was shared by elites and the populace throughout Europe during the early modern period. The thirteenth-century Castilian legal code, for example, distinguished by gender different kinds of verbal insults: “Women are insulted or outraged by … making lewd proposals to them… . A man may be insulted by a deed, by a kick, by a blow of the hand, stick, or stone, by pursuit with intent to wound, by tearing his clothes or by deliberate damage to his house or property.” As much seems to have applied to the inhabitants of medieval Castile, the artisans of sixteenthcentury Dijon, or the peasants of the late eighteenth-century Sarladais. Honor was traditionally demonstrated by showing deference to others and acknowledging precedence shown toward oneself. These found oral expression in forms of address and physical expression in gestures generally associated with the head—which may be bowed, touched, covered, or uncovered.