Principle I

Any person who commits an act which constitutes a crime under international law is responsible therefor and liable to punishment.

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Principle II

The fact that internal law does not impose a penalty for an act which constitutes a crime under international law does not relieve the person who committed the act from responsibility under international law.

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Principle III

The fact that a person who committed an act which constitutes a crime under international law acted as Head of State or responsible government official does not relieve him from responsibility under international law.

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Principle IV

The fact that a person acted pursuant to order of his Government or of a superior does not relieve him from responsibility under international law, provided a moral choice was in fact possible to him.

Principle V

Any person charged with a crime under international law has the right to a fair trial on the facts and law.

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Principle VI

The crimes hereinafter set out are punishable as crimes under international law:

(a) Crimes against peace:

1. (i) Planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a war of aggression or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances;

2. (ii) Participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the acts mentioned under (i).