Chapter 12 shows that the pattern of trade relations with China followed quite the opposite pattern of those with pre-2016 Russia. The high economic stakes, together with the power of US business interests and Congress, have made it difficult for American policymakers to carry out threats against Beijing. In addition to reviewing the evolution of the Sino-American relationship, with special emphasis on the presidencies of Nixon through Obama, the chapter also examines the current state of play in Sino-American competition. That competition has both a direct and negative side (i.e., trade-remedy laws and disputes) and an indirect and positive side (e.g., the Trans-Pacific Partnership), but the latter half of the formula has now been undone by a president who does not share his predecessors’ faith in an alliance to contain China.