Abrahamson, A. (1991). Home Unpleasant During House Arrest, Judge Learns. Corrections Today, 53: 76
Ahmed, E., Harris, N., Braithwaite, J., and Braithwaite, V. (2001). Shame Management Through Reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Albrecht, H-J. and Kalmthout, A. (eds.) (2002). Community Sanctions and Measures in Europe and North America. Freiburg: Edition iuscrim
Ancel, M. (1971). Suspended Sentence. London: Heinemann
Ansay, S. J. and Benveneste, D. (1999). Equal application or unequal treatment: practical outcomes for women on community control in Florida. Women and Criminal Justice, 10: 121–35
Aungles, A. (1994). The Prison and the Home. Sydney, Australia: Institute of Criminology Monograph No. 5
Bacchus, S. (1999). The Role of Victims in the Sentencing Process. In J. V. Roberts and D. Cole (eds.) Making Sense of Sentencing. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Bagaric, M. (2002). Home Truths About Home Detention. Journal of Criminal Law, 66: 425–43
Baird, S. and Wagner, D. (1990). Measuring Diversion: The Florida Community Control Program. Crime and Delinquency, 36: 112–25
Ball, R., Huff, C., and Lilly, J. (1988). House Arrest and Correctional Policy. Doing Time at Home. Newbury Park: Sage
Ball, R. and Lilly, J. (1985). Home Incarceration: An International Alternative to Institutional Incarceration. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 9: 85–97
Ball, R. and Lilly, J. (1986). A Theoretical Examination of Home Incarceration. Federal Probation, 50: 17–24
Ball, R. and Lilly, J. (1988). Home Incarceration with Electronic Monitoring. In J. Scott and T. Hirschi (eds.) Controversial Issues in Crime and Justice. Newbury Park: Sage
Barclay, G. and Tavares, C. (2002). International Comparisons of Criminal Justice Statistics 2000. London: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics
Barclay, G. and Tavares, C. (2003). International Comparisons of Criminal Justice Statistics 2001. London: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics
Baumer, T. L. and Maxfield, M. G. (1993). A Comparative Analysis of Three Electronically Monitored Home Detention Programs. Justice Quarterly, 10: 121–42
Baumer, T. L. and Mendelsohn (1992).Electronically Monitored Home Confinement: Does it Work? In J. Byrne, A. Lurigio, and J. Petersilia (eds.) Smart Sentencing. The Emergence of Intermediate Sanctions. Newbury Park: Sage Publications
Beattie, J. (1986). Crime and the Courts in England, 1660–1800. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Beck, J. L. and Klein-Saffran, J. (1991). Home Confinement. The Use of New Technology in the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Federal Prisons Journal, 2: 23–7
Beck, J. L., Klein-Saffran, J., and Wooten, H. (1990). Home Confinement and the Use of Electronic Monitoring with Federal Parolees. Federal Probation, 54: 22–33
Bellamy, J. (1973). Crime and Public Order in England in the Late Middle Ages. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
Bishop, N. (1988). Non-Custodial Alternatives in Europe. Helsinki: Helsinki Institute for Crime Prevention and Control Affiliated with the United Nations
Blomberg, T. G., Bales, W., and Reed, K. (1993). Intermediate Punishment: Redistributing or Extending Social Control?Crime, Law and Social Change, 19: 187–201
Bondeson, U. (2002). Alternatives to Imprisonment. Intentions and Reality. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers
Bonta, J., Wallace-Capretta, S., and Rooney, J. (1999). Electronic Monitoring in Canada. Ottawa: Solicitor General Canada
Bottoms, A. (1981). The Suspended Sentence in England, 1967–1978. British Journal of Criminology, 21: 1–26
Bottoms, A. (2001). Compliance and Community Penalties. In Bottoms, A., Gelsthorpe, L., and Rex, S. (eds.) (2001). Community Penalties. Change and Challenges. Cullompton: Willan Publishing
Bottoms, A., Gelsthorpe, L., and Rex, S. (eds.) (2002) Community Penalties. Change and Challenges. Cullompton: Willan Publishing
Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press
Braithwaite, J. (1999). Restorative Justice: Assessing Optimistic and Pessimistic Accounts. In M. Tonry (ed.) Crime and Justice. A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Braithwaite, J. (2002). In Search of Restorative Jurisprudence. In R. Walgrave (ed.) Restorative Justice and the Law. Cullompton: Willan Publishing
Brodeur, J. P., Roberts, J. V., Mohr, R., and Markham, K. (1988). Views of Sentencing: A Survey of Judges in Canada. Ottawa: Research Reports of the Canadian Sentencing Commission, Department of Justice Canada
Brookbank, C. and Kingsley, B. (1999). Adult Criminal Court Statistics, 1997–98. Juristat, 18, 14
Brown, M. P. and Elrod, P. (1995). Electronic House Arrest: An Examination of Citizen Attitudes. Crime and Delinquency, 41: 332–46
Brown, M. P. and Elrod, P. (1999). Citizens' Perceptions of a ‘Good’ Electronic House Arrest Program. Corrections Management Quarterly, 3: 37–42
Brown, D. and Wilkie, M. (2002). Prisoners as Citizens. Human Rights in Australian Prisons. Sydney: The Federation Press
Brown, M. and Young, W. (2000). Recent Trends in Sentencing and Penal Policy in New Zealand. International Criminal Justice Review, 10: 1–31
Brownlee, I. (1988). Community Punishment. A Critical Introduction. London: Longman
Bureau of Justice Statistics (2000). National Crime Victimization Survey Violent Crime Trends. Available at www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs
Canadian Sentencing Commission (1987). Sentencing Reform: A Canadian Approach. Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada
Carlisle, R. (1988). Electronic Monitoring as an Alternative Sentencing Tool – or My Week on an Electronic Ball and Chain. Georgia State Bar Journal, 24: 131–5
Carcach, C. and Grant, A. (1999).Imprisonment in Australia: Trends in Prison Populations and Imprisonment Rates 1982–1998. Trends and Issues, No. 130. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology
Carriere, D. (2003) Adult Correctional Services in Canada, 2001/2. Juristat: 23, no. 11
Cavadino, M. and Dignan, J. (2002). The Penal System. An Introduction. 3rd edn. London: Sage Publications
Challinger, D. (1994). An Australian Case Study: The Northern Territory Home Detention Scheme. In U. Zvekic (ed.) Alternatives to Imprisonment in Comparative Perspective. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers
Chicknavorian, E. (1990). House Arrest: A Viable Alternative to the Current Prison System. New England Journal on Criminal and Civil Commitment, 16: 53–66
Christiansen, K. (1981). The American Experience of Imprisonment, 1607–1776. PhD Dissertation, State University of New York at Albany
Church, A. and Dunstan, S. (1997). Home Detention: The Evaluation of the Home Detention Pilot Programme 1995–1997. Wellington: New Zealand Ministry of Justice. Available at www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/reports/1997/homedetention/Default.htm
Clark, C. (2002). The Use of Home Detention Since the Introduction of the Sentencing and Parole Acts on June 30 2002. Wellington: New Zealand Ministry of Justice, Research and Evaluation Unit
Clear, T. (1997). Evaluating Intensive Probation: The American Experience. In G. Mair (ed.) Evaluating the Effectiveness of Community Penalties. Aldershot: Avebury
Committee to Remember Kimberly Rogers (2003). Justice with Dignity. Available at http://dawn.thot.net/Kimberly_Rogers
Connelly, L. (2001). Electronic Monitoring in the United States. Canadian Criminal Law Review, 6: 326–35
Courtright, K., Berg, B., and Mutchnik, R. (2000). Rehabilitation in the New Machine? Exploring Drug and Alcohol Use and Variables Related to Success Among DUI Offenders Under Electronic Monitoring – Some Preliminary Outcome Results. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44: 293–311
Covell, K. and Howe, B. (1996). Public Attitudes and Juvenile Justice in Canada. The International Journal of Children's Rights, 4: 345–45
Crouch, B. (1993). Is Incarceration Really Worse? Analysis of Offenders' Preferences for Prison over Probation. Justice Quarterly, 10: 67–88
Cullen, F., Fisher, B., and Applegate, B. (2000). Public Opinion about Punishment and Corrections. In M. Tonry (ed.) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 27. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Cullen, F., Wright, J., and Applegate, B. (1996).Control in the Community? The Limits of Reform? In A. Harland (ed.) Choosing Correctional Options that Work. Thousand Oaks: Sage
Cusson, M. (1998)Peines intermédiares, surveillance electronique et abolitionisme. Revue internationale de criminologie et de police technique et scientifique, 1: 34–45
Daly, K. (2003). Mind the Gap: Restorative Justice in Theory and Practice. In A. von Hirsch, J. V. Roberts, A. E. Bottoms, K. Roach, and M. Schiff, M. (eds.) Restorative and Criminal Justice. Competing or Reconcilable Paradigms? Oxford: Hart Publishing
Daubney, D. and Parry, G. (1999). An Overview of Bill C-41. (The Sentencing Reform Act). In J. V. Roberts and D. Cole (eds.) Making Sense of Sentencing. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Davies, M. (1993). Punishing Criminals. Developing Community-Based Intermediate Sanctions. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press
Davies, M., Takala, J.-P. and J. Tyver (1996). Penological Esperanto and Sentencing Parochialism. A Comparative Study of the Search for Non-Prison Punishments. Aldershot: Dartmouth
Department of Justice Canada. (1994).Minister of Justice Introduces Sentencing Reform Bill. News Release,13 June 1994
Dictionnaire historique de la langue francaise. Tome 3. Paris: Dictionnaires Le Robert
Dignan, J. (1984). The Sword of Damocles and the Clang of the Prison Gates: Prospects on the Inception of the Partly Suspended Sentence. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 23: 183–200
Doble, J. (1987). Crime and Punishment: The Public's View. New York: Public Agenda Foundation
Doble Research Associates (1995a). Crime and Corrections: The Views of the People of Oklahoma. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Doble Research Associates
Doble Research Associates (1995b). Crime and Corrections: The Views of the People of North Carolina. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Doble Research Associates
Doble Research Associates (1998). Crime and Corrections: The Views of the People of New Hampshire. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Doble Research Associates
Dodgson, K. and Mortimer, E. (2000). Home Detention Curfew: The First Year of Operation. London: Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate. Research Findings No. 110
Dodgson, K., Goodwin, P., Howard, P., Llewellyn-Thomas, S., Mortimer, E., Russell, N. and Weiner, M. (2001). Electronic Monitoring of Released Prisoners: An Evaluation of the Home Detention Curfew Scheme. HORS 222. London: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate
Doherty, D. (1995). Impressions of the Impact of the Electronic Monitoring Program on the Family. In K. Schulz (ed.) Electronic Monitoring and Corrections: The Policy, the Operation, the Research. Burnaby, BC: Simon Fraser University
Doob, A. N. (1990). Community Sanctions and Imprisonment: Hoping for a Miracle but not Bothering Even to Pray for it. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 32: 415–28
Doob, A. N. (2001). Youth Court Judges' Views of the Youth Justice System: The Results of a Survey. Toronto: Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto
Doob, A. N. and Marinos, V. (1995). Reconceptualizing Punishment: Understanding the Limitations on the Use of Intermediate Punishments. University of Chicago Roundtable, 2: 413–33
Doob, A. N. and Roberts, J. V. (1983). Sentencing: An Analysis of the Public's View. Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada
Doob, A. N. and Roberts, J. V. (1988).Public Punitiveness and Public Knowledge of the Facts: Some Canadian Surveys. In N. Walker and M. Hough (eds.) Public Attitudes to Sentencing. Surveys from Five Countries. Aldershot: Gower
Doob, A. N., Sprott, J. B., Marinos, V. and Varma, K. (1998). An Exploration of Ontario Residents' Views of Crime and the Criminal Justice System. Toronto: Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto
Doob, A. N. and Webster, C. (2004). Sentence Severity and Crime: Accepting the Null Hypothesis. In M. Tonry (ed.) Crime and Justice. A Review of Research, 30: 143–95
Dowds, L. (1995). The Long-Eyed View of Law and Order: A Decade of British Social Attitudes Survey Results. London: Home Office
Duff, R. A. (2001). Punishment, Communication, and Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Duff, R. A. (2002). Restorative Punishment and Punitive Restoration. In L. Walgrave (ed.) Restorative Justice and the Law. Cullompton: Willan Publishing
Duguid, S. (2000). Can Prisons Work? The Prisoner as Object and Subject in Modern Corrections. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Elrod, P. and Brown, M. P. (1996). Predicting Public Support for Electronic House Arrest. American Behavioral Scientist, 39: 461–73
English, K., Crouch, J. and Pullen, S. (1989). Attitudes toward Crime: A Survey of Colorado Citizens and Criminal Justice Officials. Denver, Colorado: Department of Public Safety, Division of Criminal Justice
Fattah, E. (1982). Public Opposition to Prison Alternatives and Community Corrections: A Strategy for Action. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 24: 371–85
Faugeron, C. (1996). The Changing Functions of Imprisonment. In R. Mathews and P. Francis (eds.) Prisons 2000. An International Perspective on the Current State and Failure of Imprisonment. London: MacMillan Press
Flanagan, T. (1996). Community Corrections in the Public Mind. Federal Probation, 60: 3–9
Florida Department of Corrections (1997). Corrections in Florida: What the Public Thinks. Results of a March 1997 Survey of Floridians. Miami: Florida Department of Corrections
Florida Corrections Commission (2003). A Review of the Community Control Program and Electronic Monitoring within the Florida Department of Corrections. Miami: Florida Corrections Commission
Flynn, L. (1986).House Arrest. Corrections Today, July issue
Freiberg, A. (2002). What's it Worth? A Cross-Jurisdictional Comparison of Sentence Severity. In C. Tata and N. Hutton (eds.) Sentencing and Society. International Perspectives. Aldershot: Ashgate
Frost, S. and Stephenson, G. (1989). A Simulation Study of Electronic Tagging as a Sentencing Option. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 28: 91–104
Gabel, K. and Johnston, D. (eds.) (1995). Children of Incarcerated Parents. New York: Lexington Books
Gainey, R. R. and Payne, B. (2003). Changing Attitudes Toward House Arrest With Electronic Monitoring: The Impact of a Single Presentation?International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 47: 196–209
Gainey, R. R. and Payne, B. (2000). Understanding the Experience of House Arrest with Electronic Monitoring: An Analysis of Quantitative and Qualitative Data. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44: 84–96
Galaway, B. (1984). A Survey of Public Acceptance of Restitution as an Alternative To Imprisonment for Property Offenders. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 17: 108–16
Gallup (2000). The Gallup Monthly, no. 420. Princeton: The Gallup Poll
Gandy, J. and Galaway, B. (1980).Restitution as a Sanction for Offenders: A Public's View. In J. Hudson and B. Galaway (eds.) Victims, Offenders, and Alternative Sanctions. Toronto: Lexington Books
Garland, D. (2001a). The Culture of Control. Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Garland, D. (2001b). Mass Imprisonment. Social Causes and Consequences. London: Sage
Gibbs, A. and King, D. (2001). The Electronic Ball and Chain? The Development, Operation and Impact of Home Detention in New Zealand. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago, Department of Community and Family Studies
Gibbs, A. and King, D. (2003a). Home Detention with Electronic Monitoring: The New Zealand Experience. Criminal Justice, 3: 199–211
Gibbs, A. and King, D. (2003b). The Electronic Ball and Chain? The Operation and Impact of Home Detention with Electronic Monitoring in New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 36: 1–17
Gottfredson, S. and Taylor, R. (1984). Public Policy and Prison Populations: Measuring Opinions about Reform. Judicature, 68: 190–201
Graham, J. (1990). Decarceration in the Federal Republic of Germany. British Journal of Criminology, 30: 150–70
Harkins, J. R. (1990). House Arrest in Oregon: A Look at What Goes on Inside the Home. Corrections Today, 52: 146–52
Harris, J. (1995). Foreword. In K. Gabel and D. Johnston (eds.) Children of Incarcerated Parents. New York: Lexington Books
Harris, J. (1968). Changing Public Attitudes Toward Crime and Corrections. Federal Probation, 32: 9–16
Haverkamp, R. (2003). Implementing Electronic Monitoring. A Comparative, Empirical Study on Attitudes towards the Measure in Germany and Sweden. Available at www.iuscrim.mpg.de/forsch/krim/haverkamp
Hayes, B. (2002). Making a Case for House arrest. Halifax Herald, Friday December 6, 2002
Heggie, K. (1999). Review of the NSW Home Detention Scheme. Research Publication, no. 41. Sydney, NSW: NSW Department of Corrective Services
Hendrick, D., Martin, M., and Greenberg, P. (2003). Conditional Sentencing Data in Canada: A Statistical Profile 1997–2001. Ottawa: Ministry of Industry
Hobbes, T. (1651/1957 (reprint)). Leviathan or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Civil. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Hollis, V. and Cross, I. (2003). Prison Population Brief. England and Wales: April 2003. London: Home Office
Holman, B. and Brown, R. (2004) Beyond Bricks, Bars, and Barbed Wire: The Genesis and Proliferation of Alternatives to Incarceration in the United States. In C. Sumner (ed.) The Blackwell Companion to Criminology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing
Holman, J. and Quinn, J. (1992). Dysphoria and Electronically Monitored Home Confinement. Deviant Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 13: 21–32
Home Office (1999). Prison Statistics. England and Wales. 1998. Cm 4430. Norwich: The Stationery Office
Home Office (2001). Making Punishments Work. Report of a review of the sentencing framework for England and Wales. London: Home Office
Home Office (2002). Criminal Statistics England and Wales. 1998. Cm 5696. Norwich: The Stationery Office
Home Office (2003). Managing Offenders, Reducing Crime. London: Home Office
Hough, M. and Park, A. (2002). How Malleable are Attitudes to Crime and Punishment? Findings from a British Deliberative Poll. In J. V. Roberts and M. Hough (eds.) Changing Attitudes to Punishment. Public Opinion, Crime, and Justice. Cullompton: Willan Publishing
Hough, M. and Roberts, J. V. (1998). Attitudes to Punishment: Findings from the British Crime Survey. Home Office Research Study 179. London: Home Office
Hough, M. and Roberts, J. (1999) Sentencing Trends in Britain Public Knowledge and Public Opinion. Punishment and Society. The International Journal of Penology, 1: 7–22
Hough, M. and Roberts, J. (2002).Public Knowledge and Public Opinion of Sentencing: Findings from Five Jurisdictions. In N. Hutton and C. Tata (eds.) Sentencing and Society: International Perspectives. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Company
Hough, M. and Roberts, J. (2004a). Public Confidence in Justice: Findings from Around the World. ICPR Research Paper No 1. London: Kings College
Hough, M. and Roberts, J. (2004b). Youth Crime and Youth Justice: An Analysis of Public Opinion in Great Britain. ICPR Research Paper No 3. London: Kings College
Hough, M., Jacobson, J., and Millie, A. (2003).The Decision to Imprison. Sentencing and the Prison Population. London: The Prison Reform Trust
Howard, J. (1929). The State of the Prisons. New York: J. M. Dent and Sons
Hume, D. (1834) . The History of England, vol. 2. London: A. Valfy
Johnson, B., Haugen, L., Maness, J. and Ross, P. (1989). Attitudes Toward Electronic Monitoring of Offenders: A Survey of Probation Officers and Prosecutors. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 5: 153–64
Johnson, S. (1979/reprint edition). A Dictionary of the English Language. New York: Arno Press
Johnstone, G. (2002). Restorative Justice. Ideas, Values, Debates. Cullompton: Willan Publishing
Joint Commission on Correctional Manpower and Training (1968). The Public Looks at Corrections. Washington: DC: Joint Commission on Correctional Manpower and Training
Jolin, A. and Stipak, B. (1992). Drug Treatment and Electronically Monitored Home Confinement: An Evaluation of a Community-Based Sentencing Option. Crime and Delinquency, 38: 158–70
Keay, N. (2000). Home Detention – An Alternative to Prison. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 12: 98–105
Kemp, B. (1981). The Impact of Enforced Separation on Prisoners' Wives. Research Bulletin No. 4. New South Wales Department of Corrective Services
King, D. and Gibbs, A. (2003). Is Home Detention in New Zealand Disadvantaging Women and Children?Probation Journal, 50: 115–26
Kirkpatrick, J. (ed.) (1880). MacKenzie's Studies in Roman Law, 5th edn. Edinburgh: Blackwood
Kommer, M. (2003). Punitiveness in Europe Revisited. Criminology in Europe, 3: 1–12
Kong, R., Johnson, H., Beattie, S., and Cardillo, A. (2003). Sexual Offences in Canada. Juristat, 23, no. 6
Kuhn, A. (2003). Prison Population Trends in Western Europe. Criminology in Europe, 2: 1–16
Kury, H., Obergfell-Fuchs, J., Smartt, U. and Wurger, M. (2002). Attitudes to Punishment: How Reliable are International Crime Victim Surveys?International Journal of Comparative Criminology, 2: 133–50
Landreville, P. (1987). Surveiller et prévenir: L'assignation à domicile sous surveillance electronique. Déviance et Société, 11: 251–69
Landreville, P. (1999). La Surveillance electronique des délinquants: une marche en expansion. Déviance et Société, 23: 105–21
Langan, P. (1998). Between Prison and Probation: Intermediate Sanctions. In J. Petersilia (ed.) Community Corrections. Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions. New York: Oxford University Press
Lappi-Seppala, T. (2001). Sentencing and Punishment in Finland: The Decline of the Repressive Ideal. In M. Tonry and R. Frase (eds.) Sentencing and Sanctions in Western Countries. New York: Oxford University Press
Lappi-Seppala, T. (2002). Prisoner Rates: Global Trends and Local Exceptions. Helsinki: National Research Institute of Legal Policy
Lappi-Seppala, T. (2003). Non-Custodial Sanctions in Finland. Helsinki: National Research Institute of Legal Policy
Law Reform Commission of New South Wales (1996). Sentencing. (Report 79) chapter 7: Home Detention. Available at www.agd.nsw.gov.au/lrc.nsf
Le Soleil (2002). Sondage pancanadien: La justice n'est pas assez dure pour les crimes sexuels. 9 April 2002, page a3
Leibrich, J. (1994). What Do Offenders Say About Supervision and Going Straight?Federal Probation, 58: 41–6
Lilly, J. R. (1990). Tagging Reviewed. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 29: 229–45
Lilly, J. and Ball, R. (1987). A Brief History of House Arrest and Electronic Monitoring. Northern Kentucky Law Review, 13: 343–74
Lilly, J., Ball, R., Curry, G. and Smith, R. (1992) The Pride, Inc., Program: An Evaluation of Five Years of Electronic Monitoring. Federal Probation, 56: 42–53
Logan, R. (2001). Crime Statistics in Canada, 2000. Juristat, 21, no. 8
Mande, M. and English, K. (1989). The Effect of Public Opinion on Correctional Policy: A Comparison of Opinions and Practice. Denver: Colorado Department of Public Safety
Maidment, M. R. (2002). Toward a ‘Woman-Centred’ Approach to Community-Based Corrections: A Gendered Analysis of Electronic Monitoring (EM) in Eastern Canada. Women and Criminal Justice, 13: 47–68
Mainprize, S. (1995). Social, Psychological, and Familial Impacts of Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring: Exploratory Research Findings From B. C.'s Pilot Project. In K. Schulz (ed.) Electronic Monitoring and Corrections: The Policy, the Operation, the Research. Burnaby, B.C.: Simon Fraser University
Mair, G. (2001). A Decade of Electronic Monitoring in England and Wales. Canadian Criminal Law Review, 6: 317–26
Mair, G. (2002). Technology and the future of community penalties. In A. Bottoms, L. Gelsthorpe and S. Rex (eds.) Community Penalties. Change and Challenges. Cullompton: Willan Publishing
Mair, G. and Nee, C. (1990). Electronic Monitoring: The Trials and Their Results. Home Office Research Study No. 120. London: HMSO
Mair, G. and Mortimer, E. (1996). Curfew Orders with Electronic Monitoring: An Evaluation of the First Twelve Months of the Trials in Greater Manchester, Norfolk, and Berkshire, 1995–1996. London: Home Office
Mande, M. and Butler, P. (1982). Crime in Colorado. A Survey of Citizens. Boulder: Division of Criminal Justice
Manson, A. (2001). The Law of Sentencing. Toronto: Irwin Law
Marinos, V. and Doob, A. N. (1999). Understanding Public Attitudes Toward Conditional Sentences of Imprisonment. Criminal Reports, 21: 31–41
Martinovic, M. (2002). The Punitiveness of Electronically Monitored Community Based Programs. Paper presented at the Probation and Community Corrections Conference, Perth, September 2002
Maruna, S. (2001). Making Good. How Ex-Convicts Reform and Rebuild Their Lives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
Mathieson, T. (2000). Prison on Trial (2nd edn) Winchester: Waterside Press
Mattinson, J. (2002). Results from the 2000 BCS. Personal Communication with author
Mattinson, J, and Mirrlees-Black, C. (2000). Attitudes to Crime and Criminal Justice: Findings from the 1998 British Crime Survey. HORS 200. London: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate
Mayhew, P. and van Kesteren, J. (2002). Cross-National Attitudes to Punishment. In J. V. Roberts and M. Hough (eds.) Changing Attitudes to Punishment. Public Opinion, Crime, and Justice. Cullompton: Willan Publishing
McGarrell, E. F. and Sandys, M. (1996). The Misperception of Public Opinion toward Capital Punishment: Examining the Spuriousness Explanation of Death Penalty Support. American Behavioral Scientist, 39: 500–13
McMahon, M. (1990). ‘Net-Widening’. Vagaries in the Use of a Concept. British Journal of Criminology, 30: 121–49
Mirrlees-Black, C. (2001). Confidence in the Criminal Justice System: Findings from the 2000 British Crime Survey. Research Findings No. 137. London: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate
Mitchell, K. (1999). Home Detention. New Zealand Law Journal,. October: 363–6
Moore, M. (1997). The Strategic Management of Intermediate Sanctions. Corrections Management Quarterly, 1: 44–52
MORI Social Research Institute (2000). Crime and Punishment Survey. London: MORI House
MORI Social Research Institute (2003). Criminal Justice System Confidence Survey. Topline Results. London: MORI House
Morris, A. (2004). Youth Justice in New Zealand. In M. Tonry and A. Doob (ed.) Youth Crime and Youth Justice. Comparative and Cross-National Perspectives. Chicago. University of Chicago Press
Morris, N. and Tonry, M. (1990). Between Prison and Probation. Intermediate Punishments in a Rational Sentencing System. New York: Oxford University Press
Muncie, J. (1990). ‘A Prisoner in my Own Home’: The Politics and Practice of Electronic Monitoring. Probation Journal, 37: 72–7
Nagin, D. (1998). Criminal Deterrence Research at the Outset of the Twenty-First Century. In M. Tonry (ed.) Crime and Justice. A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Nellis, M. (1991). The Electronic Monitoring of Offenders in England and Wales. British Journal of Criminology, 31: 165–85
Nellis, M. (2002). Community Penalties in Historical Perspective. In A. Bottoms, L. Gelsthorpe and S. Rex. (eds.) Community Penalties. Change and Challenges. Cullompton: Willan Publishing
New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (2002). Local Courts Statistics. Available at www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au
Newburn, T. (2003). Crime and Criminal Justice Policy (2nd edn) Harlow: Pearson Education
Northern Territory of Australia (1996). Prisons (Correctional Services) (Home Detention Orders) Regulations. Available at www.nt.gov.au/justice
Observer (2003). Crime Uncovered. A Nation under the Cosh? The Truth about Crime in Britain in 2003. The Observer Magazine, 27 April
O'Malley, P. (2004) Penal Policies and Contemporary Politics. In C. Sumner (ed.) The Blackwell Companion to Criminology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing
Oxford English Dictionary (1933/61). Vol. ⅴ. Oxford: The Clarendon Press
Parisi, N. (1980). Part-Time Imprisonment: The Legal and Practical Issues of Periodic Confinement. Judicature, 63: 385–95
Payne, B. and Gainey, R. (1998). A Qualitative Assessment of the Pains Experienced on Electronic Monitoring. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 42: 149–63
Payne, B. and Gainey, R. (2000). Electronic Monitoring: Philosophical, Systemic, and Political Issues. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 31: 93–111
Payne, B. and Gainey, R. (2002). The Influence of Demographic Factors on the Experience of House Arrest. Federal Probation, 66: 64–71
Petersilia, J. (1990). When Probation Becomes More Dreaded Than Prison. Federal Probation, 54: 23–7
Petersilia, J. and Piper Deschenes, E. (1994). Perceptions of Punishment: Inmates and Staff Rank the Severity of Prison Versus Intermediate Sanctions. The Prison Journal, 74: 306–28
Petersilia, J. and Piper Deschenes, E. (1998). What Punishes? Inmates Rank the Severity of Prison Versus Intermediate Sanctions. In J. Petersilia (ed.) Community Corrections. Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions. New York: Oxford University Press
Petersilia, J. and Turner, S. (1998). Prison versus Probation in California: Implications for Crime and Offender Recidivism. In J. Petersilia (ed.) Community Corrections. Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions. New York: Oxford University Press
Pranis, K. and Umbreit, M. (1992). Public Opinion Research Challenges Widespread Public Demand for Harsh Punishment. Minneapolis: Citizens' Council
Pratt, J. (1992). Punishment and the Lessons from History. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 25: 97–114
Pratt, J. (2000). Emotive and Ostentatious Punishment. Its Decline and Resurgence in Modern Society. Punishment and Society, 2: 417–41
Quinn, J. and Holman, J. (1991). Intrafamilial Conflict Among Felons Under Community Supervision: An Examination of the Co-Habitants of Electronically Monitored Offenders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 16: 177–92
R. v. Brady 121 Canadian Criminal Cases (3d) 504
R. v. Gladue (1999). 1. SCR 688
R. v. Jurisic (1998). 101 Australian Criminal Reports 259
R. v. Knoblauch (2000). 149 Canadian Criminal Cases (3d) 1
R. v. Proulx (2000). 30 Criminal Reports (5th) 1, 140 CCC (3d) 449 (SCC)
R. v. Sangster (1973). 21 CRNS 339 (Quebec Court of Appeal)
Rackmill, S. J. (1994). An Analysis of Home Confinement as a Sanction. Federal Probation, 58: 45–52
Reed, M. and Roberts, J. V. (1999). Adult Correctional Services in Canada, 1997–98. Juristat, 19, no. 4
Reitz, K. (2001). The Dissasembly and Reassembly of US Sentencing Practices. In M. Tonry and R. Frase (eds.) Sentencing and Sanctions in Western Nations. New York: Oxford University Press
Renaud, G. (1999) Conditions, Conditions, Conditions. Available at Alan Gold Newsletter, Quicklaw, June 17
Renzema, M. (1992). Home Confinement Programs: Development, Implementation, and Impact. In J. Byrne, A. Lurigio, and J. Petersilia (eds.) Smart Sentencing. The Emergence of Intermediate Sanctions. Newbury Park: Sage Publications
Rethinking Crime and Punishment (2002). What Does the Public Think about Prison? Available at www.rethinking.org.uk
Roach, K. (1999). Due Process and Victims' Rights. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Roach, K. (2000). Changing Punishment at the Turn of the Century: Restorative Justice on the Rise. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 42: 249–80
Robert, L. and Peters, T. (2003). How Restorative Justice is able to Transcend the Prison Walls: A Discussion of the ‘Restorative Detention’ Project. In E. Weitekamp and H.-J. Kerner (eds.) Restorative Justice in Context. International Practice and Directions. Cullompton: Willan Publishing
Roberts, J. and Smith, M. (2003). Custody Plus, Custody Minus. In M. Tonry (ed.) Confronting Crime. Crime Control Policy under New Labour. Cullompton: Willan Publishing
Roberts, J. V. (1992). Public Opinion, Crime, and Criminal Justice. In M. Tonry (ed.) Crime and Justice. A Review of Research, vol. 16. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Roberts, J. V. (1997). Conditional Sentencing: Sword of Damocles or Pandora's Box?Canadian Criminal Law Review, 2: 183–206
Roberts, J. V. (1999a). The Hunt for the Paper Tiger: Conditional Sentencing after the judgment in R. v. Brady. Criminal Law Quarterly, 42: 38–66
Roberts, J. V. (1999b). Sentencing Patterns and Sentencing Disparity. In J. V. Roberts and D. Cole (eds.) Making Sense of Sentencing. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Roberts, J. V. (2001). Unearthing the Sphinx: The Evolution of Conditional Sentencing. Canadian Bar Review, 80: 1019–38
Roberts, J. V. (2002a). The Evolution of Conditional Sentencing in Canada. Criminal Reports, 3 (6th Series): 268–82
Roberts, J. V. (2002b).Public Attitudes to Community-Based Sanctions. In J. V. Roberts and M. Hough (eds.) Changing Attitudes to Punishment. Public Opinion, Crime, and Justice. Cullompton: Willan Publishing
Roberts, J. V. (2002c). Determining Parole Eligibility Dates for Life Prisoners: Lessons from Jury Hearings in Canada. Punishment and Society. The International Journal of Penology, 4: 103–14
Roberts, J. V. (2003a). Evaluating the Pluses and Minuses of Custody: Sentencing Reform in England and Wales. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 42: 229–47
Roberts, J. V. (2003b). Sentencing Reform in New Zealand: An Analysis of the Sentencing Act 2002. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 36: 249–71
Roberts, J. V. (2003c). Victim Impact Statements and the Sentencing Process: Recent Developments and Findings. Criminal Law Quarterly, 47: 365–96
Roberts, J. V., Antonowicz, D. and Sanders, T. (2000). Conditional Sentences of Imprisonment: An Empirical Analysis of Conditions. Criminal Reports, 30: 113–25
Roberts, J. V. and Bala, N. (2003). Understanding Sentencing under theYouth Criminal Justice Act. Alberta Law Review, 41: 395–423
Roberts, J. V. and Cole, D. (eds.) (1999). Making Sense of Sentencing. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Roberts, J. V., Doob, A. N. and Marinos, V. (2000). Judicial Attitudes to Conditional Terms of Imprisonment: Results of a National Survey. Ottawa: Department of Justice
Roberts, J. V. and Edgar, A. (2003). Victim Impact Statements: Findings from a survey of the judiciary in Canada. International Journal of Victimology, 1, no. 4 (online journal)
Roberts, J. V. and Gabor, T. (2004). Living in the Shadow of Prison: Lessons from the Canadian Experience in Decarceration, British Journal of Criminology, 39: 92–112
Roberts, J. V. and Grimes, C. (2000). Adult Criminal Court Statistics, 1998/99. Juristat, 20, no. 1
Roberts, J. V. and Healy, P. (2001) The Future of Conditional Sentencing. Criminal Law Quarterly, 44: 309–41
Roberts, J. V. and Hough, M. (2001). Public Opinion, Sentencing and Parole: International Trends. In R. Roesch, R. Corrado and R. Dempster (eds.) Psychology in the Courts: International Advances in Knowledge. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic
Roberts, J. V. and Hough, M. (eds.) (2002). Changing Attitudes to Punishment. Public Opinion, Crime, and Justice. Cullompton: Willan Publishing
Roberts, J. V. and Hough, M. (forthcoming). Understanding Public Attitudes to Criminal Justice. Maidenhead: Open University Press
Roberts, J. V., Maloney, L. and Vallis, R. (2003). Coming Home to Prison. A Study of Offender Experiences of Conditional Sentencing. Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada
Roberts, J. V. and Melchers, R. (2003). The Incarceration of Aboriginal Offenders: An Analysis of Trends, 1978–2001. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 45: 211–42
Roberts, J. V., Nuffield, J. and Hann, R. (2000). Parole and the Public: Attitudinal and Behavioural Responses. Empirical and Applied Criminal Justice Research 1: 1–29
Roberts, J. V. and Reed, M. (1999). Adult Correctional Services in Canada. In A Statistical Overview of the Canadian Criminal Justice System. Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing
Roberts, J. V. and Roach, K. (2003).Restorative Justice in Canada: From Sentencing Circles to Sentencing Principles. In A. von Hirsch, J. V. Roberts, A. E. Bottoms, K. Roach and M. Schiff. (eds.) Restorative and Criminal Justice. Oxford: Hart Publishing
Roberts, J. V. and Roach, K. (2004) Community-Based Sentencing: The Perspectives of Crime Victims. Ottawa: Department of Justice, Canada
Roberts, J. V. and Stalans, L. S. (1997). Public Opinion, Crime, and Criminal Justice. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press
Roberts, J. V. and Stalans, L. S. (2004). Restorative Justice and the Sentencing Process: Exploring the Views of the Public. Social Justice Research, in press
Roberts, J. V., Stalans, L. S., Indermaur, D. and Hough, M. (2003). Penal Populism and Public Opinion. New York: Oxford University Press
Roberts, J. V. and Verdun-Jones, S. (2002). Directing Traffic at the Crossroads of Criminal Justice and Mental Health: Implications of the Supreme Court Judgment in R. v. Knoblauch. Alberta Law Review, 39: 788–809
Roberts, J. V. and Hirsch, A. (1998) Conditional Sentencing and the Fundamental Principle of Proportionality in Sentencing. Criminal Reports, 10: 222–31
Robinson, P. (2003). Adult Criminal Court Statistics, 2001/2. Juristat, 23, no. 2
Rogers, R. and Jolin, A. (1989). Electronic Monitoring: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 5: 141–52
Rubin, B. (1990) Offender attitudes toward home arrest. Journal of Offender Monitoring, 3: 8, 10–11
Sanders, T. and Roberts, J. V. (2000). Public Attitudes toward Conditional Sentencing: Results of a National Survey. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 32: 199–207
Sanders, T. and Roberts, J. V. (2004).Exploring public attitudes to conditional sentencing. In J. Winterdyk, L. Coates and S. Brodie (eds.) Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods. Toronto: Pearson
Scher, S. J. and Darley, J. M. (1997). How Effective are the things People Say to Apologize? Effects of the Realization of the Apology Speech Act. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 26: 127–40
Sebba, L. (1996). Third Parties. Victims in the Criminal Justice System. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press
Secretary of State (2002a). Criminal Statistics for England and Wales 2001. Cm 5696. London: Secretary of State
Secretary of State (2002b). Justice for All. London: The Stationery Office
Selke, W. (1993). Prisons in Crisis. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
Sherman, L. (1992). Policing Domestic Violence. New York: Free Press
Sigler, R. and Lamb, D. (1996). Community-Based Alternatives to Prison: How the Public and Court Personnel View Them. Federal Probation, 59: 3–9
Smith, M. (1934/reprint 1970). Prisons and a Changing Civilisation. London: John Lane and The Bodley Head Ltd
Smykla, J. and Selke, W. (1982). The Impact of Home Detention: A Less Restrictive Alternative to the Detention of Juveniles. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, May: 3–9
Somer, R. (1976). The End of Imprisonment. New York: Oxford University Press
Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics (2003). Attitudes towards Severity of Courts. Table 2.54. Available at www.albany.edu/sourcebook
Spelman, W. (1995). The Severity of Intermediate Sanctions. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 32: 107–35
Spier, P. (2002). Conviction and Sentencing of Offenders in New Zealand: 1992 to 2001. Wellington: New Zealand Ministry of Justice
Stando-Kawecka, B. (2002). Community Sanctions in Polish Penal Law. In H.-J. Albrecht and A. van Kalmthout (eds.) Community Sanctions and Measures in Europe and North America. Freiberg: Edition iuscrim
Stanley, S. and Baginsky, M. (1984). Alternatives to Prison. An Examination of Non-Custodial Sentencing of Offenders. London: Peter Owen Publishers
Stanz, R. and Tewksbury, R. (2000). Predictors of Success and Recidivism in a Home Incarceration Program. The Prison Journal, 80: 326–44
Statistics New Zealand (2002). Overall Offence Rate. Available at www.stats.govt.nz
Stern, V. (1998). A Sin Against the Future. Imprisonment in the World. London: Penguin Books
Stinchcomb, J. (2002). Prisons of the Mind: Lessons Learned from Home Confinement. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 13: 463–78
Sugg, D., Moore, L., and Howard, P. (2001). Electronic Monitoring and Offending Behaviour – Reconviction Results for the Second Year of Trials of Curfew Orders. Home Office Findings 141. London: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate
Sykes, G. (1958). The Society of Captives. A Study of a Maximum Security Prison. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Thomas, M. (2002). Adult Criminal Court Statistics, 2000/1. Juristat, 22, no.2
Thompson, B. (1996). Trends in Custodial Sentences in NSW: 1990–1995. Research Bulletin. New South Wales: Department of Corrective Services
Tonry, M. (1996). Sentencing Matters. New York: Oxford University Press
Tonry, M. (1998). Intermediate Sanctions in Sentencing Guidelines. In M. Tonry (ed.) Crime and Justice. A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Tonry, M. (2002).Community Penalties in the United States. In H.-J. Albrecht and A. van Kalmthout (eds.) Community Sanctions and Measures in Europe and North America. Freiberg: Edition iuscrim
Tufts, J. and Roberts, J. V. (2002). Sentencing Juvenile Offenders: Comparing Public Preferences and Judicial Practice. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 13: 46–64
Turner, J. (1993). Sentencing in Adult Criminal Provincial Courts: A Study of Six Canadian Jurisdictions, 1991 and 1992. Ottawa: Statistics Canada
Turner, M. (1964). A Pretty Sort of Prison. London: Pall Mall Press
Turner, M., Cullen, F., Sundt, J. and Applegate, B. (1997). Public Tolerance for Community-Based Sanctions. The Prison Journal, 77: 6–26
US Department of Justice (2003). Felony Sentences in State Courts, 2000. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics
US Department of Justice (2004). Prison Statistics. Summary Findings. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Available at: www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/prisons.htm
University of Arkansas (1998). Arkansas Crime Poll. Little Rock: University of Arkansas, Department of Criminal Justice
van Ness, D. and Strong, K. (2002). Restoring Justice (2nd edn) Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co
Zyl Smit, D. (1994). Degrees of Freedom. Criminal Justice Ethics, 13: 31–8
van Kalmthout, A. (2002).From Community Service to Community Sanctions: Comparative Perspectives. In H.-J. Albrecht and A. vanKalmthout (eds.) Community Sanctions and Measures in Europe and North America. Freiberg: Edition iuscrim
Vass, A. (1990). Alternatives to Prison: Punishment, Custody and the Community. London: Sage Publications
Vollum, S. and Hale, C. (2002). Electronic Monitoring: A Research Review. Corrections Compendium, 27: 1–4; 23–7
Hirsch, A. (1990). The Ethics of Community-Based Sanctions. Crime and Delinquency, 36: 162–73
von Hirsch A. (1993). Censure and Sanctions. Oxford: Clarendon Press
von Hirsch, A., Bottoms, A., Burney, E., and Wikstrom, P.-O. (1999). Criminal Deterrence and Sentence Severity. An Analysis of Recent Research. Oxford: Hart Publishing
von Hirsch, A. and Narayan, U. (1993).Degradingness and Intrusiveness. Ch. 8 in von Hirsch, A. (1993). Censure and Sanctions. Oxford: Clarendon Press
von Hirsch, A., Roberts, J. V., Bottoms, A., Roach, K. and Schiff, M. (eds.) (2003). Restorative and Criminal Justice. Competing or Reconcilable Paradigms? Oxford: Hart Publishing
Walters, I. (2002). Evaluation of the National Roll-Out of Curfew Orders. Home Office On-line Report 15/02. London: Home Office: Research, Development and Statistics Directorate
Weitekamp, E. and Kerner, H.-J. (2003). Restorative Justice in Context. International Practice and Directions. Cullompton: Willan Publishing
Walgrave, L. (2002). Restorative Justice and the Law. Cullompton: Willan Publishing
Walmsley, R. (2002). World Prison Population List (3rd edn). Research Findings. No. 166. London: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate
Wasik, M. (1994). Sentencing Guidelines: The Problem of Conditional Sentences. Criminal Justice Ethics, 13: 50–7
Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language (unabridged). Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster
West, T. (1997). Prisons of Promise. Winchester: Waterside Press
Whitfield, D. (1997). Tackling the Tag. The Electronic Monitoring of Offenders. Winchester: Waterside Press
Whitfield, D. (2001). The Magic Bracelet. Technology and Offender Supervision. Winchester: Waterside Press
Willis, A. (1986). Alternatives to Imprisonment: An Elusive Paradise? In J. Pointing (ed.) Alternatives to Custody. Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Wright, M. (1982). Making Good. Prisons, Punishment and Beyond. London: Burnett Books Limited
Young, A. (1988). The Role of An Appellate Court in Developing Sentencing Guidelines. Research Reports of the Canadian Sentencing Commission. Ottawa: Department of Justice, Canada
Young, A. (2001). The Role of the Victim in the Criminal Process. A Literature Review, 1989–1999. Ottawa: Department of Justice, Canada
Young, A. and Hoyle, C. (2003). Restorative Justice and Punishment. In S. McConville (ed.) The Uses of Punishment. Cullompton: Willan Publishing
Young, A. and Roberts, J. V. (2001). Research on the Role of the Victim in the Criminal Process in Canada. Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada
Zamble, E. and Kalm, K. (1990). General and Specific Measures of Public Attitudes toward Sentencing. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 22: 327–37
Zamble, E. and Porporino, F. (1988). Coping, Behavior and Adaptation in Prison Inmates. New York: Springer
Zvekic, U. (e319 (1994). Alternatives to Imprisonment in Comparative Perspective. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers
