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12 - What Kind of Marriage did Pope Innocent III Really Enter into?: Marriage Symbolism and Papal Authority

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 November 2020

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Abstract

Bernard of Clairvaux was the first writer to stake out a precise role for the pope at the spiritual nuptials between Christ and the Church: the pope was the ‘friend of the bridegroom’ and Christ's best man. But it was Pope Innocent III who turned bridal imagery into an argument for papal primacy in the Church, imagining the pope as bridegroom of the Church. This chapter addresses conceptualization and representation of papal authority and church hierarchy by means of bridal imagery, as testified in sermons and in decorations and inscriptions that Innocent commissioned in Rome. Who, exactly, was Innocent III's bride? And what kind of marriage was this, anyway? What relation was there between Innocent's marriage to the Church of Rome and marriage between a man and a woman?

Keywords: Papal primacy; Bernard of Clairvaux; Pope Innocent III; bridal imagery; canon law; pope as bridegroom; bishop as bridegroom

Medieval marriage symbolism carried assumptions and supported claims regarding structures of dominion and submission that lent themselves to political discourse. As Anna Rebecca Solevåg argues in this volume, a fundamental feature of the marriage symbolism in New Testament texts was that it mapped ‘kyriarchal’ marriage onto the organizational structure of the Church. Envisioning Christ as the kyrios of the household entails a particular interpretation of authority extending over the Christian community and its single members, metaphorically cast in the roles of wife, bride, children, and/or slaves. Medieval writers inherited this figurative language which they then proceeded to elaborate and expand by biblical intertexts and analogies. The liturgical and canonist metaphor of bishop as bridegroom of his see became common during the eleventh- and twelfth-century church reforms to assert episcopal authority in the Church and to shape clerical identities. Earlier still, in the Carolingian period, the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals had used the bishop-as-bridegroom metaphor to resist the instability of episcopal translations (by reference to adultery and divorce prohibitions). The metaphor of the bishop as bridegroom was contingent on the theory, timidly expressed in patristic writing and more forcefully asserted in ninth-century decretals, that bishops were the vicars of Christ, his representatives on earth.

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Publisher: Amsterdam University Press
Print publication year: 2019

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