This chapter revisits the debate on the foundations of the Renaissance Italian state as a problem akin to the origins of the Renaissance self. While an earlier body of scholarship dating back to Jacob Burckhardt claimed that the state in the Renaissance emerged fully formed as an autonomous actor, more recent research has come to doubt if Renaissance Italians possessed any notion of state selfhood. By examining one of the foundational moments of the Renaissance state – the acquisition of territory in the late fourteenth century – this chapter argues that the state in the Renaissance was neither autonomous nor fictitious, but relational and multiple, what it calls the Divisible State. From the eleventh to the fifteenth centuries, north-central Italian elites founded states possessing many overlapping identities: as a physical space, a governing body of citizens, a tangle of socially-correct behaviors, and bonds of subservience/superiority. Specifically, a close examination of the Florentine acquisition of Arezzo in 1384 exposes how contemporaries came to constitute such multiple identities through the revival of Roman law. The chapter’s conclusion encourages us to examine the multiple, relational selfhoods of the Renaissance state in the broader context of the early modern world.