Agnes, F. 1999. Law and Gender Inequality: The Politics of Women’s Rights in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ambedkar, B. R. 1936. “Speech delivered by Dr. Ambedkar to the Bombay Presidency Mahar Conference, 31st May 1936, Bombay,” translated by V. W. Moon and edited by F. W. Pritchett. Available at: www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/txt_ambedkar_salvation.html.Google Scholar

Bal, H. 2014. “Pulped: Why have publishers failed to stand up to Dina Nath Batra?,” The Caravan, December 1, 2014. Available at: www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/pulped.Google Scholar

BBC 2012. “Salman Rushdie: India banned Satanic Verses hastily,” BBC News India, September 12, 2012. Available at: www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-19566894.Google Scholar

Bhargava, R. (ed.) 1999. Secularism and its Critics. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Biswas, S. 2015. “Why Indian author Perumal Murugan quit writing,” BBC News India, January 15, 2015. Available at: www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30808747.Google Scholar

Champati, M. A. 1920s. Rangila Rasul. Delhi: Mohammad Rafi Publishers. Available at: https://archive.org/stream/RangeelaRasul/RangeelaRasul1#page/n0/mode/2up.Google Scholar

Chari, M. 2014. “As internet use rises, five global websites that Indians have come to dominate”, Scroll.in, August 19, 2014. Available at: http://scroll.in/article/674798/As-Internet-use-rises,-five-global-websites-that-Indians-have-come-to-dominate/.Google Scholar

Chopra, R. 2008. Technology and Nationalism in India: Cultural Negotiations from Colonialism to Cyberspace. New York: Cambria Press.Google Scholar

Daniyal, S. 2014. “A short history of the blasphemy law used against Wendy Doniger and why it must go,” Scroll.in, February 18, 2014. Available at: http://scroll.in/article/656608/A-short-history-of-the-blasphemy-law-used-against-Wendy-Doniger-and-why-it-must-go.Google Scholar

Datta, S. 2014. “The repugnant section 66A of India’s Information Technology Act”, Index on Censorship, June 16, 2014. Available at: www.indexoncensorship.org/2014/06/the-repugnant-section-66a-of-indias-information-technology-act/.Google Scholar

Gaur, K. D. 2011. Textbook on the Indian Penal Code (fourth ed.). New Delhi: Universal Law Publishing.Google Scholar

Ghoshal, D. and Dutta, S. 2014. “A threat from ISIL prompted India to block Github and 31 other sites,” Quartz India, December 31, 2014. Available at: http://qz.com/319866/a-threat-from-isis-prompts-india-to-block-github-and-a-handful-of-other-sites/.Google Scholar

Jaffrelot, C. 2007. “Introduction: The invention of an ethnic nationalism,” in Jaffrelot, C. (ed.),Hindu Nationalism: A Reader. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 3–5.Google Scholar

Khilnani, S. 1999. The Idea of India. New Delhi: Penguin Books.Google Scholar

Krishna, T. M. 2015. “As I see it: In the name of ghar wapsi,” The Hindu, January 17, 2015. Available at: www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/t_m_krishna/as-i-see-it-in-the-name-of-ghar-wapsi/article6788990.ece.Google Scholar

Lal, V. 2001. “The politics of history on the internet: Cyber-diasporic Hinduism and the North American Hindu diaspora,” in Paranjpe, M. (ed.), In Diaspora: Theories, Histories, Texts. New Delhi: Indialog Publications, pp. 179–221.Google Scholar

Manuel, P. 1993. Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Mazumdar, S. 2003. “The politics of religion and national origin: Rediscovering Hindu Indian identity in the United States,” in Kaiwar, V. and Mazumdar, S. (eds.), Antinomies of Modernity: Essays on Race, Orient, Nation. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 223–60.Google Scholar

Mehta, P. B. 2015. “The crooked lives of free speech,” Open, January 30, 2015. Available at: www.openthemagazine.com/article/voices/the-crooked-lives-of-free-speech.Google Scholar

Menski, W. 2003. Hindu Law: Beyond Tradition and Modernity. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Needham, A. D. and Sunder Rajan, R. (eds.) 2007. The Crisis of Secularism in India. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Neufeldt, R. 2003. “The Hindu Mahasabha and Gandhi,” in Coward, H. (ed.), Indian Critiques of Gandhi. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 131–52.Google Scholar

Patel, R. 2007. Hindu Women’s Property Rights in Rural India: Law, Labour and Culture in Action. Surrey: Ashgate.Google Scholar

“Personal Law,” Archive: www.archive.india.gov.in/citizen/lawnorder.php?id=16.Google Scholar

“Please note AIB: Here is a list of nine people/organisations angry with you,” The News Minute, February 5, 2015.Google Scholar

Prashad, V. 2014. “Wendy Doniger’s book is a tribute to Hinduism’s complexity, not an insult,” Guardian, February 12, 2014. Available at: www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/feb/12/wendy-doniger-book-hinduism-penguin-hindus.Google Scholar

PTI 2011. “I have not fled India, said MF Husain in his last interview,” The Times of India, June 9, 2011. Available at: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/I-have-not-fled-India-said-MF-Husain-in-his-last-interview/articleshow/8791202.cms.Google Scholar

Punwani, J. 2015. “In Charlie Hebdo’s name, chauvinistic Urdu journalists in Mumbai are going after a female editor,” Quartz India, February 5, 2015. Available at: http://qz.com/339334/in-charlie-hebdos-name-chauvinistic-urdu-journalists-in-mumbai-are-going-after-a-female-editor/.Google Scholar

Raghavan, V. and Dandekar, R. N. 1988. “The Hindu way of life,” in Embree, A. T. (ed.), Sources of Indian Tradition: Volume I: From the Beginning to 1800 (second ed.). New York: Penguin, pp. 201–378.Google Scholar

Rajagopal, A. 2000. “Hindu nationalism in the US: Changing configurations of political practice,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 23( 3): 467–96.Google Scholar

Ramachandran, C. R. 2013. “Little reason to restrict freedom of speech,” The Hindu, September 26, 2013. Available at: www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/little-reason-to-restrict-the-freedom-of-speech/article5169173.ece.Google Scholar

Savarkar, V. D. 1969. Hindutva: Who Is a Hindu? 5th edition. Bombay: Veer Savarkar Prakashan.Google Scholar

Sharma, A. 2010. Hindu Narratives on Human Rights. Santa Barbara: Praeger.Google Scholar

Smith, D. E. 1999. “India as a secular state,” in Bhargava, R., Bagchi, A., and Sudarshan, R. (eds.), Multiculturalism, Liberalism and Democracy. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 177–233.Google Scholar

Vanaik, A. 1997. The Furies of Indian Communalism: Religion, Modernity, and Secularization. London: Verso.Google Scholar

Bentham, J. 1843. The Works, 4. Bowring, J. (ed.). Edinburgh: William Tait.Google Scholar

Berlin, I. 2004. Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bondes, M. and Schücher, G. 2014. “Derailed emotions: The transformation of claims and targets during the Wenzhou online incident,” Information, Communication & Society 17(1): 45–65.Google Scholar

Central Committee 2011. Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party Decision Concerning Deepening Cultural Structural Reform, October 18, 2011. Translation available at: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2011/10/18/central-committee-of-the-chinese-communist-party-decision-concerning-deepening-cultural-structural-reform/.Google Scholar

Clinton, W. 2000. Remarks at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Creemers, R. 2016. “Cyber China: Upgrading propaganda, public opinion work and social management for the twenty-first century,” Journal of Contemporary China, Online First.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Creemers, R. 2015. “The privilege of speech and new media: Conceptualizing China’s communications law in the internet era,” in DeLisle, J. et al. (eds.), The Internet, Social Media and a Changing China. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Dickson, B. 1997. Democratization in China and Taiwan: The Adaptability of Leninist Parties. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Guy, K. 1987. The Emperor’s Four Treasuries: Scholars and the State in the Late Ch’ien-lung Era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hookway, B. 2000. Pandemonium: The Rise of Predatory Locales in the Postwar World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press.Google Scholar

Liu, X. 2009. “The Internet is God’s present to China,” The Times, April 28, 2009. Available at: www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/columnists/article2048790.ece.Google Scholar

Mao, Z. 1942. Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art. Translation available at: www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-3/mswv3_08.htm.Google Scholar

Minzner, C. and Wang, Y. 2015. “Rise of the Chinese security state,” China Quarterly 339: 222–46.Google Scholar

Mitter, R. 2005. A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Mote, F. 2003. Imperial China 900–1800. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

People’s Daily 2013. “Wangluo mingren gongshi gongshou ‘qige dixian’” (“Online Celebrities’ Common Understanding and Joint Respect of the ‘Seven Baselines’”), August 11, 2013. Translation available at: http://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2013/08/13/online-celebrities-common-understanding-and-joint-respect-of-the-seven-baselines/.Google Scholar

Pye, L. 1988. The Mandarin and the Cadre. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Rawski, E. 1979. Education and Popular Literacy in Ch’ing China. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Schoenhals, M. 1991. “The 1978 truth criterion controversy,” The China Quarterly 126: 243–68.Google Scholar

SCMP 2013. “Prominent scholar He Weifang says ‘goodbye’ to online debate,” China Insider, December 31, 2013. Available at: www.scmp.com/news/china-insider/article/1394040/prominent-scholar-he-weifang-says-goodbye-online-debate.Google Scholar

Supreme People’s Court 2013. “Interpretation Concerning Some Questions of Applicable Law When Handling Uses of Information Networks to Commit Defamation and Other Such Criminal Cases.” Translation available at: https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2013/09/06/interpretation-concerning-some-questions-of-applicable-law-when-handling-uses-of-information-networks-to-commit-defamation-and-other-such-criminal-cases/.Google Scholar

Vittinghoff, N. 2002. Die Anfänge des Journalismus in China (1860–1911). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar

Abramatic, J.-F. 1999. Développement technique de l’Internet: rapport remis à M.Christian Pierret, secrétaire d’Etat à l’industrie (Technical Development of the Internet: Report to M. Christian Pierret, Deputy Minister of the Industry). Paris: La Documentation Française.Google Scholar

Balibar, E. 1991. “The nation form: History and ideology,” in Balibar, E. and Wallerstein, I. (eds.), Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities. London: Verso, pp. 86–106, republished in Eley, G. and Suny, R. G. (eds.) 1996, Becoming National: A Reader. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 132–49.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, P. 1992. “Deux impérialismes de l’universel” (“Two universalist imperialisms”), in Fauré, C. and Bishop, T. (eds.), L’Amérique des Français. Paris: Editions François Bourin, pp. 149–55.Google Scholar

Conklin, A. 1997. A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Directorate-General of Global Affairs, Development and Partnerships 2011. France and the Global Challenges of Information and Communication Technologies. Paris: French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs.Google Scholar

Falque-Pierrotin, I. 1997. Internet: Enjeux juridiques. Rapport au Ministre Délégué à la Poste, aux Télécommunications et à l’Espace et au Ministre de la Culture (Internet: Legal Stakes. Report to the Deputy Minister of the Post, Telecommunications, and Space, and to the Minister of Culture). Paris: La Documentation Française.Google Scholar

Froomkin, A. M. 1997. “The Internet as a source of regulatory arbitrage,” in Kahin, B. and Nesson, C. (eds.), Borders in Cyberspace. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 129–63.Google Scholar

Garza, C. A. 2000. “Measuring language rights along a spectrum,” Yale Law Journal 110: 379–86.Google Scholar

Hérvé, P. 1949. “Serons nous Cocacolonisés?” (“Will we be coca-colonized”) L’Humanité, November 8, 1949.Google Scholar

Hoffman, S. 2000. “Deux universalismes en conflit” (“Two conflicting universalisms”), La Revue Tocqueville 21(1): 65–71.Google Scholar

Hollihan, T. and Baaske, K. 2005. Arguments and Arguing: The Products and Process of Human Decision Making. Long Grove: Waveland.Google Scholar

Jeanneney, J.-N. 2005. “Quand Google défie l’Europe” (“When Google challenges Europe”), Le Monde, January 22, 2005.Google Scholar

Kuisel, R. F. 1991. “Coca-Cola and the Cold War: The French face Americanization 1948–1953,” French Historical Studies 17( 1): 96–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Legrand, P. 1996. “Comparer” (“To Compare”), Revue Internationale De Droit Comparé 48: 279–318.Google Scholar

Mailland, J. 2001. “Freedom of speech, the Internet, and the costs of control: The French example,” New York University Journal of International Law & Politics 33( 4): 1179–234.Google Scholar

Mailland, J. 2016. “101 online: American Minitel network and lessons from its failure,” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 38( 1): 2–18.Google Scholar

Martin-Lalande, P. 1998. L’internet: Un vrai défi pour la France: Rapport au premier ministre (The Internet: A Real Challenge for France: Report to the Prime Minister). Paris: La Documentation Française.Google Scholar

Meiklejohn, A. 1955. “Testimony on the meaning of the First Amendment, address before the US Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights,” Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, hearings, eighty-fourth Congress, first session.Google Scholar

Meyer, T. 2012. “Graduated response in France: The clash of copyright and the Internet,” Journal of Information Policy 2: 107–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nora, S. and Minc, A. 1981. The Computerization of Society. Cambridge and London: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Nunberg, G. 2005. “Letting the net speak for itself: Fears of an ‘Anglo-Saxon’ takeover of the online world are unfounded,” Mercury News, April 17, 2005. Available at: http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~nunberg/weblg.html.Google Scholar

Price, M. 1994. “The market for loyalties: Electronic media and the global competition for allegiances,” Yale Law Journal 104: 667–705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Price, M. 1995a. “Law, force and the Russian media,” Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal 13: 795–846.Google Scholar

Price, M. 1995b. Television: The Public Sphere and National Identity. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Price, M. 1997. “The market for loyalties and the uses of ‘comparative media law’,” Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law 5: 445–65.Google Scholar

Price, M. 2001. “The newness of new technologies,” Cardozo Law Review 22: 1885–913.Google Scholar

Price, M. 2002. Media and Sovereignty: The Global Information Revolution and its Challenge to State Power. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Renand, E. 1882. “What is a nation?” (M. Thom, trans.), in Eley, G. and Suny, R. G. (eds.), Becoming National: A Reader. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 50–5.Google Scholar

Reporters Without Borders 2012. “2012 Surveillance – France,” March 12, 2012. Available at: http://en.rsf.org/france-france-12-03-2012,42071.html.Google Scholar

Reuters 2000. “G8 complains of digital havens: French hate ‘unfettered freedom’,” May 13, 2000.Google Scholar

Schiller, H. 1976. Communication and Cultural Domination. New York: International Arts and Sciences Press.Google Scholar

Schloesser, S. 2005. Jazz Age Catholicism: Mystic Modernism in Postwar Paris, 1919–1933. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar

Scott, J. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Thussu, D. K. 2006. International Communication: Continuity and Change. 2nd ed. London: Hodder Arnold Publication.Google Scholar

Weber, E. 1976. Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Whitman, J. Q. 2000. “Enforcing civility and respect: Three societies,” Yale Law Journal 109: 1279–398.Google Scholar

Aalen, L. 2002. “Ethnic federalism in a dominant party state: The Ethiopian experience 1991–2000,” Chr. Michelson Institute. Available at: www.cmi.no/publications/769-ethnic-federalism-in-a-dominant-party-state.Google Scholar

Anderson, B. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.Google Scholar

Barr, C. 2011. “Ethiopia uses anti-terror laws to silence critical journalists,” Guardian, September 29, 2011. Available at: www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2011/sep/29/press-freedom-ethiopia.Google Scholar

BBC 2016. “Seven things banned under Ethiopia’s state of emergency,” BBC News, October 17, 2016. Available at: www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-37679165.Google Scholar

Carter Center, (The) 2005. “Final statement on the Carter Center Observation of Ethiopia’s 2005 National Elections,” September 2005. Atlanta, GA: Carter Center.Google Scholar

Dahir, A. L. 2016. “Internet shutdown could cost Ethiopia’s booming economy millions of dollars,” Quartz Africa, October 19, 2016. Available at: http://qz.com/812689/oromo-protests-ethiopias-internet-shutdown-could-drain-millions-of-dollars-from-the-economy/.Google Scholar

de Certeau, M. 1984. The Practice of Everyday Life. Translated from French by S. Rendall. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Ethiopian Herald, The. 1991. “Editorial,” The Ethiopian Herald, June 6, 1991, p. 7.Google Scholar

Farah, D. and Mosher, A. 2010. “Winds from the East: How the People’s Republic of China seeks to influence the media in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia,” Center for International Media Assistance, September 8, 2010. Available at: www.cima.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/CIMA-China-Report_1.pdf.Google Scholar

Fisher, J. and Anderson, D. M. 2015. “Authoritarianism and the securitization of development in Africa,” International Affairs 91(1): 131–51.Google Scholar

Gagliardone, I. 2014. “New media and the developmental state in Ethiopia,” African Affairs 113(451): 279–99.Google Scholar

Gagliardone, I. 2016. The Politics of Technology in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gagliardone, I. and Golooba-Mutebi, F. 2016. “The evolution of the Internet in Ethiopia and Rwanda: Towards a ‘developmental’ model?,” Stability: International Journal of Security and Development 5(1): 1–24.Google Scholar

Hafkin, N. J. 2006. “‘Whatsupoch’ on the net: The role of information and communication technology in the shaping of transnational Ethiopian identity,” Diaspora 15(2/3): 221–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Human Rights Watch 2014. “‘They know everything we do’: Telecom and Internet surveillance in Ethiopia,” Human Rights Watch, March 15, 2014. Available at: www.hrw.org/report/2014/03/25/they-know-everything-we-do/telecom-and-internet-surveillance-ethiopia.Google Scholar

International Telecommunications Union 2015. “Information society statistical profiles: Africa.”Google Scholar

Jones, W., de Oliveira, R. S., and Verhoeven, H. 2013. “Africa’s illiberal state-builders,” Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford, Working Paper Series No. 89, January 2013. Available at: www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/publications/working-paper-series/wp89-africas-illiberal-state-builders-2013.pdf.Google Scholar

Kurlantzick, J. 2007. Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power Is Transforming the World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Lyons, T. 2007. “Conflict-generated diasporas and transnational politics in Ethiopia,” Conflict, Security & Development 7(4): 529–49.Google Scholar

Nkomo, S. and Wafula, A. 2016. “Strong public support for ‘watchdog’ role backs African news media under attack,” Afrobarometer, May 3, 2016. Available at: http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno85_media_in_africa_world_press_freedom_day.pdf.Google Scholar

OpenNet Initiative 2007. “Internet filtering in Ethiopia in 2006–2007,” OpenNet Initiative. Available at: https://opennet.net/studies/Ethiopia2007.Google Scholar

Poetrano, I. 2012. “Update on information controls in Ethiopia,” OpenNet Initiative. Available at: https://opennet.net/blog/2012/11/update-information-controls-ethiopia.Google Scholar

Stremlau, N. 2011. “The press and the political restructuring of Ethiopia,” Journal of Eastern African Studies 5(4): 716–32.Google Scholar

US Embassy in Addis Ababa. 2009. Cable #09ADDISABABA149.Google Scholar

Zhao, L. 2013. “Contributing to the development of Ethiopia with wisdom and strength,” ZTE, June 12, 2009. Available at: wwwen.zte.com.cn/endata/magazine/ztetechnologies/2009year/no6/articles/200906/t20090612_172517.html.Google Scholar