The Advent of Surround Sound

In the 1970s and 1980s, Dolby Labs in the USA, run by Ray Dolby, improved the cinematic sound experience. Noise reduction, high-fidelity sound, and surround sound mixing, reproduction, and projection all became industry standards. Gianluca Sergi termed the Dolby company’s intervention in film as the beginning of an era in his book The Dolby Era (2004). Although it could be argued that a film technology company cannot instigate a revolutionary era, this technology emerged due to a distinct interest in spatial audio experiences.

This wave of experimentation with spatial audio arrived later in India due to mainstream film conservatism. 1942: A Love Story (Chopra, 1994) was one of the earliest Indian films to use a Dolby Sound format, becoming a landmark film in surround sound production. The film’s sound was mixed at the Dolby SR facility in London. Romantic thriller Rangeela (‘Colourful’, Varma, 1995) followed shortly thereafter and became one of few Indian films mixed and released in the Dolby SR format. The company subsequently advanced Dolby Digital technology, now used around the world.

In India innovative and business-savvy filmmakers such as Ram Gopal Varma led the way in incorporating new technologies such as Dolby Digital into their work. Varma utilized Dolby Digital, using its noise reduction and surround sound capabilities, in Daud (Run, 1997). Verma incorporated such technologies to produce a cleaner, gentrified and ‘corporate’ sound design in cinema, in which electronic music with capacity to render low frequency tones played a major role. Verma’s film sound work is remarkable in its ability to use sound and music for psychological manoeuvring of his audiences and listeners.