Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T20:19:27.481Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 5 - Poverty, Deprivation, and Social Exclusion in the United Kingdom

from Section 1 - Social Exclusion, Poverty, and Inequality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 November 2022

Jed Boardman
Affiliation:
King's College London
Helen Killaspy
Affiliation:
University College London
Gillian Mezey
Affiliation:
St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London
Get access

Summary

Here we look at poverty from a quantitative viewpoint to examine trends over time as well as highlighting the social and demographic groups who are most disadvantaged. This reveals a section of society that faces the hardship of life on reduced resources and that lack the necessities for daily living. It also shows the central role that poverty plays in the notion of social exclusion, particularly in exclusion from social activities. Since the 1970s there has been an increase in poverty in the UK, alongside an increase in the cost of key necessities such as energy and housing costs. unstable and under-employment, problem debt. and financial instability, alongside stringent reforms of the social security system, all of which have disproportionately affected those on low incomes. Associated with these has been an increase in material deprivation and the dramatic rise in foodbanks, and we see increasingly precarious and risky lives lived by significant sections of the population. This changing social and economic environment has implications both for the quality of life of people living with mental health conditions as well as the health and well-being of significant numbers of the general population.

Type
Chapter
Information
Social Inclusion and Mental Health
Understanding Poverty, Inequality and Social Exclusion
, pp. 87 - 115
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alkire, S., Roche, J. M., Sumner, A. (2013) Where Do the World’s Multidimensionally Poor People Live? Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI). Oxford Department of International Development.Google Scholar
Atkinson, A. B. (2015) Inequality: What Can be Done? Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bailey, N. (2018) Employment, poverty and social exclusion. In Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK. Volume 2: Dimensions of Disadvantage (ed. Bramley, G & Bailey, N). Policy Press, pp. 159–78.Google Scholar
Bailey, N., Besemer, K., Bramley, G. and Livingston, M. (2015) How neighbourhood social mix shapes access to resources from social networks and from services. Housing Studies, 30, 2, 295314.Google Scholar
Bailey, N., Fahmy, E., Bradshaw, J. (2018) The multidimensional analysis of social exclusion. In Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK. Volume 2: Dimensions of Disadvantage (ed. Bramley, G & Bailey, N). Policy Press, pp. 311–43.Google Scholar
Bailey, N. and Gannon, M. (2018) More similarities than differences: Poverty and social exclusion in rural and urban locations. In Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK. Volume 1 – The Nature and Extent of Poverty (ed. Dermott, E. & Main, G). Policy Press, pp. 219–38.Google Scholar
Baxter, D. and Fahnbulleh, M. (2017) The ‘Not Quite Managings’: The Depth of Income Crisis in the UK. Institute for Public Policy Research.Google Scholar
Barnes, M. (2005) Social Exclusion in Great Britain: An Empirical Investigation and Comparison with the EU. Ashgate.Google Scholar
Bennett, F. & Daly, M. (2014) Poverty through a Gender Lens: Evidence and Policy Review on Gender and Poverty. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Berthoud, R. (2003) Multiple Disadvantage in Employment: A Quantitative Analysis. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Berthoud, R. & Bryan, M. (2010) Income, deprivation and poverty: A longitudinal analysis. Jnl Soc. Pol. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279410000504.Google Scholar
Black, M. E. & Jeffery, H. E. (2007) Child wellbeing and inequalities in rich countries. BMJ, 335, 1054–5.Google Scholar
Bourquin, P., Joyce, R., & Norris Keiller, A. (2020) Living Standards, Poverty and Inequality in the UK: 2020. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, S., Chant, S., & Linneker, B. (2017). Gender and poverty: What we know, don’t know and need to know for agenda 2030. Gender, Place, and Culture. 24, 12, 1667–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2017.1395821.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, J., Finch, N., Kemp, P., et al. (2003) Gender and Poverty in Britain. Working paper series, no. 6. Equal Opportunities Commission, Manchester.Google Scholar
Bramley, G. (2018) Housing and the living environment. In Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK. Volume 2: Dimensions of Disadvantage (ed. Bramley, G & Bailey, N). Policy Press, pp. 225–44.Google Scholar
Bramley, G. & Bailey, N. (eds.) (2018a) Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK. Volume 2: Dimensions of Disadvantage. Policy Press.Google Scholar
Bramley, G. & Bailey, N. (2018b) Conclusions and emerging themes. In Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK. Volume 2: Dimensions of Disadvantage (ed. Bramley, G & Bailey, N). Policy Press, pp. 343–62.Google Scholar
Bramley, G. & Bessemer, K. (2018) Financial inclusion, financial stress and debt. In Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK. Volume 2: Dimensions of Disadvantage (ed. Bramley, G & Bailey, N). Policy Press, pp. 267–88.Google Scholar
Brewer, M., Browne, J., & Joyce, R. (2011) Child and Working-Age Poverty from 2010 to 2020. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Burchardt, T. (2000) Social exclusion: Concepts and evidence. In Breadline Europe: The Measurement of Poverty (ed. Gordon, D. & Towsend, P.). Policy Press, pp. 385405.Google Scholar
Burchardt, T., Le Grand, J. & Piachaud, D. (1999) Social Exclusion in Britain 1991–1995. Social Policy & Administration 33, 3, 227–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabinet Office (2007) Reaching Out: Think Family. Cabinet Office.Google Scholar
Cloke, P., Goodwin, M. & Milbourne, P. (1997) Rural Wales: Community and Marginalisation. University of Wales Press.Google Scholar
Cloke, P., Milbourne, P. & Thomas, C. (1994) Lifestyles in Rural England. Rural Development Commission.Google Scholar
Cribb, J., Waters, T., Wernham, T., & Xu, X. (2021) Living Standards, Poverty and Inequality in the UK: 2021. Institute for Fiscal Studies.Google Scholar
Davis, A., Hirsch, D., Padley, M., & Shepherd, C. (2020) A Minimum Income Standard for the United Kingdom in 2020. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Deaton, A. (2013) The Great Escape. Health, Wealth, and the Origins of Inequality. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Department of Social Security (2000) Households Below Average Income 1998/9. Corporate Document Services.Google Scholar
Department for Work and Pensions (2006) Households Below Average Income 1994/5–2004/5. TSO (The Stationery Office).Google Scholar
Dermott, E. & Main, G. Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK. Volume 1: The nature and Extent of the Problem. Policy Press.Google Scholar
Dermott, E. & Pantazis, C. (2018) Which men and women are poor? Gender, poverty and social exclusion. In Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK. Volume 1: The nature and Extent of the Problem (ed. Dermott, E. & Main, G). Policy Press, pp. 95114.Google Scholar
Dorling, D. (2014) Inequality and the 1%. Verso.Google Scholar
Economic Policy Unit (2020) Racial disparities in income and poverty remain largely unchanged amid strong income growth in 2019. www.epi.org/blog/racial-disparities-in-income-and-poverty-remain-largely-unchanged-amid-strong-income-growth-in-2019/Google Scholar
Ermisch, J., Francesconi, M. & Pevalin, D. J. (2001) The Outcomes for Children of Poverty (Research report 158). Department for Work and Pensions.Google Scholar
Fahmy, E. (2018) Poverty, social exclusion and civic engagement. In Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK. Volume 2: Dimensions of Disadvantage (ed. Bramley, G & Bailey, N). Policy Press, pp. 179–99.Google Scholar
Fahmy, E., Pemberton, S., & Sutton, E. (2012) Public Perceptions of Poverty and Social Exclusion: Final Report on Focus Group Findings. Working Paper – Analysis Series No. 3. PSE-UK.Google Scholar
Feinstein, L. (2003) Inequality in the early cognitive development of British children in the 1970 cohort. Economica, 70, 7397.Google Scholar
Feinstein, L. & Bynner, J. (2004) The importance of cognitive development in middle childhood for adult socioeconomic status, mental health, and problem behaviour. Child Development, 75, 1329–39.Google Scholar
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J. & Lynskey, M. (1994) The childhoods of multiple problem adolescents: A 15-year longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 1123–40.Google Scholar
Finch, D. (2016) Hanging On: The Stresses and Strains of Britain’s ‘Just Managing’ Families. Resolution Foundation.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, S., Bramley, G., Sosenko, F., et al. (2016) Destitution in the UK. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, S., Bramley, G., Sosenko, F., et al. (2018) Destitution in the UK 2018. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, S., Bramley, G., Blenkinsopp, J., et al. (2020) Destitution in the UK 2020. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Francis-Devine, B. (2020) Poverty in the UK: Statistics. Briefing Paper Number 7096, 18 June 2020. House of Commons Library.Google Scholar
Goldthorpe, J. H. (2010) Analysing social inequality: A critique of two recent contributions from economics and epidemiology. European Sociological Review, 26, 6, 731–44, 731. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcp046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, D. (2017a) PSE-UK 2012: Survey Producing an ‘Objective’ Poverty Line in Eight Easy Steps. PSE UK.Google Scholar
Gordon, D. (2017b) PSE-UK 2012 Survey Note on the Poverty & Deprivation Measures. PSE UK.Google Scholar
Gordon, D., Adelman, L., Ashworth, K., et al. (2000) Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Gordon, D., Mack, J., Lansley, S., et al. (2013) The Impoverishment of the UK PSE UK first results: Living Standards. PSE UK.Google Scholar
Gregg, P., Harkness, S. & Machin, S. (1999) Child Development and Family Income. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Griggs, J. & Walker, R. (2008) The Costs of Child Poverty for Individuals and Society: A Literature Review. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Hills, J., Sefton, T. & Stewart, K. (2009) Towards a More Equal Society? Poverty, Inequality and Policy since 1997. Policy Press.Google Scholar
Hirsch, D. (2006a) What Will It Take to End Child Poverty: Firing on All Cylinders. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Hirsch, D. (2006b) Ending Child Poverty in a Changing Economy. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Hirsch, D. (2009) Ending Child Poverty in a Changing Economy. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
HM Treasury (2006) The Leitch Review of Skills: Prosperity for All in the Global Economy, World Class Skills. HM Treasury.Google Scholar
Innes, D. (2020) What Has Driven the Rise of In-Work Poverty? Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2014) Reducing Poverty in the UK: A Collection of Evidence Reviews. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2020) UK Poverty 2019/20. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2021) UK Poverty 2020/21. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Judge, L. & Slaughter, H. (2020) Working Hard(ship): An Exploration of Poverty, Work and Tenure. Resolution Foundation.Google Scholar
Kapadia, D., Nazroo, J. & Clark, K. (2015) Have ethnic inequalities in the labour market persisted? In Ethnic Identity and Inequalities in Britain: The Dynamics of Ethnicity (ed. Jivraj, S. & Simpson, L). The Policy Press, pp. 161–80.Google Scholar
Karlsen, S. & Pantazis, C. (2018) Better understandings of ethnic variations: ethnicity, poverty, and social exclusion. In Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK. Volume 1: The nature and Extent of the Problem (ed. Dermott, E. & Main, G). Policy Press, pp. 115–34.Google Scholar
Kempson, E., McKay, S. & Willets, M. (2004) Characteristics of Families in Debt and the Nature of Indebtedness. Research Report 21. Department for Work and Pensions.Google Scholar
Lansley, S. & Mack, J. (2015) Breadline Britain: The Rise of Mass Poverty. One World.Google Scholar
Levitas, R. (2006) The concept and measurement of social exclusion. In Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain (ed. Pantazis, P., Gordon, D., & Levitas, R). Policy Press, pp. 123–60.Google Scholar
Levitas, R., Pantazis, C., Fahmy, E., et al. (2007) The Multidimensional Analysis of Social Exclusion: A Research Report for the Social Exclusion Task Force. Cabinet Office.Google Scholar
Lister, R. (2004) Poverty. Polity Press.Google Scholar
MacInnes, T., Aldridge, H., Bushe, S., Kenway, P., and Tinson, A. (2013) Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
MacInnes, T., Tinson, A., Gaffney, D., Horgan, G., & Baumberg, B. (2014) Disability, Long Term Conditions and Poverty. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Mack, J. (2018) Fifty years of poverty in the UK. In Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK. Volume 2: Dimensions of Disadvantage (ed. Bramley, G & Bailey, N). Policy Press, pp. 2555.Google Scholar
Main, G and Bradshaw, J. (2014) Child Poverty and Social Exclusion: Final Report of 2012 PSE Study. PSE UK.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, B. (1986) The rhetoric and reality of rural deprivation. Journal of Rural Studies, 2, 291307.Google Scholar
Milbourne, P. (2006) Poverty, Social Exclusion and Welfare in Rural Britain. Institute for Public Policy Research.Google Scholar
Milbourne, P. & Hughes, R. (2005) Poverty and Social Exclusion in Rural Wales. Wales Rural Observatory.Google Scholar
Mitchell, F., Neuberger, J., Radebe, D., et al. (2004) Living in Limbo: Survey of Homeless Households Living in Temporary Accommodation. Shelter.Google Scholar
Mood, C and Jonsson, J. (2016) The social consequences of poverty: An empirical test on longitudinal data. Soc Indic Res 127, 633–52.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0983-9.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2018) The 2008 Recession 10 years on. 30 April 2018. www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/articles/the2008recession10yearson/2018-04-30.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2019) Persistent Poverty in the UK and EU: 2017. London: Office for National Statistics.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2021) Household Income Inequality, UK: Financial Year Ending 2020. Release date 21 January 2021. www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/incomeandwealth/bulletins/householdincomeinequalityfinancial/financialyearending2020.Google Scholar
Pantazis, P., Gordon, D. & Levitas, R. (2006) Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain. Policy Press.Google Scholar
Payne, S. & Pantazis, C. (1997) Poverty and gender. In Breadline Britain in the 1990s (ed. Gordon, D. & Pantazis, C.). Ashgate, pp. 97114.Google Scholar
Pickett, K. E. & Wilkinson, R. G. (2007) Child wellbeing and income inequality in rich societies: Ecological cross sectional study. BMJ, 335, 1080–7.Google Scholar
Platt, L. (2002) Parallel Lives? Poverty among Ethnic Minority Groups in Britain. Child Poverty Action Group.Google Scholar
Pleasence, P., Buck, A., Balmer, N., et al. (2007) A Helping Hand: The Impact of Debt Advice on People’s Lives. LSRC Research Paper No. 15. Legal Services Commission.Google Scholar
Rohwerder, B. (2016). Poverty and Inequality: Topic Guide. GSDRC, University of Birmingham.Google Scholar
Savage, M. & Friedman, S. (2015) Social class in the 21st century. Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Sefton, T., Hills, J. & Sutherland, H. (2009) Poverty, inequality and redistribution. In Towards a More Equal Society? Poverty, Inequality and Policy since 1997 (ed. Hills, J, Sefton, T, & Stewart, K). Policy Press, pp. 2145.Google Scholar
Shepherd, A. (2011) Tackling Chronic Poverty. The Policy Implications of Research on Chronic Poverty and Poverty Dynamics. Chronic Poverty Research Centre (CPRC).Google Scholar
Shucksmith, M., Chapman, P. & Clark, G. (1996) Rural Scotland Today: The Best of Both Worlds. Avebury.Google Scholar
Sinclair, A. (2007) 0–5: How Small Children Make a Big Difference. The Work Foundation.Google Scholar
Social Metrics Commission (2018) A New Measure of Poverty for the UK. Social Metrics CommissionGoogle Scholar
Social Metrics Commission (2020) Measuring Poverty 2020: A Report of the Social Metrics Commission. London: Social Metrics Commission.Google Scholar
Standing, G. (2011) The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Stansfeld, S. A., Clark, C., Rodgers, B., et al. (2008) Childhood and adult socio-economic position and midlife depressive and anxiety disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 152–3.Google Scholar
Stewart, K., Sefton, T. & Hills, J. (2009) Introduction. In Towards a More Equal Society? Poverty, Inequality and Policy since 1997 (ed. Hills, J, Sefton, T, & Stewart, K). Policy Press, pp. 118.Google Scholar
Stuckler, D. & Basu, S. (2013) The Body Economic: Why Austerity Kills. Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Stuckler, D., Reeves, A., Loopstra, R., Karanikolos, M., & McKee, M. (2017) Austerity and health: the impact in the UK and Europe. European Journal of Public Health 27 (4), 821. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx167.Google Scholar
Timmins, N. (1995) The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State. HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Townsend, P. (1979) Poverty in the United Kingdom. Penguin.Google Scholar
UNICEF (2007) Child Poverty in Perspective: An Overview of Child Well-Being in Rich Countries. Innocenti Report Card 7. UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.Google Scholar
Vostanis, P. & Cumella, S. (1999) Homeless Children: Problems and Needs. Jessica Kingsley.Google Scholar
Walsh, K., O’Shea, E., & Scharf, T. (2020) Rural old-age social exclusion: a conceptual framework on mediators of exclusion across the lifecourse. Ageing & Society, 40, 2311–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X19000606.Google Scholar
Whelan, C., Layte, R. & Maitre, B (2003) Persistent income poverty and deprivation in the European Union. Journal of Social Policy, 32, 1, 118.Google Scholar
Whelan, C., Layte, R., & Maitre, B. (2004) Understanding the mismatch between income poverty and deprivation: a dynamic comparative analysis. European Sociological Review, 20, 4, 287302.Google Scholar
Wilson, W., Fahmy, E., & Bailey, N. (2018) Social participation and social support. In Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK. Volume 2: Dimensions of Disadvantage (ed. Bramley, G & Bailey, N). Policy Press, pp. 137–57.Google Scholar
World Bank (2018). Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2018: Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle. World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank (2020). Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020: Reversals of Fortune. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1602-4.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×