Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T21:15:26.975Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 1 - Anatomy and Physiology of Olfaction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 January 2018

Christopher H. Hawkes
Affiliation:
Barts and the London School of Medicine and Surgery
Richard L. Doty
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adrian, E.D., 1942. Olfactory reactions in the brain of the hedgehog. Journal of Physiology 100, 459473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amoore, J.E., 1967. Specific anosmia: A clue to the olfactory code. Nature 214, 10951098.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, A.K., Christoff, K., Stappen, I., et al. 2003. Dissociated neural representations of intensity and valence in human olfaction. Nature Neuroscience 6, 196202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Appelbaum, L., Wang, G., Yokogawa, T., et al. 2010. Circadian and homeostatic regulation of structural synaptic plasticity in hypocretin neurons. Neuron 68, 8798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baier, P.C., Weinhold, S.L., Huth, V., et al. 2008. Olfactory dysfunction in patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy is restored by intranasal Orexin A (Hypocretin-1). Brain 131, 27342741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baylis, L.L., Rolls, E.T., Baylis, G.C., 1995. Afferent connections of the caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex taste area of the primate. Neuroscience 64, 801812.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benarroch, E.E., 2015. The amygdala Functional organization and involvement in neurologic disorders. Neurology 84, 313324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benbernou, N., Robin, S., Tacher, S., et al. 2011. cAMP and IP3 signaling pathways in HEK293 cells transfected with canine olfactory receptor genes. Journal of Heredity 102 Suppl 1, S47S61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergmann, O., Spalding, K.L., Frisen, J., 2015. Adult neurogenesis in humans. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 7, a018994.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bower, J.H., Maraganore, D.M., Peterson, B.J., Ahlskog, J.E., Rocca, W.A., 2006. Immunologic diseases, anti-inflammatory drugs, and Parkinson disease: A case-control study. Neurology 67, 494496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braak, H., Braak, E., 1998. Evolution of neuronal changes in the course of Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neural Transmission 53, 127140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braak, H., Braak, E., Yilmazer, D., et al. 1996. Pattern of brain destruction in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Journal of Neural Transmission 103, 455490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bryant, B., Silver, W.L. 2000. Chemesthesis: The common chemical sense. In: Finger, TE, Silver, WL, Restrepo, D (Eds.). The Neurobiology of Taste and Smell. 2nd edition. New York: Wiley-Liss, p. 73.Google Scholar
Buchanan, T.W., Tranel, D., Adolphs, R., 2003. A specific role for the human amygdala in olfactory memory. Learning & Memory 10, 319325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchel, C., Morris, J., Dolan, R.J., Friston, K.J., 1998. Brain systems mediating aversive conditioning: An event-related fMRI study. Neuron 20, 947957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buck, L., Axel, R., 1991. A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: A molecular basis for odor recognition. Cell 65, 175187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cameron, E.L., 2007. Measures of human olfactory perception during pregnancy. Chemical Senses 32, 775782.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cameron, E.L., 2014. Pregnancy and olfaction: A review. Frontiers in Psychology February 6(5): 67. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comfort, A., Whissell-Buechy, D., Amoore, J.E., 1973. Odour-blindness to musk: Simple recessive inheritance. Nature 245, 157158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connelly, T., Farmer, J.M., Lynch, D.R., Doty, R.L., 2003. Olfactory dysfunction in degenerative ataxias. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry 74, 14351437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coopersmith, R., Henderson, S.R., Leon, M. 1986. Odor specificity of the enhanced neural response following early odor experience in rats. Brain Research 392, 191197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coutureau, E., Di Scala, G., 2009. Entorhinal cortex and cognition. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 33, 753761.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craig, A.D., 2009. How do you feel now? the anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10, 5970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dade, L.A., Zatorre, R.J., Jones-Gotman, M., 2002. Olfactory learning: Convergent findings from lesion and brain imaging studies in humans. Brain 125, 86101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalton, P., Doolittle, N., Breslin, P.A. 2002. Gender-specific induction of enhanced sensitivity to odors. Nature Neuroscience 5, 199200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Devanand, D.P., Lee, S., Manly, J., et al. 2015. Olfactory identification deficits are associated with increased mortality in a multiethnic urban community. Annals of Neurology 78, 401411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doty, R.L., 2008. The olfactory vector hypothesis of neurodegenerative disease: Is it viable? Annals of Neurology 63, 715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doty, R.L. 2015. Neurotoxic exposure and alterations in olfaction and gustation. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 131, 299324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doty, R.L., Applebaum, S., Zusho, H., Settle, R.G., 1985. Sex differences in odor identification ability: A cross-cultural analysis. Neuropsychologia 23, 667672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doty, R.L., Cameron, E.L., 2009. Sex differences and reproductive hormone influences on human odor perception. Physiology & Behavior 97, 213228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doty, R.L., Ferguson-Segall, M. 1989. Influence of castration on the odor detection performance of male rats. Behavioral Neuroscience 103: 691693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doty, R.L., Shaman, P., Applebaum, S.L., et al. 1984. Smell identification ability: Changes with age. Science 226, 14411443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doty, R.L., Snyder, P.J., Huggins, G.R., Lowry, L.D., 1981. Endocrine, cardiovascular, and psychological correlated of olfactory sensitivity changes during the human menstrual cycle. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Physiology 95, 4560.Google ScholarPubMed
Duda, J.E., 2010. Olfactory system pathology as a model of Lewy neurodegenerative disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 289, 4954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebrahimi, F.A., Chess, A., 1998. Olfactory G proteins: Simple and complex signal transduction. Current Biology 8, R431R433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eichenbaum, H., Shedlack, K.J., Eckmann, K.W., 1980. Thalamocortical mechanisms in odor-guided behavior. I. Effects of lesions of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and frontal cortex on olfactory discrimination in the rat. Brain. Behavior & Evolution 17, 255275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisthen, H.L., Delay, R.J., Wirsig-Wiechmann, C.R., Dionne, V.E., 2000. Neuromodulatory effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone on olfactory receptor neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 20, 39473955.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elsaesser, R., Montani, G., Tirindelli, R., Paysan, J., 2005. Phosphatidyl-inositide signalling proteins in a novel class of sensory cells in the mammalian olfactory epithelium. European Journal of Neuroscience 21, 26922700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldmesser, E., Bercovich, D., Avidan, N., et al. 2007. Mutations in olfactory signal transduction genes are not a major cause of human congenital general anosmia. Chemical Senses 32, 2130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferdon, S., Murphy, C., 2003. The cerebellum and olfaction in the aging brain: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroimage 20, 1221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez-Ruiz, J., Diaz, R., Hall-Haro, C., et al. 2003. Olfactory dysfunction in hereditary ataxia and basal ganglia disorders. Neuroreport 14, 13391341.Google ScholarPubMed
Ferreyra-Moyano, H., Barragan, E., 1989. The olfactory system and Alzheimer’s disease. Int. International Journal of Neuroscience 49, 157197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Floriano, W.B., Vaidehi, N., Goddard, W.A. III, Singer, M.S., Shepherd, G.M., 2000. Molecular mechanisms underlying differential odor responses of a mouse olfactory receptor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, 1071210716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freitag, J., Ludwig, G., Andreini, I., Rossler, P., Breer, H., 1998. Olfactory receptors in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates. Journal of Comparative Physiology A-:Neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology 183, 635650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, G.N., Burger, P.C., 1990. Nervus terminalis (cranial nerve zero) in the adult human. Clinical Neuropathology 9, 279283.Google ScholarPubMed
Ghadami, M., Majidzadeh, A., Morovvati, S., et al. 2004. Isolated congenital anosmia with morphologically normal olfactory bulb in two Iranian families: A new clinical entity? American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 127A, 307309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, A.N., Wysocki, C.J., 1987. The smell survey results. National Geographic 172, 514525.Google Scholar
Gilbert, A.N., Wysocki, C.J., 1991. Quantitative assessment of olfactory experience during pregnancy. Psychosomatic Medicine 53, 693700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gloor, P., 1997. The Temporal Lobe and the Limbic System. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Y.P., MacFarlane, J., MacDonald, M.L., et al. 2007. Loss-of-function mutations in the Nav1. 7 gene underlie congenital indifference to pain in multiple human populations. Clinical Genetics 71, 311319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gopinath, B., Sue, C.M., Kifley, A., Mitchell, P., 2012. The association between olfactory impairment and total mortality in older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 67, 204209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottfried, J.A., 2010. Central mechanisms of odour object perception. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 11(9), 628641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottfried, J.A., Dolan, R.J., 2003. The nose smells what the eye sees: Crossmodal visual facilitation of human olfactory perception. Neuron 39, 375386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottfried, J.A., Dolan, R.J., 2004. Human orbitofrontal cortex mediates extinction learning while accessing conditioned representations of value. Nature Neuroscience 7, 11441152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottfried, J.A., O’Doherty, J., Dolan, R.J., 2002. Appetitive and aversive olfactory learning in humans studied using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroscience 22, 1082910837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottfried, J.A., O’Doherty, J., Dolan, R.J., 2003. Encoding predictive reward value in human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Science 301, 11041107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottfried, J.A., Smith, A.P., Rugg, M.D., Dolan, R.J., 2004. Remembrance of odors past: Human olfactory cortex in cross-modal recognition memory. Neuron 42, 687695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottfried, J.A., Small, D.M., Zald, D.H., 2006. Chapter 6, Plate 9. In: Zald, D.H., Rauch, S.L. (Eds.) The Orbitofrontal Cortex. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gottfried, J.A., Winston, J.S., Dolan, R.J., 2006. Dissociable codes of odor quality and odorant structure in human piriform cortex. Neuron 49, 467479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottfried, J.A., Zald, D.H., 2005. On the scent of human olfactory orbitofrontal cortex: Meta-analysis and comparison to non-human primates. Brain Research Reviews 50, 287304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halasz, N., Shepherd, G.M., 1983. Neurochemistry of the vertebrate olfactory bulb. Neuroscience 10, 579619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasan, K., Reddy, S., Barsony, N., 2007. Taste perception in Kallmann syndrome, a model of congenital anosmia. Endocrine Practice 13, 716720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkes, C.H., Shah, M., Fogo, A., 2005. Smell identification declines from age 36 years and mainly affects pleasant odors. Neurology 6(suppl. 1), 579619.Google Scholar
Hinds, J.W., Hinds, P.L., McNelly, N.A., 1984. An autoradiographic study of the mouse olfactory epithelium: Evidence for long-lived receptors. Anatomical Record 210, 375383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinds, J.W., McNelly, N.A., 1977. Aging of the rat olfactory bulb: Growth and atrophy of constituent layers and changes in size and number of mitral cells. Journal of Comparative Neurology 171, 345367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinds, J.W., McNelly, N.A., 1981. Aging in the rat olfactory system: Correlation of changes in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb. Journal of Comparative Neurology 203, 441453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hockaday, T.D., 1966. Hypogonadism and life-long anosmia. Postgraduate Medical Journal 42, 572574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooper, M.W., Vogel, F.S., 1976. Limbic system in Alzheimers disease-neuropathologic investigation. American Journal of Pathology 85, 113.Google Scholar
Höglinger, G.U., Alvarez-Fischer, D., Arias-Carrión, O., et al. 2015. A new dopaminergic nigro-olfactory projection. Acta Neuropathologica 130(3), 333348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudry, J., Ryvlin, P., Royet, J.P., Mauguiere, F., 2001. Odorants elicit evoked potentials in the human amygdala. Cerebral Cortex 11, 619627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudson, R., Arriola, A., Martinez-Gomez, M., Distel, H., 2006. Effect of air pollution on olfactory function in residents of Mexico City. Chem.Senses 31, 7985.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Insausti, R., Marcos, P., Arroyo-Jimenez, M.M., Blaizot, X., Martinez-Marcos, A., 2002. Comparative aspects of the olfactory portion of the entorhinal cortex and its projection to the hippocampus in rodents, nonhuman primates, and the human brain. Brain Research Bulletin 57, 557560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacob, T.J., Wang, L., Jaffer, S., McPhee, S., 2006. Changes in the odor quality of androstadienone during exposure-induced sensitization. Chemical Senses 31, 38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jellinger, K, Braak, H, Braak, E., Fischer, P., 1990. Alzheimer lesions in the entorhinal region and isocortex in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 640, 203209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jin, J., Zelano, C., Gottfried, J.A., Mohanty, A., 2015. Human Amygdala Represents the Complete Spectrum of Subjective Valence. Journal of Neuroscience, 35(45), 1514515156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, M., Zakharov, A., Koh, L., Armstrong, D., 2005. Subarachnoid injection of Microfil reveals connections between cerebrospinal fluid and nasal lymphatics in the non-human primate. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 31, 632640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joyner, R.E., 1963. Olfactory acuity in an industrial population. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 5, 3742.Google Scholar
Kalmey, J.K., Thewissen, J.G.M., Dluzen, D.E., 1998. Age-related size reduction of foramina in the cribriform plate. The Anatomical Record 251, 326329.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karstensen, H.G., Mang, Y., Fark, T., Hummel, T., Tommerup, N., 2014. The first mutation in CNGA2 in two brothers with anosmia. Clinical Genetics 88(3), 293296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kishikawa, M., Iseki, M., Nishimura, M., Sekine, I., Fujii, H., 1990. A histopathological study on senile changes in the human olfactory bulb. Pathology International 40, 255260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolble, N., Hummel, T., von, M.R., Huch, A., Huch, R., 2001. Gustatory and olfactory function in the first trimester of pregnancy. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 99, 179183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kratskin, I.L., Belluzzi, O., 2003. Anatomy and neurochemistry of the olfactory bulb. Neurological Disease & Therapy 57, 139164.Google Scholar
Krmpotic-Nemanic, J., 1969. Presbycusis, presbystasis and presbyosmia as consequences of the analogous biological process. Acta Oto-laryngologica 67, 217223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lai, P.C., Guida, B., Shi, J., Crasto, C.J., 2014. Preferential binding of an odor within olfactory receptors: A precursor to receptor activation. Chemical Senses 39, 107123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsen, S.H., Reader, R.W., Kort, E.N., Tso, W.W., Adler, J., 1974. Change in direction of flagellar rotation is the basis of the chemotactic response in Escherichia coli. Nature 249, 7477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laska, M., Koch, B., Heid, B., Hudson, R., 1996. Failure to demonstrate systematic changes in olfactory perception in the course of pregnancy: A longitudinal study. Chemical Senses 21, 567571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, W., Luxenberg, E., Parrish, T., Gottfried, J.A., 2006. Learning to smell the roses: Experience-dependent neural plasticity in human piriform and orbitofrontal cortices. Neuron 52, 10971108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lois, C., Alvarez-Buylla, A., 1994. Long-distance neuronal migration in the adult mammalian brain. Science 264, 11451148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
London, B., Nabet, B., Fisher, A.R., et al. 2008. Predictors of prognosis in patients with olfactory disturbance. Annals of Neurology, 63(2), 159166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loo, A.T., Youngentob, S.L., Kent, P.F., Schwob, J.E., 1996. The aging olfactory epithelium: Neurogenesis, response to damage, and odorant-induced activity. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 14, 881900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Losa, M., Scheier, H., Rohner, P., et al. 1989. [Long-term course in congenital analgesia]. Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift 119, 13031308.Google ScholarPubMed
Lygonis, C.S., 1969. Familiar absence of olfaction. Hereditas 61, 413416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackay-Sim, A., St.John, J., Schwob, J.E., 2015. Neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium. In: Doty, R.L. (Ed.), Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation. New York: Wiley-Liss, pp. 135158.Google Scholar
Maier, E.C., Saxena, A., Alsina, B., Bronner, M.E., Whitfield, T.T., 2014. Sensational placodes: Neurogenesis in the otic and olfactory systems. Developmental Biology 389, 5067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mainland, R.C., 1945. Absence of olfactory sensation. Journal of Heredity 36, 143144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malnic, B., Godfrey, P.A., Buck, L.B., 2004. The human olfactory receptor gene family. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, 25842589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maresh, A., Rodriguez, G.D., Whitman, M.C., Greer, C.A., 2008. Principles of glomerular organization in the human olfactory bulb –Implications for odor processing. PLoS One 3, e2640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGaughy, J., Koene, R.A., Eichenbaum, H., Hasselmo, M.E., 2005. Cholinergic deafferentation of the entorhinal cortex in rats impairs encoding of novel but not familiar stimuli in a delayed nonmatch-to-sample task. Journal of Neuroscience 25, 1027310281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meisami, E., Bhatnagar, K.P., 1998. Structure and diversity in mammalian accessory olfactory bulb. Microscopy Research and Technique 43, 476499.3.0.CO;2-V>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menco, B.P., Morrison, E.E., 2003. Morphology of the mammalian olfactory epithelium: Form, fine structure, function, and pathology. Neurological Disease and Therapy T7, 1750.Google Scholar
Mirza, N., Kroger, H., Doty, R.L., 1997. Influence of age on the “nasal cycle.” Laryngoscope 107, 6266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moran, D.T., Rowley, J.C. III, Jafek, B.W., Lovell, M.A., 1982. The fine structure of the olfactory mucosa in man. Journal of Neurocytology 11, 721746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moscovich, M., Munhoz, R.P., Teive, H.A., et al. 2012. Olfactory impairment in familial ataxias. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry 83, 970974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, C., Schubert, C.R., Cruickshanks, K.J., et al. 2002. Prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults. JAMA 288, 23072312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakashima, T., Kimmelman, C.P., Snow, J.B. Jr., 1984. Structure of human fetal and adult olfactory neuroepithelium. Archives of Otolaryngology 110, 641646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nilsen, K.B., Nicholas, A.K., Woods, C.G., et al. 2009. Two novel SCN9A mutations causing insensitivity to pain. Pain 143, 155158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nordin, S., Broman, D.A., Olofsson, J.K., Wulff, M., 2004. A longitudinal descriptive study of self-reported abnormal smell and taste perception in pregnant women. Chemical Senses 29, 391402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connor, S., Jacob, T.J., 2008. Neuropharmacology of the olfactory bulb. Current Molecular Pharmacology 1, 181190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohm, T.G., Braak, H., 1987. Olfactory bulb changes in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathologica 73, 365369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olender, T., Lancet, D., Nebert, D.W., 2008. Update on the olfactory receptor (OR) gene superfamily. Human Genomics. 3, 8797.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliveira-Pinto, A.V., Santos, R.M., Coutinho, R.A., et al. 2014. Sexual dimorphism in the human olfactory bulb: Females have more neurons and glial cells than males. PloS One, 9(11), p.e111733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paredes, M.F., Sorrells, S.F., Garcia-Verdugo, J.M., Alvarez-Buylla, A., 2016. Brain size and limits to adult neurogenesis. Journal of Comparative Neurology 524, 646664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, P. M., Lauder, B. A., 1948. The incidence and probable inheritance of smell blindness; To normal Butyl mercaptan. Journal of Heredity 39, 295297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paxinos, G., Mai, J.K., 2004. The Human Nervous System. 2nd edition. San Diego & London: Elsevier Academic Press.Google Scholar
Pearson, R.C., Esiri, M.M., Hiorns, R.W., Wilcock, G.K., Powell, T.P., 1985. Anatomical correlates of the distribution of the pathological changes in the neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 82, 45314534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pelosi, P., Maremmani, C., Muratorio, A., 1990. Purification of an odorant binding protein from human nasal mucosa. NATO ASI Series H 39, 125130.Google Scholar
Peterlin, Z., Firestein, S., Rogers, M.E., 2014. The state of the art of odorant receptor deorphanization: A report from the orphanage. Journal of General Physiology 143, 527542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pilpel, Y., Lancet, D., 1999. The variable and conserved interfaces of modeled olfactory receptor proteins. Protein Science 8, 969977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinto, J.M., Wroblewski, K.E., Kern, D.W., Schumm, L.P., McClintock, M.K., 2014. Olfactory dysfunction predicts 5-year mortality in older adults. PLoS One 9, e107541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plailly, J., Bensafi, M., Pachot-Clouard, M., et al. 2005. Involvement of right piriform cortex in olfactory familiarity judgments. Neuroimage 24, 10321041.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poellinger, A., Thomas, R., Lio, P., et al. 2001. Activation and habituation in olfaction: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 13, 547560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Price, J.L., 2004. The Olfactory System. In: Paxinos, G., Mai, J.M. (Eds.), The Human Nervous System, 2nd edition. Academic Press, pp. 11981212.Google Scholar
Qureshy, A., Kawashima, R., Imran, M.B., et al. 2000. Functional mapping of human brain in olfactory processing: A PET study. Journal of Neurophysiology 84, 16561666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rawson, N., 2000. Human olfaction. In: Finger, T.E., Silver, W.L., and Restrepo, D. (Eds.) The Neurobiology of Taste and Smell. Canada: Wiley-Liss.Google Scholar
Rawson, N.E., Brand, J.G., Cowart, B.J., et al. 1995. Functionally mature olfactory neurons from two anosmic patients with Kallmann syndrome. Brain Research 681, 5864.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reyes, P.F., Deems, D.A., Suarez, M.G., 1993. Olfactory-related changes in Alzheimer’s disease: A quantitative neuropathologic study. Brain Research Bulletin 32, 15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, E.T., 2004. The functions of the orbitofrontal cortex. Brain and Cognition 55, 1129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, E.T., 2015. Neural integration of taste, smell, oral texture, and visual modalities. Figure 1, Chapter 46. In: Doty, R.L. (Ed.), Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation. Hoboken, NY: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Rosli, Y., Breckenridge, L.J., Smith, R.A., 1999. An ultrastructural study of age-related changes in mouse olfactory epithelium. Journal of Electron Microscopy (Tokyo) 48, 7784.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowley, J.C. III, Moran, D.T., Jafek, B.W., 1989. Peroxidase backfills suggest the mammalian olfactory epithelium contains a second morphologically distinct class of bipolar sensory neuron: The olfactory microvillar cell. Brain Research 502, 387400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royet, J.P., Hudry, J., Zald, D.H., et al. 2001. Functional neuroanatomy of different olfactory judgments. Neuroimage 13, 506519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royet, J.P., Plailly, J., Saive, A.L., Veyrac, A., Delon-Marin, C. 2013. The impact of expertise on olfaction. Frontiers in Psychology 4, 938, DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saito, H., Chi, Q., Zhuang, H., Matsunami, H., Mainland, J.D., 2009. Odor coding by a Mammalian receptor repertoire. Science Signaling 2, ra9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, M.D., Warrington, E.K., Marshall, J., Wieskrantz, L., 1974. “Blindsight”: Vision in a field defect. Lancet 1, 707708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savic, I., 2002. Imaging of brain activation by odorants in humans. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 12, 455461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sayek, I., 1970. The incidence of the inability to smell solutions of potassium cyanide in the rural health center of Ortabereket. The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 12, 7275.Google ScholarPubMed
Schiffman, S.S., Gatlin, C.A., 1993. Sweeteners: State of knowledge review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 17, 313345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwanzel-Fukuda, M., Pfaff, D.W., 2003. The structure and function of the nervus terminalis. In: Doty, R.L. (Ed.), Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation. New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 10011026.Google Scholar
Sela, L., Sacher, Y., Serfaty, C., et al. 2009. Spared and impaired olfactory abilities after thalamic lesions. Journal of Neuroscience 29, 1205912069.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepherd, G.M., 1972. Synaptic organization of the mammalian olfactory bulb. Physiological Reviews 52, 864917.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepherd, G.M., Chen, W.R., Greer, C.A., 2004. Olfactory bulb. In: Shepherd, G. M. (Ed.), The Synaptic Organization of the Brain. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 165216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, N., Grewal, M.S., Austin, J.H., 1970. Familial anosmia. Archives of Neurology 22, 4044.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slotnick, B.M., Kaneko, N., 1981. Role of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in olfactory discrimination learning in rats. Science 214, 9192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, C.G., 1942. Age incident of atrophy of olfactory nerves in man. Journal of Comparative Neurology 77, 589594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sobel, N., Prabhakaran, V., Hartley, C.A., et al. 1998. Odorant-induced and sniff-induced activation in the cerebellum of the human. Journal of Neuroscience 18, 89909001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sobel, N., Prabhakaran, V., Hartley, C.A., et al. 1999. Blind smell: Brain activation induced by an undetected air-borne chemical. Brain 122(2): 209217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staubli, U., Fraser, D., Kessler, M., Lynch, G., 1986. Studies on retrograde and anterograde amnesia of olfactory memory after denervation of the hippocampus by entorhinal cortex lesions. Behavioral and Neural Biology 46, 432444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephani, C., Fernandez-Baca, V.G., Maciunas, R., Koubeissi, M., Luders, H.O., 2011. Functional neuroanatomy of the insular lobe. Brain Structure and Function 216, 137149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swallow, B.L., Lindow, S.W., Aye, M., et al. 2005. Smell perception during early pregnancy: No evidence of an adaptive mechanism. BJOG. 112, 5762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabakow, P., Raisman, G., Fortuna, W., et al. 2014. Functional regeneration of supraspinal connections in a patient with transected spinal cord following transplantation of bulbar olfactory ensheathing cells with peripheral nerve bridging. Cell Transplant 23, 16311655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tham, W.W., Stevenson, R.J., Miller, L.A., 2009. The functional role of the medio dorsal thalamic nucleus in olfaction. Brain Research Reviews 62, 109126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanscheeuwijck, P.M., Teredesai, A., Terpstra, P.M., et al. 2002. Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 4: Subchronic inhalation toxicity. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 40, 113131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiskrantz, L., 1990. The Ferrier lecture, 1989. Outlooks for blindsight: Explicit methodologies for implicit processes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 239, 247278.Google ScholarPubMed
Weller, R.O., Djuanda, E., Yow, H.Y., Carare, R.O., 2009. Lymphatic drainage of the brain and the pathophysiology of neurological disease. Acta Neuropathologica 117, 114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, R.S., Yu, L., Bennett, D.A., 2011. Odor identification and mortality in old age. Chemical Senses 36, 6367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winston, J.S., Gottfried, J.A., Kilner, J.M., Dolan, R.J., 2005. Integrated neural representations of odor intensity and affective valence in human amygdala. Journal of Neuroscience 25, 89038907.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wysocki, C.J., Beauchamp, G.K., 1984. Ability to smell androstenone is genetically determined. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 81, 48994902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wysocki, C.J., Beauchamp, G.K., 1991. Individual differences in human olfaction. Chemical Senses 3, 353373.Google Scholar
Wysocki, C.J., Dorries, K.M., Beauchamp, G.K., 1989. Ability to perceive androstenone can be acquired by ostensibly anosmic people. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 86, 79767978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamamoto, K., Ito, K., Yamaguchi, M., 1966. A family showing smell disturbances and tremor. Jinrui idengaku zasshi. The Japanese Journal of Human Genetics 11, 3638.Google Scholar
Yee, K.K., Wysocki, C.J., 2001. Odorant exposure increases olfactory sensitivity: Olfactory epithelium is implicated. Physiology & Behavior 72, 705711.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yousem, D.M., Geckle, R.J., Bilker, W., McKeown, D.A., Doty, R.L., 1996. MR evaluation of patients with congenital hyposmia or anosmia. American Journal of Roentgenology 166, 439443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yousem, D.M., Geckle, R.J., Bilker, W.B., Doty, R.L., 1998. Olfactory bulb and tract and temporal lobe volumes: Normative data across decades. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 855, 546555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yousem, D.M., Oguz, K.K., Li, C., 2001. Imaging of the olfactory system. Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI 22(6), 456472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yousem, D.M., Williams, S.C., Howard, R.O., et al. 1997. Functional MR imaging during odor stimulation: Preliminary data. Radiology 204, 833838.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, G.Z., Kaba, H., Okutani, F., Takahashi, S., Higuchi, T., 1996. The olfactory bulb: A critical site of action for oxytocin in the induction of maternal behaviour in the rat. Neuroscience 72, 10831088.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zaborszky, L., Carlsen, J., Brashear, H.R., Heimer, L., 1986. Cholinergic and GABAergic afferents to the olfactory bulb in the rat with special emphasis on the projection neurons in the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band. Journal of Comparative Neurology 243, 488509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zald, D.H., Pardo, J.V., 1997. Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: Amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94, 41194124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zatorre, R.J., Jones-Gotman, M., Evans, A.C., Meyer, E., 1992. Functional localization and lateralization of human olfactory cortex. Nature 360, 339340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zelano, C., Bensafi, M., Porter, J., et al. 2005. Attentional modulation in human primary olfactory cortex. Nature Neuroscience 8, 114120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, W., Delay, R.J., 2007. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone modulates voltage-activated sodium current and odor responses in Necturus maculosus olfactory sensory neurons. Journal of Neuroscience Research 85, 16561667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zobel, S., Hummel, T., Ilgner, J., et al. 2010. Involvement of the human ventrolateral thalamus in olfaction. Journal of Neurology 257, 20372043.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×