Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T09:18:20.016Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - Gaia and Europa: Religion and Legitimation Crisis in the ‘New Europe’

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 September 2009

Ralf Rogowski
Affiliation:
University of Warwick
Charles Turner
Affiliation:
University of Warwick
Get access

Summary

Convinced that, while remaining proud of their own national identities and history, the peoples of Europe are determined to transcend their former divisions and, united ever more closely, to forge a common destiny. … Convinced that, thus ‘United in its diversity’, Europe offers them the best chance of pursuing, with due regard for the rights of each individual and in awareness of their responsibilities towards future generations and the Earth, the great venture which makes of it a special area of human hope ….

The Preamble to the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe contains the expressions ‘transcend’, ‘common destiny’, ‘rights of each individual’ and ‘responsibilities towards future generations and the Earth’, and these words are framed by a conception of Europe as a ‘great venture which makes of it a special area of human hope’. While this does not quite attain the exalted level of an American belief in a ‘manifest destiny’, the intentions of the Président de la Convention, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and his colleagues are nonetheless apparent. The ‘new Europe’ is not to be understood merely as bureaucracy or as an expanded market, but as a vital entity, the bearer of intellectual, cultural and spiritual continuities. In this chapter, I explore some of the dimensions that such aspirations touch upon, once they are emancipated from high-flown intention and anchored in the matrix of tensions and contradictions that afflict all efforts to define and defend identity in an era of globalisation and religiously inspired terror.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bauman, Zygmunt, 1989, Modernity and the Holocaust. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Beyer, Peter, 1994, Religion and Globalisation. London: SAGE.Google Scholar
Biedenkopf, Kurt, 2003, ‘Making Culture Count’, Commentary, Reflection Group ‘The Spiritual and Cultural Dimension of Europe’. Vienna: Institut für die Wissenschaft vom Menschen. Available online at: http://www.iwm.at/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=90&Itemid=33
Bloch, Ernst, 1986, The Principle of Hope. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bruce, Steven, 1992, Religion and Modernisation. Sociologists and Historians debate the Secularisation Thesis. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Davie, Grace, 2000, Religion in Modern Europe. A Memory Mutates. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Davie, Grace and Hervieu-Léger, Danièle (eds.), 1996, Identités religieuses en Europe. Paris: La Découverte.Google Scholar
Dodds, E. R., 1965, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eder, Klaus, 1996, The Social Construction of Nature. London: SAGE.Google Scholar
Eliade, Mircea, 1964, Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford, 1966, ‘Religion as a Cultural System’, in Banton, Michael, (ed.), Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion. London: Tavistock, pp. 1–46.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen, [1973] 1976, Legitimation Crisis. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen [1982] 1987, The Theory of Communicative Action. Vol. II: Lifeworld and System: a Critique of Functionalist Reason. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen [1988] 1992, Postmetaphysical Thinking: Philosophical Essays. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen 2001, ‘Why Europe Needs a Constitution’, New Left Review, Vol. 11, 5–26.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen 2002, Religion and Rationality. Essays on Reason, God, and Modernity. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Hanf, Theodor, 1994, ‘The Sacred Marker. Religion, Communalism and Nationalism’, Social Compass, Vol. 41(1), 9–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, Graham, 1997, Listening People, Speaking Earth: Contemporary Paganism. London: Hurst and Company.Google Scholar
Havel, Vaclav, 1987, ‘The Power of the Powerless’, in Vladislav, Jan (ed.), Living in Truth. London: Faber, pp. 36–122.Google Scholar
Heelas, Paul, 1996, The New Age Movement. The Celebration of the Self and the Sacralisation of Modernity. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Heelas, Paul (ed.), 1998, Religion, Modernity and Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hervieu-Léger, Danièle, 2000, Religion as a Chain of Memory. Cambridge: Polity.
Horkheimer, Max and Theodor Adorno, 1972, ‘The Concept of Enlightenment’, in Horkheimer, Max and Adorno, Theodor (eds.), Dialectic of Enlightenment. London: Allen Lane, pp. 3–80.Google Scholar
Hutton, Ronald, 1998, ‘The Discovery of the Modern Goddess’, in Pearson, Joanne, Roberts, Richard H. and Samuel, Geoffrey (eds.), Nature Religion Today. Paganism in the Modern World. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 89–100.Google Scholar
Jospin, Lionel, 2001, ‘On the Future of an Enlarged Europe’. Speech of the French Prime Minister to the Foreign Press Association, 28 May 2001, Paris. Available at: http://europa.eu.int/constitution/futurum/documents/speech/sp280501_en.htm
Küng, Hans, 1991, Global Responsibility. In Search of a New World Ethic. London: SCM.Google Scholar
Lewis, James R. (ed.), 1996, Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft. New York: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Lindholm, Charles, 1990, Charisma. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lovelock, James, 1979, Gaia. A New Look at Life on Earth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Löwith, Karl, 1949, Meaning in History. The Theological Implications of the Philosophy of History. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lyon, David H. S., 2001, Surveillance Society. Monitoring Everyday Life. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Marion, Jean-Luc, 1991, God Without Being. Hors-texte. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
McIntosh, Alastair, 2001, Soil and Soul. London: Aurum Press.Google Scholar
McIntosh, Ian, Duncan Sim and Douglas Robertson, 2004, ‘ “We Hate the English, Except for You, Cos You're Our Pal”. Identification of the “English” in Scotland’, Sociology, Vol. 38(1), 43–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendieta, Eduardo (ed.), 2002, ‘Introduction’, in Jürgen Habermas, Religion and Rationality. Essays on Reason, God, and Modernity. Cambridge: Polity, pp. 1–36.Google Scholar
Mestrovic, Stjepan G., 1997a, ‘The Disappearance of the Sacred’, in Mestrovic, Stjepan (ed.), Postemotional Society. London: SAGE, pp. 101–22.Google Scholar
Mestrovic, Stjepan G. 1997b, Durkheim and Postmodern Culture. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Milbank, John, 1989, Theology and Social Theory Beyond Secular Reason. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Nygren, Anders, 1953, Agape and Eros. London: S.P.C.K.Google Scholar
Pearson, Joanne, Roberts, Richard H. and Samuel, Geoffrey (eds.), 1998, Nature Religion Today. Paganism in the Modern World. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Primavesi, Anne, 1991, From Apocalypse to Genesis. Ecology, Feminism and Christianity. London: Burns and Oates.Google Scholar
Rappaport, Roy, 1999, Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riesebrodt, Martin, 1993, Pious Passion. The Emergence of Modern Fundamentalism in the United States and Iran. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard H., 1990, Hope and Its Hieroglyph. A Critical Decipherment of Ernst Bloch’s ‘Principle of Hope’. Atlanta, CA: Scholars Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard H. 1992, A Theology on Its Way. Essays on Karl Barth. Edinburgh: T. T. Clark.Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard H. 1995, ‘Globalized Religion? The Parliament of the World's Religions (Chicago 1993) in Theoretical Perspective’, Journal of Contemporary Religion, Vol. 10, 121–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Richard H. 1998a, ‘The Chthonic Imperative. Gender, Religion and the Battle for the Earth’, in Pearson, Joanne, Roberts, Richard H. and Samuel, Geoffrey (eds.), Nature Religion Today. Paganism in the Modern World. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 57–73.Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard H. 1998b, ‘The Construals of “Europe”. Religion, Theology and the Problematics of Modernity’, in Heelas, Paul (ed.), Religion, Modernity and Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 186–217.Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard H. 1998c, ‘Time, Virtuality and the Goddess’, Cultural Values, Vol. 2(2–3), 270–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Richard H. 2001, Religion, Theology and the Human Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Richard H. 2004, ‘The Quest for Appropriate Accountability. Stakeholders, Tradition and the Managerial Prerogative in Higher Education’, Studies in Christian Ethics, Vol. 17(1), 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Richard H. 2006, Critique of the Social-Scientific Study of Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Robertson, Roland, 1992, Globalisation. Social Theory and Global Culture. London: SAGE.Google Scholar
Samuel, Geoffrey, 1990, Mind, Body and Culture. Anthropology and the Biological Interface. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Samuel, Geoffrey 1993, Civilized Shamans. Buddhism in Tibetan Societies. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Spiro, Melford E., 1966, ‘Religion. Problems of Definition and Explanation’, in Banton, Michael (ed.), Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion. London: Tavistock, pp. 85–126.Google Scholar
Steiner, George, 1971, In Bluebeard's Castle. Some Notes Towards a Re-Definition of Culture. T. S. Eliot Memorial Lectures. London: Faber.Google Scholar
Troeltsch, Ernst [1906], 1986, Protestantism and Progress. The Significance of Protestantism for the Rise of the Modern World. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×