ACCORD. (n.d). Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at http://bangladeshaccord.org/.Google Scholar

AFL-CIO. (2013). Responsibility Outsourced: Social Audits, Workplace Certification and Twenty Years of Failure to Protect Worker Rights, accessed March 13, 2017, available at www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/csreport_final_en.pdf.Google Scholar

AFP. (2015). Accusations de travail forcé au Qatar: Vinci attaque Sherpa en diffamation. Le Parisien. April 16. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at http://www.leparisien.fr/flash-actualite-economie/accusations-de-travail-force-au-qatar-vinci-attaque-sherpa-en-diffamation-16-04-2015-4699167.php.Google Scholar

AFP. (2015). Roles for workers and unions in regulating labor recruitment in Mexico, by Jennifer Gordon, Fordham Law School, AFL-CIO Solidarity Centre, January, accessed March 13, 2017, available at www.solidaritycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Migration.Roles-for-Workers-and-Unions-in-Regulating-labor-Recruitment-in-Mexico.Jennifer-Gordon-Fordham.5.15.pdf.Google Scholar

Alien Tort Claims Act 1789, Judiciary Act of 1789, Chapter 20, § 9, 1 Stat. 73.Google Scholar

Alien Tort Statute 2000, 28 U.S.C. §1350.Google Scholar

Amon, M. (2010). Liability regulations in European subcontracting: Will joint liability be the 21^st century European approach? Journal of International Business and Law, 9(1), 231–271.Google Scholar

Beirnaert, J. (2011). A Trade Union Perspective on Combating Trafficking and Forced Labour in Europe. In C. Rijken, ed., Combating Trafficking in Human Beings for Labour Exploitation. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers, pp 471--494.Google Scholar

Beirnaert, J. (2012). Tree workers case sheds light on labour trafficking in Europe. Equal Times. September 21, 2012), accessed March 13, 2017, available at www.equaltimes.org/the-tree-workers-case-sheds-light-on-human-trafficking-in-europe#.VLzh9skYF2A.Google Scholar

Business Supply Chain Transparency on Trafficking and Slavery Act of 2015, HR 3226, 114th Cong. 2015--16. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/3226.Google Scholar

California Transparency in Supply Chains Act 2010, Sen. Bill 657, 2009--10 Reg. Sess., Ch. 556, 2010 Cal. Stat.Google Scholar

Council of Europe. (2005). Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, 16 May 2005, in force 1 February 2008, CETS 197.Google Scholar

Cremers, J. (2014). Letter-box companies and abuse of the posting rules: how the primacy of economic freedoms and weak enforcement give rise to social dumping. ETUI Policy Brief N 5/2014.Google Scholar

Davidov, G. (2012). Articulating labour law's goals: why and how. European Labour Law Journal, 3(2), 130--150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Backer, K et Miroudot, S.. (2013). Mapping Global Value Chains. OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 159. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar

De Schutter, O., Ramasastry, A., Taylor, M.B., & Thompson, R.C. (2012). Human Rights Due Diligence: The Role of States, accessed March 13, 2017, available at http://humanrightsinbusiness.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/De-Schutter-et-al.-Human-Rights-Due-Diligence-The-Role-of-States.pdf.Google Scholar

Doe I v. Nestlé U.S.A., Inc., 738 F.3d 1048 (9th Cir. 2013).Google Scholar

Doe I v. Unocal. 395 F.3d 932 (9th Cir. 2002).Google Scholar

Dryhurst, K. (2013). Liability up the supply chain: corporate accountability for labour trafficking. NYU Journal of International Law and Politics, 45(2), 64–676.Google Scholar

European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR), Brot für die Welt (Bread for the World) and MISEREOR. (2014). Holding Companies Accountable – Lessons from transnational human rights litigation, accessed March 13, 2017, available at https://www.brot-fuer-die-welt.de/fileadmin/mediapool/2_Downloads/Fachinformationen/Sonstiges/Brochure_HoldingCompaniesAccountable_Einzelseiten.pdf.Google Scholar

European Union. (2009). Directive 2009/52 of 18 June 2009 providing for minimum standards on sanctions and measures against employers of illegally staying third-country nationals, OJ 2009 No. L168, 30 June 2009.Google Scholar

European Union. (2010). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Jurisdiction and the Regulation and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, COM (2010) 748 final.Google Scholar

European Union. (2012a). Regulation 1215/2012 of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, OJ 2012 No. L351, 20 December 2012.Google Scholar

European Union. (2014a). Communication on the application of the Directive 2009/52 providing for minimum standards on sanctions and measures against employers of illegally staying third country nationals. COM (2014) 286 final.Google Scholar

European Union. (2014b). Mid-term report on the implementation of the EU strategy towards the eradication of trafficking in human beings, Commission Staff Working Document. SWD (2014) 318 final.Google Scholar

European Union. (2014c). Directive 2014/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 amending Directive 2013/34/EU as regards disclosure of non-financial and diversity information by certain large undertakings and groups, OJ 2014, No. L330, 15 November 2014.Google Scholar

European Union. (2015a). Study on case-law relating to trafficking in human beings for labour exploitation: Final report. Brussels: Milieu Ltd, accessed March 13, 2017, available at www.ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/study_on_case-law_on_trafficking_for_the_purpose_of_labour_exploitation_2.pdf.Google Scholar

European Union. (2015b). Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council setting up a Union system for supply chain due diligence self-certification of responsible importers of tin, tantalum and tungsten, their ores, and gold originating in conflict-affected and high-risk areas. COM (2014) 111 final.Google Scholar

French Code of Criminal Procedure. 2005. Consolidated version of 2 March 2005, accessed March 13, 2017, available at www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071154&dateTexte=20120724.Google Scholar

Gallagher, A.T. (2012). The International Law of Human Trafficking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch. (2015). “Whoever Raises their Head Suffers the Most” – Workers’ Rights in Bangladesh's Garment Factories. Report. April 22, accessed March 13, 2017, available at www.hrw.org/reports/2015/04/22/whoever-raises-their-head-suffers-most.Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch (2016). “I Was Sold”: Abuse and Exploitation of Migrant Domestic Workers in Oman. Report. July 23, accessed March 13, 2017, available at https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/07/13/i-was-sold/abuse-and-exploitation-migrant-domestic-workers-oman.Google Scholar

IndustriALL. (2015). IndustriALL and ThyssenKrupp sign global agreement on promotion of fundamental rights. IndustriALL. 20 March, accessed March 13, 2017, available at www.industriall-union.org/industriall-and-thyssenkrupp-sign-global-agreement-on-promotion-of-fundamental-rights.Google Scholar

Inter-Agency Coordination Group against Trafficking in Persons. (2012). The International Legal Frameworks concerning Trafficking in Persons. Vienna: ICAT.Google Scholar

Inter-Agency Coordination Group against Trafficking in Persons. (2014). Preventing Trafficking in Persons by Addressing Demand. Vienna: ICAT.Google Scholar

International Labour Organization. (2006). Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, adopted by the ILO Governing Body at its 295^th Session, Geneva.Google Scholar

International Labour Organization (2009). The cost of coercion. Global Report I(B), Geneva.Google Scholar

International Labour Organization (2012). Global Estimate of Forced Labour: Results and methodology, Geneva.Google Scholar

International Labour Organization (2013). Tricked and Trapped: Human Trafficking in the Middle East. Beirut: ILO.Google Scholar

International Labour Organization (2014a). Report of the Committee on Forced Labour supplementing the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), to address implementation gaps to advance prevention, protection and compensation measures, to effectively achieve the elimination of forced labour, Geneva. Provisional Record No.9 (Rev.).Google Scholar

International Labour Organization (2014b). Strengthening Action to End Forced Labour Report. ILC.103/IV/1. Geneva.Google Scholar

International Labour Organization (2014c). Strengthening Action to End Forced Labour Report. ILC.103/IV/2A, Geneva.Google Scholar

International Labour Organization (2014d). Eradicating Forced Labour from Global Supply Chains. Webinar presentation. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at http://www.ilo.org/employment/WCMS_322422/lang--en/index.htm.Google Scholar

International Labour Organization (2014e). Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (P029), Geneva, 11 June 2014, in force 9 November 2016.Google Scholar

International Labour Organization (2014f). Forced Labour (Supplementary Measures) Recommendation, (R203), Geneva, 11 June 2014.Google Scholar

International Labour Organization (2015). Migrant Workers Organizing through Cooperation with Trade Unions. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/labour-migration/projects/WCMS_315557/lang--en/index.htm.Google Scholar

International Trade Union Confederation. (n.d). Annual Survey of violations of trade unions rights. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at https://www.ituc-csi.org/annual-survey-of-violations-of,271.Google Scholar

International Trade Union Confederation (2011). Never Work Alone: Trade Unions and NGOs joining forces to Combat Forced Labour and Trafficking in Europe. ITUC Guide. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/Forced_labour_EN_FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar

International Trade Union Confederation (2013). Letter to Dr. Al Zayani, Secretary General of the Gulf Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf regarding the ‘Standardised Employment Contract’ for Migrant Domestic Workers. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at www.ituc-csi.org/saudi-arabia-standardised.Google Scholar

International Trade Union Confederation (2014a). The Case Against Qatar. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at www.ituc-csi.org/ituc-special-report-the-case.Google Scholar

International Trade Union Confederation (2014b). Pakistan's unsafe garment industry needs unions. ITUC News. September 19. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at www.ituc-csi.org/pakistan-s-unsafe-garment-industry.Google Scholar

International Trade Union Confederation (2014c). Facilitating Exploitation: A Review of Labour Laws for Migrant Domestic Workers in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at www.ituc-csi.org/gcc-legal-and-policy-brief?lang=en.Google Scholar

International Trade Union Confederation (2014d). Bangladesh: Business as Usual as Garment Brands Stall Progress. ITUC News. March 13. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at www.ituc-csi.org/bangladesh-business-as-usual-as.Google Scholar

International Trade Union Confederation (2014e). Joint liability of legal persons in labour trafficking cases – court decision example (Belgium). Accessed March 16, 2017, available at www.ituc-csi.org/joint-corporate-liability-in.Google Scholar

International Trade Union Confederation (2015). Rana Plaza: Compensation for Victims of Industrial Homicide Still Short of Target. ITUC News. April 24. Accessed March 16, available at www.ituc-csi.org/rana-plaza-compensation-for.Google Scholar

International Trade Union Confederation (2016a). Scandal: Inside the global supply chains of 50 top companies. Frontlines Report 2016. Accessed March 16, available at www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/pdffrontlines_scandal_en-2.pdf.Google Scholar

International Trade Union Confederation (2016b). Qatar's Labour “Reforms”: New Labels on Old Laws. ITUC News. December 13. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at https://www.ituc-csi.org/qatar-s-labour-reforms-new-labels.Google Scholar

ITUC, IndustriAll, UNI. (2014). An evaluation of the Bangladesh Sustainability Compact. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/ituc-ia-uni_evaulation_of_the_bangladesh_sustainability_compact.pdf.Google Scholar

ITUC, CCME, Anti-Slavery International. (2014). Trafficking for Labour Exploitation – Tackling Group Cases. Fine Tune project: Three reports on labour trafficking. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at www.ituc-csi.org/fine-tune-project-three-reports-on.Google Scholar

ITUC. (2015). Trade Union Input to the G7 Summit: Decent Work Worldwide. TUAC News. March 19. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at www.tuac.org/en/public/e-docs/00/00/10/1B/document_news.phtml.Google Scholar

Khulumani v. Barclay National Bank Ltd. 504 F.3d 254 (2d Cir. 2007).Google Scholar

Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 133 S.Ct. 1659 (2013).Google Scholar

Losson, C. (2015). Les dirigeants de Vinci voulaient un procès, ils auront un contre-procès. Libération. April 23. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2015/04/23/les-dirigeants-de-vinci-voulaient-un-proces-ils-auront-un-contre-proces_1261304.Google Scholar

Modern Slavery Act 2015, c.30.Google Scholar

National Assembly (France). (2013). Legislative Bill No. 1524 relating to the duty and vigilance of parent and subcontracting companies, accessed March 13, 2017, available at www.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/ta/ta0924.asp.Google Scholar

Nestlé U.S.A., Inc. v. Doe I, 738 F.3d 1048 (9th Cir. 2013), cert. denied (U.S. Jan. 11, 2016) (No. 15-349).Google Scholar

OECD. (2011). Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at www.oecd.org/daf/inv/mne/48004323.pdf.Google Scholar

OHCHR. (2002). Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking. E/2002/68/Add.1.Google Scholar

Reporter Brazil. (n.d). Lista Suja do Trabalho Escravo. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at http://reporterbrasil.org.br/lista-suja/Google Scholar

Rijken, C. R. J. J. & Bosma, A. K. (2014). A review of the implementation of the EU strategy on human trafficking by EU members. TRACE. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/5078137/TRACE_D1.1_A_review_of_the_implementation_of_the_EU_strategy_on_Human_trafficking_by_EU_members.pdf.Google Scholar

Ruggie, J. (2006). Human Rights Policies and Management Policies of Fortune Global 500 Firms: Results of a Survey. Working Paper No. 28. Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.Google Scholar

Schmidt, V. (2007). Trade union responses to globalization: A review by the Global Union Research Network. Geneva: International Labour Office.Google Scholar

Schömann, I. & Guedes, C. (2012). Temporary agency work in the European Union: Implementation of Directive 2008/104/EC in the Member States. ETUI Report no. 125. Brussels: ETUI.Google Scholar

Sherpa. (2015). Mondial 2022 au Qatar: Sherpa porte plainte contre Vinci Construction et les dirigeants de sa filiale au Qatar QDVC. Sherpa. March 23. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at https://www.asso-sherpa.org/mondial-2022-au-qatar-sherpa-porte-plainte-contre-vinci-construction-et-les-dirigeants-de-sa-filiale-au-qatar-qdvc.Google Scholar

Skinner, G., McCorquodale, R., De Schutter, O. & Lambe, A (2013). The third pillar: access to judicial remedies for human rights violations by transnational business. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at www.humanrightsinbusiness.eu/portfolio/the-third-pillar/.Google Scholar

Switzerland. (1987). Lai Fédérale sur le Droit International Privé [LDIP] of 18 December 1987.Google Scholar

TUAC, DGB & ITUC. (2015). Global Supply Chains and Decent Work Trade Union Input to the G7 16 March 2015. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at http://www.ituc-csi.org/global-supply-chains-and-decent.Google Scholar

UN. (2000a). Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, New York, 15 November 2000, in force 25 December 2003, 2237 UNTS 319.Google Scholar

UN. (2000b). Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, New York, 15 November 2000, in force 29 September 2003, 2225 UNTS 209.Google Scholar

UN. (2011). Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” framework. A/HRC/17/31.Google Scholar

UN. (2012). Report of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children. UN Doc. A /67/261.Google Scholar

UNODC. (2011). Legislative guide for the implementation of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime.Google Scholar

UNODC (n.d.). Case No. 2012/3925. UNODC Case Law Database. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at www.unodc.org/cld/case-law-doc/traffickingpersonscrimetype/bel/2012/case_no._20123925.html?tmpl=old.Google Scholar

VINCI. (2015). VINCI réfute totalement les allégations de Sherpa et décide de porter plainte pour diffamation. Vinci Communiqués. March 24. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at https://www.vinci.com/vinci.nsf/fr/communiques/pages/20150324-1130.htm.Google Scholar

Willsher, K. (2015). France: Vinci Construction investigated over Qatar forced labour claims. The Guardian. April 26, accessed March 13, 2017, available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/26/france-vinci-construction-qatar-forced-labour-claims-2022-world-cup.Google Scholar

Zimmermann, M. (2013). Staatsanwaltschaft ermittelt am Bostalsee. Volksfreund. March 25. Accessed March 16, 2017, available at www.volksfreund.de/nachrichten/region/hochwald/aktuell/Heute-in-der-Hochwald-Zeitung-Staatsanwaltschaft-ermittelt-am-Bostalsee;art804,3479028.Google Scholar