Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T14:57:21.520Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 3 - Weight Stigma and Related Social Factors in Psychological Care

from Section 1 - Introduction to Psychological Care in Severe Obesity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2018

Stephanie Cassin
Affiliation:
Ryerson University, Toronto
Raed Hawa
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Sanjeev Sockalingam
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Psychological Care in Severe Obesity
A Practical and Integrated Approach
, pp. 42 - 60
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Link, B. G. and Phelan, J. C.. Conceptualizing stigma. Annu Rev Sociol 2001; 27: 363–85.Google Scholar
Crandall, C. S.. Prejudice against fat people: Ideology and self-interest. J Pers Soc Psychol 1994; 66: 882–94.Google Scholar
Latner, J. D., O’Brien, K. S., Durso, L. E., et al. Weighing obesity stigma: The relative strength of different forms of bias. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32: 1145–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kyle, T. K. and Puhl, R. M.. Putting people first in obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22: 1211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wadden, T. A. and Didie, E.. What’s in a name? Patients’ preferred terms for describing obesity. Obes Res 2003; 11: 1140–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Logel, C., Stinson, D. A., and Brochu, P. M.. Weight loss is not the answer: A well-being solution to the “obesity problem.” Soc Pers Psychol Compass 2015; 9: 678–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meadows, A. and Daníelsdóttir, S.. What’s in a word? On weight stigma and terminology. Front Psychol 2016; 7: 1527.Google Scholar
Major, B. and O’Brien, L. T.. The social psychology of stigma. Annu Rev Psychol 2005; 56: 393421.Google Scholar
Crocker, J., Cornwell, B., and Major, B.. The stigma of overweight: Affective consequences of attributional ambiguity. J Pers Soc Psychol 1993; 64: 6070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brownell, K. D., Puhl, R. M., Schwartz, M. B., et al. Weight Bias: Nature, Consequences, and Remedies. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Brochu, P. M., Gawronski, B., and Esses, V. M.. The integrative prejudice framework and different forms of weight prejudice: An analysis and expansion. Group Process Intergroup Relat 2011; 14: 429–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brochu, P. M. and Esses, V. M.. What’s in a name? The effects of the labels “fat” versus “overweight” on weight bias. J Appl Soc Psychol 2011; 41: 19812008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puhl, R. M. and Heuer, C. A.. The stigma of obesity: A review and update. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17: 941–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puhl, R. M. and Heuer, C. A.. Obesity stigma: Important considerations for public health. Am J Public Health 2010; 100: 1019–28.Google Scholar
Allison, D. B., Basile, V. C., and Yuker, H. E.. The measurement of attitudes toward and beliefs about obese persons. Int J Eat Disord 1991; 10: 599607.Google Scholar
Weiner, B., Perry, R. P., and Magnusson, J.. An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas. J Pers Soc Psychol 1988; 55: 738–48.Google Scholar
Robinson, B. E., Bacon, J. G., and O’Reilly, J.. Fat phobia: Measuring, understanding, and changing anti-fat attitudes. Int J Eat Disord 1993; 14: 467–80.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brochu, P. M. and Esses, V. M.. Weight prejudice and medical policy: Support for an ambiguously discriminatory policy is influenced by prejudice-colored glasses. Anal Soc Issues Public Policy 2009; 9: 117–33.Google Scholar
Vartanian, L. R.. Disgust and perceived control in attitudes toward obese people. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 34: 1302–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durso, L. E. and Latner, J. D.. Understanding self-directed stigma: Development of the weight bias internalization scale. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: S806.Google Scholar
Schwartz, M. B., Vartanian, L. R., Nosek, B. A., et al. The influence of one’s own body weight on implicit and explicit anti-fat bias. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14: 440–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreyeva, T., Puhl, R. M., and Brownell, K. D.. Changes in perceived weight discrimination among Americans, 1995–1996 through 2004–2006. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 1129–34.Google Scholar
Puhl, R. M., Andreyeva, T., and Brownell, K. D.. Perceptions of weight discrimination: Prevalence and comparison to race and gender discrimination in America. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32: 9921000.Google Scholar
Spahlholz, J., Baer, N., König, H. -H., et al. Obesity and discrimination: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Obes Res 2016; 17: 4355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vartanian, L. R., Pinkus, R. T., and Smyth, J. M.. The phenomenology of weight stigma in everyday life. J Context Behav Sci 2014; 3: 196202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelan, S. M., Burgess, D. J., Yeazel, M. W., et al. Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity. Obes Rev 2015; 16: 319–26.Google Scholar
Puhl, R. M., Phelan, S. M., Nadglowski, J., et al. Overcoming weight bias in the management of patients with diabetes and obesity. Clin Diabetes 2016; 34: 4450.Google Scholar
Sabin, J. A., Marini, M., and Nosek, B. A.. Implicit and explicit anti-fat bias among a large sample of medial doctors by BMI, race/ethnicity and gender. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e48448.Google Scholar
Phelan, S. M., Dovidio, J. F., Puhl, R. M., et al. Implicit and explicit weight bias in a national sample of 4,732 medical students: The medical student CHANGES study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22: 1201–8.Google Scholar
Foster, G. D., Wadden, T. A., Makris, A. P., et al. Primary care physicians’ attitudes about obesity and its treatment. Obes Res 2003; 11: 1168–77.Google Scholar
Hebl, M. R. and Xu, J.. Weighing the care: Physicians’ reactions to the size of a patient. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 1246–52.Google Scholar
Persky, S. and Eccleston, C. P.. Impact of genetic causal information on medical students’ clinical encounters with an obese virtual patient: Health promotion and social stigma. Ann Behav Med 2011; 41: 363–72.Google Scholar
Amy, N. K., Aalborg, A., Lyons, P., et al. Barriers to routine gynecological cancer screening for white and African-American obese women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30: 147–55.Google Scholar
Gudzune, K. A., Beach, M. C., Roter, D. L., et al. Physicians build less rapport with obese patients. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21: 2146–52.Google Scholar
Persky, S. and Eccleston, C. P.. Medical student bias and care recommendations for an obese versus non-obese virtual patient. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 35: 728–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puhl, R. M. and Brownell, K. D.. Confronting and coping with weight stigma: An investigation of overweight and obese individuals. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14: 1802–15.Google Scholar
Gudzune, K. A., Bennett, W. L., Cooper, L. A., et al. Patients who feel judged about their weight have lower trust in their primary care providers. Patient Educ Couns 2014; 97: 128–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis-Coelho, K., Waltz, J., and Davis-Coelho, B.. Awareness and prevention of bias against fat clients in psychotherapy. Prof Psychol Res Pr 2000; 31: 682–4.Google Scholar
Young, L. M. and Powell, B.. The effects of obesity on the clinical judgments of mental health professionals. J Health Soc Behav 1985; 26: 233–46.Google Scholar
Puhl, R. M., Latner, J. D., King, K. M., et al. Weight bias among professionals treating eating disorders: Attitudes about treatment and perceived patient outcomes. Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47: 6575.Google Scholar
Nowrouzi, B., McDougall, A., Gohar, B., et al. Weight bias in the workplace: A literature review. Occup Med Health Aff 2015; 3: 206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sartore, M. L. and Cunningham, G. B.. Weight discrimination, hiring recommendations, person-job fit, and attributions: Fitness-industry implications. J Sport Manag 2007; 21: 172–93.Google Scholar
Baum II, C. L. and Ford, W. F.. The wage effects of obesity: A longitudinal study. Health Econ 2004; 13: 885–99.Google Scholar
Puhl, R. M. and Latner, J. D.. Stigma, obesity, and the health of the nation’s children. Psychol Bull 2007; 133: 557–80.Google Scholar
O’Brien, K. S., Hunter, J. A., and Banks, M.. Implicit anti-fat bias in physical educators: Physical attributes, ideology and socialization. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 31: 308–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Crandall, C. S.. Do heavy-weight students have more difficulty paying for college? Pers Soc Psychol Bull 1991; 17: 606–11.Google Scholar
Crandall, C. S.. Do parents discriminate against their heavyweight daughters? Pers Soc Psychol Bull 1995; 21: 724–35.Google Scholar
Burmeister, J. M., Kiefner, A. E., Carels, R. A., et al. Weight bias in graduate school admissions. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21: 918–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puhl, R. M., Moss-Racusin, C. A., Schwartz, M. B., et al. Weight stigmatization and bias reduction: Perspectives of overweight and obese adults. Health Educ Res 2008; 23: 347–58.Google Scholar
Sheets, V. and Ajmere, K.. Are romantic partners a source of college students’ weight concern? Eat Behav 2005; 6: 19.Google Scholar
Boyes, A. D. and Latner, J. D.. Weight stigma in existing romantic relationships. J Sex Marital Ther 2009; 35: 282–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puhl, R. M., Luedicke, J., and Heuer, C.. Weight-based victimization toward overweight adolescents: Observations and reactions of peers. J Sch Health 2011; 81: 696703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, S. and Willis, L. A.. Talking about obesity: News framing of who is responsible for causing and fixing the problem. J Health Commun 2007; 12: 359–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heuer, C. A., McClure, K. J., and Puhl, R. M.. Obesity stigma in online news: A visual content analysis. J Health Commun 2011; 16: 976–87.Google Scholar
Greenberg, B. S., Eastin, M., Hofschire, L., et al. Portrayals of overweight and obese individuals on commercial television. Am J Public Health 2003; 93: 1342–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Domoff, S. E., Hinman, N. G., Koball, A. M., et al. The effects of reality television on weight bias: An examination of The Biggest Loser. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20: 993–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearl, R. L., Puhl, R. M., and Brownell, K. D.. Positive media portrayals of obese persons: Impact on attitudes and image preferences. Health Psychol 2012; 31: 821–9.Google Scholar
Brochu, P. M., Pearl, R. L., Puhl, R. M., et al. Do media portrayals of obesity influence support for weight-related medical policy? Health Psychol 2014; 33: 197200.Google Scholar
Hunger, J. M., Major, B., Blodorn, A., et al. Weighed down by stigma: How weight-based social identity threat contributes to weight gain and poor health. Soc Pers Psychol Compass 2015; 9: 255–68.Google Scholar
Papadopoulos, S. and Brennan, L.. Correlates of weight stigma in adults with overweight and obesity: A systematic literature review. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23: 1743–60.Google Scholar
Puhl, R. and Suh, Y.. Stigma and eating and weight disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015; 17: 10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutin, A. R., Stephan, Y., and Terracciano, A.. Weight discrimination and risk of mortality. Psychol Sci 2015; 26: 1803–11.Google Scholar
Muennig, P.. The body politic: The relationship between stigma and obesity-associated disease. BMC Public Health 2008; 8: 128.Google Scholar
Pearl, R. L., Wadden, T. A., Hopkins, C. M., et al. Association between weight bias internalization and metabolic syndrome among treatment-seeking individuals with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25: 317–22.Google Scholar
Hunger, J. M. and Major, B.. Weight stigma mediates the association between BMI and self-reported health. Health Psychol 2015; 34: 172–5.Google Scholar
Roberto, C. A., Sysko, R., Bush, J., et al. Clinical correlates of the weight bias internalization scale in a sample of obese adolescents seeking bariatric surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20: 533–9.Google Scholar
Pearl, R. L., White, M. A., and Grilo, C. M.. Weight bias internalization, depression, and self-reported health among overweight binge eating disorder patients. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22: E1428.Google Scholar
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Keyes, K. M., and Hasin, D. S.. Associations between perceived weight discrimination and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the general population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17: 2033–9.Google Scholar
Benas, J. S. and Gibb, B. E.. Weight-related teasing, dysfunctional cognitions, and symptoms of depression and eating disturbances. Cogn Ther Res 2008; 32: 143–60.Google Scholar
Friedman, K. E., Ashmore, J. A., and Applegate, K. L.. Recent experiences of weight-based stigmatization in a weight loss surgery population: Psychological and behavioural correlates. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: S6974.Google Scholar
Sutin, A. R. and Terracciano, A.. Perceived weight discrimination and obesity. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e70048.Google Scholar
Hunger, J. M. and Tomiyama, A. J.. Weight labeling and obesity: A longitudinal study of girls aged 10–19 years. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168: 579–80.Google Scholar
Puhl, R. M., Quinn, D. M., Weisz, B. M., et al. The role of stigma in weight loss maintenance among U.S. adults. Ann Behav Med 2017; 51: 754–63.Google Scholar
Brewis, A. A.. Stigma and the perpetuation of obesity. Soc Sci Med 2014; 118: 152–8.Google Scholar
Tomiyama, A. J.. Weight stigma is stressful: A review of evidence for the cyclic obesity/weight-based stigma model. Appetite 2014; 82: 815.Google Scholar
Tomiyama, A. J., Epel, E. S., McClatchey, T. M., et al. Associations of weight stigma with cortisol and oxidative stress independent of obesity. Health Psychol 2014; 33: 862–7.Google Scholar
Schvey, N. A., Puhl, R. M., and Brownell, K. D.. The stress of stigma: Exploring the effect of weight stigma on cortisol reactivity. Psychosom Med 2014; 76: 156–62.Google Scholar
Sutin, A. R., Stephan, Y., Luchetti, M., et al. Perceived weight discrimination and C-reactive protein. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22: 1959–61.Google Scholar
Tsenkova, V. K., Carr, D., Schoeller, D. A., et al. Perceived weight discrimination amplifies the link between central adiposity and nondiabetic glycemic control (HbA1c). Ann Behav Med 2011; 41: 243–51.Google Scholar
Major, B., Eliezer, D., and Rieck, H.. The psychological weight of weight stigma. Soc Psychol Pers Sci 2012; 3: 651–8.Google Scholar
Blodorn, A., Major, B., Hunger, J., et al. Unpacking the psychological weight of weight stigma: A rejection-expectation pathway. J Exp Soc Psychol 2016; 63: 6976.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kemeny, M. E., Gruenewald, T. L., and Dickerson, S. S.. Shame as the emotional response to threat to the social self: Implications for behaviour, physiology, and health. Psychol Inq 2004; 15: 153–60.Google Scholar
Brochu, P. M. and Dovidio, J. F.. Would you like fries (380 calories) with that? Menu labeling mitigates the impact of weight-based stereotype threat on food choice. Soc Psychol Pers Sci 2014; 5: 414–21.Google Scholar
Schvey, N. A., Puhl, R. M., and Brownell, K. D.. The impact of weight stigma on caloric consumption. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19: 1957–62.Google Scholar
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Falkner, N., Story, M., et al. Weight-teasing among adolescents: Correlations with weight status and disordered eating behaviours. Int J Obes (Lond) 2002; 26: 123–31.Google Scholar
Haines, J. and Neumark-Sztainer, D.. Prevention of obesity and eating disorders: A consideration of shared risk factors. Health Educ Res 2006; 21: 770–82.Google Scholar
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Story, M., et al. Dieting and unhealthy weight control behaviours during adolescence: Associations with 10-year changes in body mass index. J Adolesc Health 2012; 50: 80–6.Google Scholar
Vartanian, L. R., and Shaprow, J. G.. Effects of weight stigma on exercise motivation and behaviour: A preliminary investigation among college-aged females. J Health Psychol 2008; 13: 131–8.Google Scholar
Vartanian, L. R., and Novak, S. A.. Internalized societal attitudes moderate the impact of weight stigma on avoidance of exercise. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19: 757–62.Google Scholar
Pearl, R. L., Puhl, R. M., and Dovidio, J. F.. Differential effects of weight bias experiences and internalization on exercise among women with overweight and obesity. J Health Psychol 2015; 20: 1626–32.Google Scholar
Puhl, R. and Brownell, K. D.. Ways of coping with obesity stigma: Review and conceptual analysis. Eat Behav 2003; 4: 5378.Google Scholar
Pearl, R. L., Dovidio, J. F., Puhl, R. M., et al. Exposure to weight-stigmatizing media: Effects on exercise intentions, motivation, and behaviour. J Health Commun 2015; 20: 1004–13.Google Scholar
Gudzune, K. A., Bleich, S. N., Richards, T. M., et al. Doctor shopping by overweight and obese patients is associated with increased healthcare utilization. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21: 1328–34.Google Scholar
Cohen, S.. Social relationships and health. Am Psychol 2004; 59: 676–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brochu, P. M. and Morrison, M. A.. Implicit and explicit prejudice toward overweight and average-weight men and women: Testing their correspondence and relation to behavioural intentions. J Soc Psychol 2007; 147: 681706.Google Scholar
de Wit, L. M., Fokkema, M., von Straten, A., et al. Depressive and anxiety disorders and the association with obesity, physical, and social activities. Depress Anxiety 2010; 27: 1057–65.Google Scholar
Vartanian, L. R. and Smyth, J. M.. Primum non nocere: Obesity stigma and public health. Bioeth Inq 2013; 10: 4957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puhl, R., Himmelstein, M., Gorin, A., et al. Missing the target: Including perspectives of women with overweight and obesity to inform stigma-reduction strategies. Obes Sci Pract 2017; 3: 2535.Google Scholar
Project Implicit. Preliminary information, 2011. Available at https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html.Google Scholar
Bacon, L. and Aphromor, L.. Weight science: Evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift. Nutr J 2011; 10: 9.Google Scholar
Chaput, J.-P., Ferraro, Z. M., Prud’homme, D., et al. Widespread misconceptions about obesity. Can Fam Physician 2014; 60: 973–5.Google Scholar
Flegal, K. M., Kit, B. K., Orpana, H., et al. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2013; 309: 7182.Google Scholar
Friedman, J. M.. Modern science versus the stigma of obesity. Nat Med 2004; 10: 563–9.Google Scholar
Mann, T., Tomiyama, A. J., Westling, E., et al. Medicare’s search for effective obesity treatments: Diets are not the answer. Am Psychol 2007; 62: 220–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salas, X. R., Forhan, M., and Sharma, A.. Diffusing obesity myths. Clin Obes 2014; 4: 189–96.Google Scholar
Tomiyama, A. J., Ahlstrom, B., and Mann, T.. Long-term effects of dieting: Is weight loss related to health? Soc Pers Psychol Compass 2013; 7: 861–77.Google Scholar
Gloor, J. and Puhl, R.. Empathy and perspective-taking: Examination and comparison of strategies to reduce weight stigma. Stigma Health 2016; 1: 269–79.Google Scholar
Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity. Preventing weight bias: Helping without harming in clinical practice. Available at www.uconnruddcenter.org/resources/bias_toolkit/index.html.Google Scholar
Obesity Action Coalition. Guidelines for media portrayals of individuals affected by obesity, 2017. Available at www.obesityaction.org/weight-bias-and-stigma/media-guidelines-for-obesity.Google Scholar
Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity. Rudd Center media gallery: Combating weight bias in the media, 2017. Available at www.uconnruddcenter.org/media-gallery.Google Scholar
Gurrieri, L.. Stocky bodies image library. Available at http://stockybodies.com.Google Scholar
Dietz, W., Kahan, S., Gallagher, C., et al. Why weight? A guide to discussing obesity and health with your patients, 2014. Available at http://whyweightguide.org.Google Scholar
Hettema, J., Steele, J., and Miller, W.. Motivational interviewing. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2005; 1: 91111.Google Scholar
Pearl, R., Hopkins, C., Berkowitz, R., et al. Group cognitive-behavioural treatment for internalized weight stigma: A pilot study. Eat Weight Disord (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Levin, M., Potts, S., Haeger, J., et al. Delivering acceptance and commitment therapy for weight self-stigma through guided self-help: Results from an open pilot trial. Cogn Behav Pract (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Palmeira, L., Pinto-Gouveia, J., and Cunha, M.. Exploring the efficacy of an acceptance, mindfulness and compassionate-based group intervention for women struggling with their weight (kg-free): A randomized controlled trial. Appetite 2017; 112: 107–16.Google Scholar
Danielsdottir, S., O’Brien, K., and Ciao, A.. Anti-fat prejudice reduction: A review of published studies. Obes Facts 2010; 3: 4758.Google Scholar
Lee, M., Ata, R., and Brannick, M.. Malleability of weight-biased attitudes and beliefs: A meta-analysis of weight bias reduction interventions. Body Image 2014; 11: 251–9.Google Scholar
Kushner, R., Zeiss, D., Feinglass, J., et al. An obesity educational intervention for medical students addressing weight bias and communication skills using standardized patients. BMC Med Educ 2014; 14: 53.Google Scholar
Poustchi, Y., Saks, M. S., Piasecki, A. K., et al. Brief intervention effective in reducing weight bias in medical students. Fam Med 2013; 45: 345–8.Google Scholar
Swift, J., Tischler, V., Markham, S., et al. Are anti-stigma films a useful strategy for reducing weight bias among trainee healthcare professionals? Results of a pilot randomized controlled trial. Obes Facts 2013; 6: 91102.Google Scholar
Phelan, S. M., Puhl, R. M., Burke, S. E., et al. The mixed impact of medical school on medical students’ implicit and explicit weight bias. Med Educ 2015; 49: 983–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lippa, N. and Sanderson, S.. Impact of information about obesity genomics on the stigmatization of overweight individuals: An experimental study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 20: 2367–76.Google Scholar
Teachman, B. A., Gapinski, K. D., Brownell, K. D., et al. Demonstrations of implicit anti-fat bias: The impact of providing causal information and evoking empathy. Health Psychol 2003; 22: 6878.Google Scholar
Pearl, R. L. and Lebowitz, M. S.. Beyond personal responsibility: Effects of causal attributions for obesity on weight-related beliefs, stigma, and policy support. Psychol Health 2014; 29: 1176–91.Google Scholar
Tarlov, A. R.. Public policy frameworks for improving population health. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999; 896: 281–93.Google Scholar
Puhl, R. M., Schwartz, M. B., and Brownell, K. D.. Impact of perceived consensus on stereotypes about obese people: A new approach for reducing bias. Health Psychol 2005; 24: 517–25.Google Scholar
Lebow, J., Sim, L. A., and Kransdorf, L. N.. Prevalence of a history of overweight and obesity in adolescents with restrictive eating disorders. J Adolesc Health 2015; 56: 1924.Google Scholar
Darby, A., Hay, P., Mond, J., et al. Disordered eating behaviours and cognitions in young women with obesity: Relationship with psychological status. Int J Obes 2007; 31: 876–82.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn). Washington, DC: APA, 2013.Google Scholar
Lamarre, A. and Rice, C.. Normal eating is counter-cultural: Embodied experiences of eating disorder recovery. J Commun Appl Soc Psychol 2016; 26: 126–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puhl, R., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Austin, S., et al. Setting policy priorities to address eating disorders and weight stigma: Views from the field of eating disorders and the US general public. BMC Public Health 2013; 14: 524.Google Scholar
Suh, Y., Puhl, R., Liu, S., et al. Support for laws to prohibit weight discrimination in the United States: Public attitudes from 2011 to 2013. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22: 1872–9.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×