History on an island is always the history of scarce resources. This chapter offers a novel frame for understanding Joshua Hill’s time at Pitcairn, an ecological history of the island. At the ecological level, human settlement of Pitcairn in 1790 brought new invasive plants and animals that changed the face of the small island. Humans, though, were the agents of the most dramatic changes at Pitcairn. Fletcher Christian’s decision to divide the island only among the European men who landed onboard the Bounty was a decision rooted in land scarcity, but it cut the Polynesian men off from any sense or hope of ever belonging at Pitcairn. When he arrived on the island in 1832, one of Hill’s most noticeable changes was in the policies that governed land ownership. Taking that policy decision seriously and connecting it to the longer environmental history of the island, this chapter argues that ecology is a vital, if heretofore underappreciated, aspect of Pitcairn Island’s history in the age of Joshua Hill.