Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- List of abbreviations
- Chapter 1 Introduction: Roman poverty in context
- Chapter 2 The poor in the city of Rome
- Chapter 3 Stratification, deprivation and quality of life
- Chapter 4 ‘You do him no service’: an exploration of pagan almsgiving
- Chapter 5 Writing poverty in Rome
- Chapter 6 Poverty and population in Roman Egypt
- Chapter 7 A pragmatic approach to poverty and riches: Ambrosiaster's quaestio 124
- Chapter 8 Portraying the poor: descriptions of poverty in Christian texts from the late Roman empire
- Chapter 9 Throwing parties for the poor: poverty and splendour in the late antique church
- Chapter 10 Salvian, the ideal Christian community and the fate of the poor in fifth-century Gaul
- Chapter 11 Poverty and Roman law
- Bibliography
- Index
- References
Bibliography
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 September 2009
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- List of abbreviations
- Chapter 1 Introduction: Roman poverty in context
- Chapter 2 The poor in the city of Rome
- Chapter 3 Stratification, deprivation and quality of life
- Chapter 4 ‘You do him no service’: an exploration of pagan almsgiving
- Chapter 5 Writing poverty in Rome
- Chapter 6 Poverty and population in Roman Egypt
- Chapter 7 A pragmatic approach to poverty and riches: Ambrosiaster's quaestio 124
- Chapter 8 Portraying the poor: descriptions of poverty in Christian texts from the late Roman empire
- Chapter 9 Throwing parties for the poor: poverty and splendour in the late antique church
- Chapter 10 Salvian, the ideal Christian community and the fate of the poor in fifth-century Gaul
- Chapter 11 Poverty and Roman law
- Bibliography
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Poverty in the Roman World , pp. 204 - 219Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2006
References
(1993) Die munizipale Mittelschicht im kaiserzeitlichen Italien: Zu einem neuen Verständnis von Sevirat und Augustalität. FrankfurtGoogle Scholar
(1999) ‘The revolt of the Boukoloi: geography, history and myth’, in , ed. Organised Crime in Antiquity. London: 129–53Google Scholar
(2001) ‘Urban population in late Roman Egypt and the end of the Roman world’, in Scheidel (2001d): 161–204
(2000) ‘Cicero’, in and , eds. The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought. Cambridge: 477–516Google Scholar
(1994) ‘Society and economy’, Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn. Cambridge. vol. 6: 525–64Google Scholar
(1980) Geschichtstheologie und Sozialkritik im Werk Salvians von Marseille (Forschungen zur Kirchen- und Dogmengeschichte Bd. 52). GöttingenGoogle Scholar
(1989) ‘Official and private violence in Roman Egypt’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 26: 201–6; repr. in , Later Roman Egypt: Society, Religion, Economy and Administration (Aldershot 2003) ch. 5Google Scholar
(2002) ‘The effects of plague: model and evidence’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 15: 114–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1953) Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society N.S. 43: 2. PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
(1994) The Idea of Luxury: A Conceptual and Historical Investigation. CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999) ‘European and Middle Eastern views of hierarchy and order in the Middle Ages: a comparison’, in , ed. Orders and Hierarchies in Late Medieval and Renaissance Europe. Basingstoke: 26–32Google Scholar
(2000a) trans., Expositions of the Psalms, 1–32, in , ed. The Works of Saint Augustine, A Translation for the 21st Century, p Ⅲ, vol. 15. New YorkGoogle Scholar
(2000b) trans., Expositions of the Psalms, 33–50, in , ed. The Works of Saint Augustine, A Translation for the 21st Century, p Ⅲ, vol. 16. New YorkGoogle Scholar
(2002) trans., Expositions of the Psalms, 73–98, in , ed. The Works of Saint Augustine, A Translation for the 21st Century, p Ⅲ, vol. 18. New YorkGoogle Scholar
(1985) ‘Landholding in the Hermopolite nome in the fourth century ad.’, JRS 75: 137–63Google Scholar
(1964) Die Binnenwanderung. Studien zur Sozialgeschichte Ägyptens in der Ptolemäer- und Kaiserzeit. BonnGoogle Scholar
(1962/1988) ‘The army and the land in the Roman revolution’, JRS 52: 68–86; rev. version in , The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays. Oxford, 1988: 240–80Google Scholar
and (1977–9), Théodoret de Cyr, Histoire des moines de Syrie, 2 vols., SC 234 and 257. ParisGoogle Scholar
(1981) ‘Sviluppo e crisi delle manifatture rurali e urbane’, in and , eds. Società Romana e Produzione Schiavistica, vol. 2. Rome and Bari: 249–60Google Scholar
(1976) ‘Patronage et propriété militaires au Ⅳe s.; objet rhétorique et objet réel du discours Sur les patronages de Libanius’, BCH 100: 159–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1983) ‘Un roman des origines: les généalogies du “colonat du Bas-Empire”’, Opus 2: 205–51Google Scholar
(2003) ‘Nihil habens praeter quod ipso die vestiebatur. Comment définir le seuil de pauvreté à Rome?’, in and , eds. Consuetudinis amor. Fragments d’histoire romaine (Ⅱe–Ⅵe siècles) offerts è Jean-Pierre Callu. RomeGoogle Scholar
and (1982) ‘La valle d’Oro nel territorio di Cosa’, Dialoghi di Archeologia n.s. 4: 31–62Google Scholar
(1980) ‘Grundfragen der römischen Sozialstruktur’, in , and , eds. Studien zur antiken Sozialgeschichte: Festschrift Friedrich Vittinghoff. Cologne and Vienna: 197–228Google Scholar
(1986) ‘Faltonia Betitia Proba and her Virgilian poem: the Christian matron as artist’, in Ascetic Piety and Women's Faith: Essays in Late Ancient Christianity. Lewiston, NY: 124–152Google Scholar
(2001) ‘Pastoral care: town and country in late-antique preaching’, in and , eds. Urban Centers and Rural Contexts in Late Antiquity: Contributions to the Third Biennial Conference on Shifting Frontiers in Late Antiquity, Emory University March 1999. MichiganGoogle Scholar
(1976) ‘Gathering in the Southern Argolid: a subsistence subsystem in a Greek agricultural community’, in Dimen and Friedl (1976): 251–64
(1997) ‘Wild herbs in the marketplace: gathering in response to market demand’, in Kardulias and Shutes: 215–35
(1989) ‘The client–patron relationship: emblem and reality in Juvenal's first book’, in Wallace-Hadrill (1989): 205–18
(1995) ‘The ideal of the imitation of Christ’, in Three Studies in Medieval, Religious and Social Thought. CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000) Paulinus Noster: Self and Symbols in the Letters of Paulinus of Nola. OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996) The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, ad 284–324. OxfordGoogle Scholar
(1980) The Rich Christian in the Church of Early Empire: Contradictions and Accommodations. New YorkGoogle Scholar
(1991) The Children of the Poor: Representations of Childhood since the Seventeenth Century. OxfordGoogle Scholar
(1997) ‘Jerome and the Sham-Christians of Rome’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 48: 213–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1990) ‘The Roman convivium and the idea of equality’, in , ed. Sympotica: A Symposium on the Symposium. Oxford: 308–320Google Scholar
(1994) Cultus et décor: liturgia e architettura nella Roma tardoantica e medievale: Basilica Salvatoris, Sanctae Mariae, Sancti Petri, 2 vols. RomeGoogle Scholar
(1990) ‘Demand, supply, distribution: the Roman peasantry between town and countryside: rural monetization and peasant demand’, Münstersche Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 9, 2: 24–56Google Scholar
(1991) ‘Demand, supply, distribution: the Roman peasantry between town and countryside: supply, distribution, and a comparative perspective’, Münstersche Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 10, 1: 33–77Google Scholar
(1981) The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World from the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests. LondonGoogle Scholar
. (1995) The Advocacy of Empty Bellies: Episcopal Representation of the Poor in the Late Empire, PhD diss. StanfordGoogle Scholar
(1988) ‘Einbruch, Diebstahl und Straßenraub im römischen Ägypten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Verhältnisse in den ersten beiden Jahrhunderten n. Chr.’, in Weiler (1988): 313–23
, and (2002) Die Wirtschaft des römischen Reiches (1–3 Jahrhundert): Eine Einführung. BerlinCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1992) ‘The Bacaudae of fifth-century Gaul’, in and , eds. Fifth-century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity?Cambridge: 208–17Google Scholar
(1998) ‘Ut Graeco more biberetur: Greeks and Romans on the dining couch’, in and , eds. Meals in a Social Context: Aspects of the Communal Meal in the Hellenistic and Roman World, Aarhus Studies in Mediterranean Antiquity 1. Aarhus: 81–101Google Scholar
(1976) ‘Some configurations of landholding in the Roman empire’, in , ed. Studies in Roman Property. Cambridge: 7–33Google Scholar
(1997) ‘Recitatio and the reorganisation of the space of public discourse’, in and , eds. The Roman Cultural Revolution. Cambridge: 44–59Google Scholar
(1998) Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages: Social Change in England c.1200–1520, rev. edn. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
ed. (1999) Roman Presences: Receptions of Rome in European Culture, 1789–1945. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
and (2003b) ‘Cosmopolis: Rome as world city’, in Edwards and Woolf (2003a): 1–20
(1999) Law and Family in Late Antiquity: The Emperor Constantine's Marriage Legislation. OxfordGoogle Scholar
(2002) Women and the Law in the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook on Marriage, Divorce and Widowhood. London and New YorkGoogle Scholar
(1988) ‘Pauperis omne nefas (Anth. Lat. Ⅰ,21,174 Riese). Contributo per la ricostruzione di un topos’, Sileno 14: 73–98Google Scholar
(1993) ‘New sources and techniques for the study of secular trends in nutritional status, health, mortality and the process of aging’, Historical Methods 26: 5–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1997) ‘A “waste” of resources: aspects of landscape exploitation in lowland Greek agriculture’, in Kardulias and Shutes (1997): 187–213
(1992) ‘The control of the Attic landscape’, in Wells (1992): 155–9
(2002) ‘Access to resources in classical Greece: the egalitarianism of the polis in practice’, in , and , eds. Money, Labour and Land: Approaches to the Economies of Ancient Greece. London and New York: 209–20Google Scholar
(2001) Contra potentium iniurias: The Defensor Civitatis and Late Roman Justice. Münchener Beiträge zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte 90Google Scholar
(1999) Krieger, Bauern, Bürger: Untersuchungen zu den Hopliten der archaischen und klassichen Zeit. PhD diss. BerlinGoogle Scholar
(1928) Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire, 4 vols. (translated from the 7th enlarged and rev. edn of the Sittengeschichte Roms). London and New YorkGoogle Scholar
(1997) ‘Quality of life in the early Roman empire’, paper presented at the Dutch National Seminar in Ancient History ‘The future of the ancient economy’. Leiden
(2000) ‘Demography’, Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn. Cambridge vol. 11: 787–816CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2001) ‘More is worse: some observations on the population of the Roman empire’, in Scheidel (2001d): 139–59
(1991) Risk and Survival in Ancient Greece: Reconstructing the Rural Domestic Economy. StanfordGoogle Scholar
(1988) Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World: Responses to Risk and Crisis. CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1991a) ‘Mass diet and nutrition in the city of Rome’, in , ed. Nourrir la Plebé, Actes du Colloque tenu à Genève. Basel: 67–101; repr. in (1998) ch. 14Google Scholar
(1996) Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustus. Cambridge
(1998) Cities, Peasants and Food in Classical Antiquity: Essays in Social and Economic History, ed., with addenda, . CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1989) ‘Patronage of the rural poor in the Roman world’, in Wallace-Hadrill (1989): 153–70
(1985) Stasis. Untersuchungen zu den inneren Kriegen in den griechischen Staaten des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Vestigia 35. MunichGoogle Scholar
(1988) ‘Carità eversiva: le donazioni di Melania la giovane e gli equilibri della società tardoromana’, Studi Storici 19: 127–42Google Scholar
(2002) ‘Efflorescences and economic growth in world history: rethinking the “Rise of the West” and the Industrial Revolution’, Journal of World History 13: 323–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2003) ‘Controlling the urban mob: the colonatus perpetuus of Codex Justinianus 14.18.1’, Phoenix 57: 284–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987) ‘Pauvres et indigents, vils et plébéiens’, Studia et Documenta Historiae et Juris 53: 140–218Google Scholar
(2004) Bandits in the Roman Empire: Myth and Reality. London and New York
(1988) ‘The keeping of records at Philadelphia in the Julio-Claudian period and the “economic crisis under Nero”’, Proceedings of the ⅩⅧth International Congress of Papyrology (Athens) 2: 261–77Google Scholar
(2000) ‘Widows too young in their widowhood’, in and , eds. I Claudia Ⅱ: Women in Roman Art and Society. Austin: 149–65Google Scholar
(1999) The Other Greeks: The Family Farm and the Agrarian Roots of Western Civilization. BerkeleyGoogle Scholar
and (1998) Who Killed Homer? The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom. New YorkGoogle Scholar
(1983) Statius and the Silvae: Poets, Patrons and Epideixis in the Greco-Roman World. LiverpoolGoogle Scholar
(1988) ‘On the applicability of the concept of class in Roman history’, in and , eds. Forms of Control and Subordination in Antiquity. Tokyo and Leiden: 598–610Google Scholar
(1993) ‘Between archaic and modern: some current problems in the history of the Roman economy’, in The Inscribed Economy: Production and Distribution in the Roman Empire in the Light of instrumentum domesticum. Ann Arbor: 11–29Google Scholar
(forthcoming) ‘The Late Republic’, in Scheidel, Morris and Saller (forthcoming)
(2001) Development Economics: From the Poverty to the Wealth of Nations, 2nd edn. OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999) ‘When satire writes women: gendersong’, in Writing down Rome. Satire, Comedy and other Offences in Latin Poetry. Oxford: 173–201Google Scholar
(1974) Property and Riches in the Early Church: Aspects of a Social History of Early Christianity. LondonGoogle Scholar
(1995–6) ‘Rome, taxes, rents and trade’, Kodai 6/7: 41–75; repr. in Scheidel and von Reden (2002): 190–230Google Scholar
(1882) ‘On the populousness of ancient nations’, in Essays: Moral, Political and Literary Ⅰ, ed. and . London: 381–443Google Scholar
(1998) Forensic practice in the development of Roman and ecclesiastical law in late antiquity, with special reference to the prosecution of heresy. Unpublished PhD diss. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
(2005) ‘Civil law and social life’, in , ed. Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
(1989) ‘On the sin of Adam and Eve: a little-known defence of marriage and child-bearing by Ambrosiaster’, Harvard Theological Review 82: 283–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999) ‘Food, Silver, trade and liturgies: modeling the Athenian economy’. Unpublished MPhil diss. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
(2005) ‘Garden cultivation of staple crops and its implications for settlement location and continuity’, in Van der Veen (2005): 164–76
(2000) ‘Hunger and power: theories, models and methods in Roman economic history’, in , ed. Interdependency of Institutions and Private Entrepreneurs: Proceedings of the Second MOS Symposium, Leiden 1998. Istanbul: 259–84Google Scholar
(forthcoming) ‘The early Roman empire: consumption’, in Scheidel, Morris and Saller (forthcoming)
(1992) Work, Identity, and Legal Status at Rome: A Study of the Occupational Inscriptions. Norman and LondonGoogle Scholar
(1975) ‘Le poète chrétien selon Paulin de Nole: l’adaptation des thèmes classiques dans les Natalicia’, Revue des Études Augustiniennes 21: 13–54Google Scholar
(1962) ‘Enarratio in psalmum ⅭⅩⅧ: science de la révélation et progrès spirituel’, Recherches Augustiniennes 2: 359–381CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1997) Aegean Strategies: Studies of Culture and Environment on the European Fringe. LanhamGoogle Scholar
(2001) ‘Controlling reason: declamation in rhetorical education at Rome’, in , ed. Education in Greek and Roman Antiquity. Leiden: 317–37Google Scholar
(1975) Jerome. London
(2001) ‘The Romanization of diet in the western Roman empire: comparative archaeological studies’, in and , eds. Italy and the West: Comparative Issues in Romanization. Oxford: 210–23Google Scholar
(1992) Die Wirtschaft der griechisch-roemischen Wolt. Darmstadt
(1993) Poverty: Human Consciousness and the Amnesia of Development. London and New JerseyGoogle Scholar
(1994) Witwen und Waisen im römischen Reich Ⅱ.Wirtschaftliche und Gesellschaftliche Stellung von Witwen. StuttgartGoogle Scholar
(1990) ‘Zur sozialen Mobilität in der späten römischen Republik: plebs und ordo equester’, Klio 72: 144–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1971) ‘Les Enarrationes in Psalmos prêchées par saint Augustin à l’occasion des fêtes de martyres’, Recherches Augustiniennes 7: 73–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999) ‘The uses of decay: history in Salvian's De gubernatione dei’, Augustinian Studies 30: 115–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000), ‘The barbarians in Salvian's De Gubernatione Dei’, in and , eds. Ethnicity and Culture in Late Antiquity. London and Oakville CT: 103–15Google Scholar
(1997) ‘Writing the Roman metropolis’, in , ed. Roman Urbanism: Beyond the Consumer City. London: 1–20Google Scholar
(2004) Silver and Society in Late Antiquity: Function and Meanings of Silver Plate in the Fourth to Ninth Centuries. AldershotGoogle Scholar
(1983) ‘Quot curiales, tot tyranni: l’image du décurion oppresseur au Bas-Empire’, in , ed. Crise et redressement dans les provinces européennes de l’Empire (milieu du Ⅲe–milieu du Ⅳe siècle ap. J.–C.). Strasbourg: 143–56Google Scholar
(1997) ‘Pity, fear and the historical audience: Tacitus on the fall of Vitellius’, in and , eds. The Passions in Roman Thought and Literature. Cambridge: 128–49Google Scholar
(1982) ‘Morals, politics and the fall of the Roman republic’, Greece and Rome 29: 53–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1966) ‘Exemptions from liturgy’, Atti dell’Ⅺ Congresso Internazionale di Papirologia. Milan: 508–41Google Scholar
(1996) Image and Reality: The Jews in the World of the Christians in the Second Century. EdinburghGoogle Scholar
(1972) ‘Imperial expansion and moral decline in the Roman Republic’, Historia 21: 626–38Google Scholar
(1994) ‘The size of the Roman population: Beloch and the meaning of the Augustan census figures’, JRS 84: 23–40Google Scholar
(1986) ‘The structure and practice of government’, in Twitchett and Loewe (1986): 463–90
(1992) ‘Ethnicity, orthodoxy and community in Salvian of Marseilles’, in and , eds. Fifth-century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity?Cambridge: 275–84Google Scholar
(1959) ‘Roman imperial building in the provinces’, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 64: 207–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1982) ‘The epigraphic habit in the Roman empire’, American Journal of Philology 103: 233–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1989) ‘The preacher's audience (AD 350–400)’, Journal of Theological Studies n.s. 40: 503–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998) ‘Late Roman social relations’, Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn. Cambridge vol. 13: 338–70Google Scholar
(1976) ‘Sulla costituzione di Constantino in tema di parricidio (Codex Justinianus 9,15,1)’, in Accademia Romanistica Costantiniana 1976: 103–17Google Scholar
(1999) ‘Widows, orphans and social history [review of Krause 1994–5]’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 12: 617–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2002) ‘The Augustan marriage legislation and social practice: elite endogamy versus male “marrying down”’, in and , eds. Speculum Iuris: Roman Law as a Reflection of Social and Economic Life in Antiquity. Ann Arbor: 46–93Google Scholar
(1946) ‘Epigraphical evidence for social charity in the Roman West’, American Journal of Philology 67: 129–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1993) ‘Cicero and the costs of the Republican grain laws’, in Sancisi-Weerdenburg et al. (1993): 153–63
(1991) ‘Pottery: population or supply patterns? The Ager Tarraconensis approach’, in and , eds. Roman Landscapes: Archaeological Survey in the Mediterranean Region. London: 18–26Google Scholar
(2001) ‘Productive to some purpose? The problem of ancient economic growth’, in and , eds. Economies Beyond Agriculture in the Classical World. London and New York: 17–48Google Scholar
(1908) ‘The leaden token-coinage of Egypt under the Romans’, Numismatic Chronicle 8: 287–310, pl. ⅹⅹⅵGoogle Scholar
(1997) The Later Roman Colonate and Freedom, Transactions of American Philosophical Society 87.2Google Scholar
(1899) ‘L’Ambrosiaster et le Juif converti Isaac’, Revue d’Histoire et de Littérature Religieuses 4.2: 97–121Google Scholar
(1914) ‘Qui est l’Ambrosiaster? Solution nouvelle’, Revue Bénédictine 31: 1–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996) Metropolis and Hinterland: The City of Rome and the Italian Economy 200 b.c.–a.d. 200.CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998) ‘Political economy and classical antiquity’, Journal of the History of Ideas 28: 95–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005) ‘The healthfulness of the Roman city’, in , ed. Health in Antiquity. London and New York: 192–204Google Scholar
(1994) ‘The Athenian economy twenty years after The Ancient Economy’, Classical Philology 89: 351–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996) ‘The strong principle of equality and the archaic origins of Greek democracy’, in and , eds. Demokratia: A Conversation on Democracies Ancient and Modern.Princeton: 19–48Google Scholar
(2000) Archaeology as Cultural History: Words and Things in Iron Age Greece.Malden MA and OxfordGoogle Scholar
(2004) ‘Economic growth in ancient Greece’, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 160: 709–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005) ‘Archaeology, standards of living, and Greek economic history’, in and , eds. The Ancient Economy: Evidence and Models.Stanford: 91–126Google Scholar
(2001) ‘Multis enim notissima est sanctitas loci: Paulinus and the gradual rise of Nola as a center of Christian hospitality’, Journal of Early Christian Studies 9: 511–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1990) Die städtischen Unterschichten Italiens in den Inschriften der römischen Kaiserzeit (populus, plebs, plebs urbana u.a.). WroclawGoogle Scholar
et al. (1982) Selected Studies on the Dynamics, Patterns and Consequences of Migration. 1, Mexico City: Industrialization, Migration and the Labour Force, 1930–1970. Paris: Unesco Reports and Papers in the Social Sciences 46Google Scholar
(1998) I marginali nell’Occidente tardoantico: poveri, ‘infames’ e criminali nella nascente società cristiana. BariGoogle Scholar
(1986) ‘The economic and social history of Former Han’, in Twitchett and Loewe (1986): 551–607
(1979) ‘The inspiration for Augustine's De Civitate Dei’, Augustinian Studies 10: 75–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1992) ‘“Is it a farm?”: the definition of agricultural sites and settlements in ancient Greece’, in Wells (1992): 21–7
(2004) The Old Oligarch: Pseudo-Xenophon's Constitution of the Athenians. LACTOR 2, 2nd edn. LondonGoogle Scholar
(1906) Rights of Man: Part Ⅱ [1792], in The Writings of Thomas Paine, Volume 2, ed. . LondonGoogle Scholar
(2001) Poverty in the Early Roman Empire: Ancient and Modern Conceptions and Constructs. Unpublished PhD diss. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
(1997) ‘Out of sight, out of mind: elderly members of the Roman family’, in and , eds. The Roman Family in Italy: Status, Sentiment and Space. Oxford: 123–48Google Scholar
(1967) Roma Aeterna: Études sur le patriotisme romain dans l’Occident latin à l’époque des grandes invasions. RomeGoogle Scholar
(1993) Fêtes d’Egypte ptolémaïque et romaine d’après la documentation papyrologique grecque. LeuvenGoogle Scholar
(1983) ‘Les pauvres et la pauvreté dans l’Italie de l’empire chrétien (Ⅳ siècle)’, Miscellanea Historiae Ecclesiasticae 6: 267–300Google Scholar
(1986) ‘Una società cristiana alla prese con un testo radicale: l’esegesi della pericope nella Chiesa Latina post-costantiniana’, in Autori vari, Per foramen acus: Il cristianesimo antico di fronte alla pericope evangelica del ‘giovane ricco’. Milan: 264–328Google Scholar
(1971) ‘Sociale stratificatie en sociale mobiliteit in de romeinse keizertijd’, Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 84: 215–51Google Scholar
(1988) ‘Labor and unemployment in the Roman empire: some preliminary remarks’, in Weiler (1988): 267–76
(1991) ‘Status and status-concern in the Greco-Roman dream-books’, Anc. Soc. 22: 51–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1997) Sozialökonomische Untersuchungen zur Armut im antiken Rom. Von den Gracchen bis Kaiser Diokletian. StuttgartGoogle Scholar
(1994) ‘The city of Rome and the plebs urbana in the late Republic’, Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn. Cambridge vol. 9: 644–88Google Scholar
(1996) ‘Rome and its development under Augustus and his successors’, Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn. Cambridge vol. 10: 782–811CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005) Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity: The Nature of Christian Leadership in an Age of Transition. LondonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1993a) ‘The census qualifications of the assidui and the prima classis’, in Sancisi-Weerdenburg et al. (1993): 121–52Google Scholar
(1993b) ‘Review article: the Italian countryside and the Gracchan “crisis”’, JACT Review 13: 18–20Google Scholar
(1993c) ‘Egypt, Augustus and Roman taxation’, Cahiers du Centre Glotz 4: 81–112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996) ‘Monetisation, not price-inflation, in third-century a.d. Egypt?’ in and , eds. Coin Finds and Coin Use in the Roman World. Berlin: 321–39Google Scholar
(1997) ‘Prices and price-formation in Roman Egypt’, in , and , eds. Economie antique. Prix et formation des prix dans les économies antiques. Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges: 183–244Google Scholar
(2001) ‘Mapping the south-west Fayyum: sites and texts’, Atti del ⅩⅩⅡ Congresso Internazionale di Papirologia (Florence) Ⅱ: 1109–17Google Scholar
(forthcoming) ‘Roman Egypt’, in Scheidel, Morris and Saller (forthcoming)
(1983) ‘Naissance du pauvre honteux’, Annales, Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations 38: 158–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1985) ‘Moderne und zeitgenössische Vorstellungen von der Gesellschaftsordnung der römischen Kaiserzeit’, Saeculum 36: 299–325CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988) Humiliores – honestiores: Zu einer sozialen Dichotomie im Strafrecht der römischen Kaiserzeit.MunichGoogle Scholar
(2005) ‘Band of hope: players from the past whose spirits should rule the G8’, Times Literary Supplement no.5334 (June 24): 3–4Google Scholar
(2002) ‘Marriage and manpower in the Hannibalic war: assidui, proletarii and Livy 24.18.7–8’, Historia 51: 163–91Google Scholar
(1979) ‘A propos des mendiants au Ⅳe siècle: étude de quelques textes’, Cahiers d’histoire 20: 339–47Google Scholar
(1990) ‘Aspects de la pauvreté et de ses remèdes aux Ⅳ–V siècles’, Ⅷ Convegno Accademia Costantiniana: 227–48Google Scholar
(2002) ‘Framing the debate over growth in the ancient economy’, in Scheidel and von Reden (2002): 251–69
et al., eds. (1993) De Agricultura: In Memoriam Pieter Willem de Neeve (1945–1990). AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
(1988) A Chinese Beggars’ Den: Poverty and Mobility in an Underclass Community. PittsburghGoogle Scholar
(2000) ‘Slaves of the soil: review article’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 13: 727–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2001a) ‘Progress and problems in Roman demography’, in , ed., Debating Roman Demography.Leiden: 1–81Google Scholar
(2002) ‘A model of demographic and economic change in Roman Egypt after the Antonine plague’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 15: 97–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2003a) ‘Germs for Rome’, in Edwards and Woolf (2003a): 158–76
(2003b) ‘The Greek demographic expansion: models and comparisons’, JHS 123: 20–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2004) ‘Demographic and economic development in the ancient Mediterranean world’, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 160: 743–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(forthcoming a) ‘Demography’, in Scheidel, Morris and Saller (forthcoming)
(forthcoming b) ‘Marriage, families, and survival: demographic aspects’, in , ed. The Blackwell Companion to the Roman Army. Malden MA and OxfordGoogle Scholar
, and , eds. (forthcoming) The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
(1776) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth and Poverty of Nations.LondonGoogle Scholar
(1985) ‘Theories and measures of urban primacy: a critique’, in , ed. Urbanization in the World-Economy. Orlando and London: 87–117Google Scholar
(1927) The Earliest Latin Commentaries on the Epistles of St Paul. Oxford
(1996) ‘“Aurum utile”. Zu einem Topos von Vorrang der Caritas über Kirchensätze seit Ambrosius’, Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum 39: 128–48Google Scholar
(forthcoming) ‘Estimating GDP in the early Roman empire’
and , eds. (1986) The Cambridge History of China, Ⅰ: The Ch’in and Han Empires, 221 b.c.–a.d. 220.CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005) ‘Garden agriculture’, World Archaeology 37.2
(1997) ‘Padroni, contadini, contratti: realia del colonato tardoantico’, in , ed. Terre, proprietari e contadini dell’Impero romano. Dall’affitto agrario al colonato tardoantico (Incontro studio di Capri, 16–18 ottobre 1995). Rome: 185–224Google Scholar
(2000) ‘La “plèbe moyenne” sous le Haut-Empire romain’, Annales (ESC) 6: 1169–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1980) ‘Soziale Struktur und politisches System in der hohen römischen Kaiserzeit’, Historische Zeitschrift 230: 31–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ed. (1988) Soziale Randgruppen und Außenseiter im Altertum. Referate vom Symposium ‘Soziale Randgruppen und antike Sozialpolitik’, in Graz (21. bis 23. September 1987.GrazGoogle Scholar
(1982) ‘Positions for poets in early imperial Rome’, in , ed. Literary and Artistic Patronage in Ancient Rome.Austin, TX: 50–66Google Scholar
(1993) ‘The poor in the city of Rome’, in Land, City and Trade in the Roman Empire, Aldershot: 1–25 (Originally published in A. Giardina, ed. (1989) L’uomo romano. Rome and Bari)Google Scholar
(1986) ‘Between men and beasts: barbarians in Ammianus Marcellinus’, in , and , eds. Past Perspectives: Studies in Greek and Roman Historical Writing.Cambridge: 189–201Google Scholar
(1996) Riches and Poverty: An Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain, 1750–1834. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
(2001) ‘“Staat”, “Gesellschaft” und politische Integration in der römischen Kaiserzeit’, Klio 83: 93–112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1972) Les resources et les activités économiques des églises en Egypte du Ⅳe au Ⅷe siècle. BrusselsGoogle Scholar
(1998) ‘L’attività caritativa dei vescovi egiziani’, in and , eds. L’évêque dans la cité du Ⅳe au Ve siècle: image et autorité. Paris: 71–80Google Scholar
(1971) Numen Litterarum: The Old and the New in Latin Poetry from Constantine to Gregory the Great. Leiden and CologneGoogle Scholar
(2003) ‘The city of letters’, in Edwards and Woolf (2003a): 203–21
(1967) ‘A simple model of London's importance in changing English society and economy, 1650–1750’, Past & Present 37: 44–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988) Continuity, Chance and Change: The Character of the Industrial Revolution in England. CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2003) Smallpox and the Disintegration of the Roman Economy after 165 ad. PhD diss. ColumbiaGoogle Scholar
(1993) Die munizipale Mittelschicht im kaiserzeitlichen Italien: Zu einem neuen Verständnis von Sevirat und Augustalität. FrankfurtGoogle Scholar
(1999) ‘The revolt of the Boukoloi: geography, history and myth’, in , ed. Organised Crime in Antiquity. London: 129–53Google Scholar
(2001) ‘Urban population in late Roman Egypt and the end of the Roman world’, in Scheidel (2001d): 161–204
(2000) ‘Cicero’, in and , eds. The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought. Cambridge: 477–516Google Scholar
(1994) ‘Society and economy’, Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn. Cambridge. vol. 6: 525–64Google Scholar
(1980) Geschichtstheologie und Sozialkritik im Werk Salvians von Marseille (Forschungen zur Kirchen- und Dogmengeschichte Bd. 52). GöttingenGoogle Scholar
(1989) ‘Official and private violence in Roman Egypt’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 26: 201–6; repr. in , Later Roman Egypt: Society, Religion, Economy and Administration (Aldershot 2003) ch. 5Google Scholar
(2002) ‘The effects of plague: model and evidence’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 15: 114–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1953) Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society N.S. 43: 2. PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
(1994) The Idea of Luxury: A Conceptual and Historical Investigation. CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999) ‘European and Middle Eastern views of hierarchy and order in the Middle Ages: a comparison’, in , ed. Orders and Hierarchies in Late Medieval and Renaissance Europe. Basingstoke: 26–32Google Scholar
(2000a) trans., Expositions of the Psalms, 1–32, in , ed. The Works of Saint Augustine, A Translation for the 21st Century, p Ⅲ, vol. 15. New YorkGoogle Scholar
(2000b) trans., Expositions of the Psalms, 33–50, in , ed. The Works of Saint Augustine, A Translation for the 21st Century, p Ⅲ, vol. 16. New YorkGoogle Scholar
(2002) trans., Expositions of the Psalms, 73–98, in , ed. The Works of Saint Augustine, A Translation for the 21st Century, p Ⅲ, vol. 18. New YorkGoogle Scholar
(1985) ‘Landholding in the Hermopolite nome in the fourth century ad.’, JRS 75: 137–63Google Scholar
(1964) Die Binnenwanderung. Studien zur Sozialgeschichte Ägyptens in der Ptolemäer- und Kaiserzeit. BonnGoogle Scholar
(1962/1988) ‘The army and the land in the Roman revolution’, JRS 52: 68–86; rev. version in , The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays. Oxford, 1988: 240–80Google Scholar
and (1977–9), Théodoret de Cyr, Histoire des moines de Syrie, 2 vols., SC 234 and 257. ParisGoogle Scholar
(1981) ‘Sviluppo e crisi delle manifatture rurali e urbane’, in and , eds. Società Romana e Produzione Schiavistica, vol. 2. Rome and Bari: 249–60Google Scholar
(1976) ‘Patronage et propriété militaires au Ⅳe s.; objet rhétorique et objet réel du discours Sur les patronages de Libanius’, BCH 100: 159–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1983) ‘Un roman des origines: les généalogies du “colonat du Bas-Empire”’, Opus 2: 205–51Google Scholar
(2003) ‘Nihil habens praeter quod ipso die vestiebatur. Comment définir le seuil de pauvreté à Rome?’, in and , eds. Consuetudinis amor. Fragments d’histoire romaine (Ⅱe–Ⅵe siècles) offerts è Jean-Pierre Callu. RomeGoogle Scholar
and (1982) ‘La valle d’Oro nel territorio di Cosa’, Dialoghi di Archeologia n.s. 4: 31–62Google Scholar
(1980) ‘Grundfragen der römischen Sozialstruktur’, in , and , eds. Studien zur antiken Sozialgeschichte: Festschrift Friedrich Vittinghoff. Cologne and Vienna: 197–228Google Scholar
(1986) ‘Faltonia Betitia Proba and her Virgilian poem: the Christian matron as artist’, in Ascetic Piety and Women's Faith: Essays in Late Ancient Christianity. Lewiston, NY: 124–152Google Scholar
(2001) ‘Pastoral care: town and country in late-antique preaching’, in and , eds. Urban Centers and Rural Contexts in Late Antiquity: Contributions to the Third Biennial Conference on Shifting Frontiers in Late Antiquity, Emory University March 1999. MichiganGoogle Scholar
(1976) ‘Gathering in the Southern Argolid: a subsistence subsystem in a Greek agricultural community’, in Dimen and Friedl (1976): 251–64
(1997) ‘Wild herbs in the marketplace: gathering in response to market demand’, in Kardulias and Shutes: 215–35
(1989) ‘The client–patron relationship: emblem and reality in Juvenal's first book’, in Wallace-Hadrill (1989): 205–18
(1995) ‘The ideal of the imitation of Christ’, in Three Studies in Medieval, Religious and Social Thought. CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000) Paulinus Noster: Self and Symbols in the Letters of Paulinus of Nola. OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996) The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, ad 284–324. OxfordGoogle Scholar
(1980) The Rich Christian in the Church of Early Empire: Contradictions and Accommodations. New YorkGoogle Scholar
(1991) The Children of the Poor: Representations of Childhood since the Seventeenth Century. OxfordGoogle Scholar
(1997) ‘Jerome and the Sham-Christians of Rome’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 48: 213–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1990) ‘The Roman convivium and the idea of equality’, in , ed. Sympotica: A Symposium on the Symposium. Oxford: 308–320Google Scholar
(1994) Cultus et décor: liturgia e architettura nella Roma tardoantica e medievale: Basilica Salvatoris, Sanctae Mariae, Sancti Petri, 2 vols. RomeGoogle Scholar
(1990) ‘Demand, supply, distribution: the Roman peasantry between town and countryside: rural monetization and peasant demand’, Münstersche Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 9, 2: 24–56Google Scholar
(1991) ‘Demand, supply, distribution: the Roman peasantry between town and countryside: supply, distribution, and a comparative perspective’, Münstersche Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 10, 1: 33–77Google Scholar
(1981) The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World from the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests. LondonGoogle Scholar
. (1995) The Advocacy of Empty Bellies: Episcopal Representation of the Poor in the Late Empire, PhD diss. StanfordGoogle Scholar
(1988) ‘Einbruch, Diebstahl und Straßenraub im römischen Ägypten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Verhältnisse in den ersten beiden Jahrhunderten n. Chr.’, in Weiler (1988): 313–23
, and (2002) Die Wirtschaft des römischen Reiches (1–3 Jahrhundert): Eine Einführung. BerlinCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1992) ‘The Bacaudae of fifth-century Gaul’, in and , eds. Fifth-century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity?Cambridge: 208–17Google Scholar
(1998) ‘Ut Graeco more biberetur: Greeks and Romans on the dining couch’, in and , eds. Meals in a Social Context: Aspects of the Communal Meal in the Hellenistic and Roman World, Aarhus Studies in Mediterranean Antiquity 1. Aarhus: 81–101Google Scholar
(1976) ‘Some configurations of landholding in the Roman empire’, in , ed. Studies in Roman Property. Cambridge: 7–33Google Scholar
(1997) ‘Recitatio and the reorganisation of the space of public discourse’, in and , eds. The Roman Cultural Revolution. Cambridge: 44–59Google Scholar
(1998) Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages: Social Change in England c.1200–1520, rev. edn. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
ed. (1999) Roman Presences: Receptions of Rome in European Culture, 1789–1945. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
and (2003b) ‘Cosmopolis: Rome as world city’, in Edwards and Woolf (2003a): 1–20
(1999) Law and Family in Late Antiquity: The Emperor Constantine's Marriage Legislation. OxfordGoogle Scholar
(2002) Women and the Law in the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook on Marriage, Divorce and Widowhood. London and New YorkGoogle Scholar
(1988) ‘Pauperis omne nefas (Anth. Lat. Ⅰ,21,174 Riese). Contributo per la ricostruzione di un topos’, Sileno 14: 73–98Google Scholar
(1993) ‘New sources and techniques for the study of secular trends in nutritional status, health, mortality and the process of aging’, Historical Methods 26: 5–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1997) ‘A “waste” of resources: aspects of landscape exploitation in lowland Greek agriculture’, in Kardulias and Shutes (1997): 187–213
(1992) ‘The control of the Attic landscape’, in Wells (1992): 155–9
(2002) ‘Access to resources in classical Greece: the egalitarianism of the polis in practice’, in , and , eds. Money, Labour and Land: Approaches to the Economies of Ancient Greece. London and New York: 209–20Google Scholar
(2001) Contra potentium iniurias: The Defensor Civitatis and Late Roman Justice. Münchener Beiträge zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte 90Google Scholar
(1999) Krieger, Bauern, Bürger: Untersuchungen zu den Hopliten der archaischen und klassichen Zeit. PhD diss. BerlinGoogle Scholar
(1928) Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire, 4 vols. (translated from the 7th enlarged and rev. edn of the Sittengeschichte Roms). London and New YorkGoogle Scholar
(1997) ‘Quality of life in the early Roman empire’, paper presented at the Dutch National Seminar in Ancient History ‘The future of the ancient economy’. Leiden
(2000) ‘Demography’, Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn. Cambridge vol. 11: 787–816CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2001) ‘More is worse: some observations on the population of the Roman empire’, in Scheidel (2001d): 139–59
(1991) Risk and Survival in Ancient Greece: Reconstructing the Rural Domestic Economy. StanfordGoogle Scholar
(1988) Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World: Responses to Risk and Crisis. CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1991a) ‘Mass diet and nutrition in the city of Rome’, in , ed. Nourrir la Plebé, Actes du Colloque tenu à Genève. Basel: 67–101; repr. in (1998) ch. 14Google Scholar
(1996) Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustus. Cambridge
(1998) Cities, Peasants and Food in Classical Antiquity: Essays in Social and Economic History, ed., with addenda, . CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1989) ‘Patronage of the rural poor in the Roman world’, in Wallace-Hadrill (1989): 153–70
(1985) Stasis. Untersuchungen zu den inneren Kriegen in den griechischen Staaten des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Vestigia 35. MunichGoogle Scholar
(1988) ‘Carità eversiva: le donazioni di Melania la giovane e gli equilibri della società tardoromana’, Studi Storici 19: 127–42Google Scholar
(2002) ‘Efflorescences and economic growth in world history: rethinking the “Rise of the West” and the Industrial Revolution’, Journal of World History 13: 323–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2003) ‘Controlling the urban mob: the colonatus perpetuus of Codex Justinianus 14.18.1’, Phoenix 57: 284–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987) ‘Pauvres et indigents, vils et plébéiens’, Studia et Documenta Historiae et Juris 53: 140–218Google Scholar
(2004) Bandits in the Roman Empire: Myth and Reality. London and New York
(1988) ‘The keeping of records at Philadelphia in the Julio-Claudian period and the “economic crisis under Nero”’, Proceedings of the ⅩⅧth International Congress of Papyrology (Athens) 2: 261–77Google Scholar
(2000) ‘Widows too young in their widowhood’, in and , eds. I Claudia Ⅱ: Women in Roman Art and Society. Austin: 149–65Google Scholar
(1999) The Other Greeks: The Family Farm and the Agrarian Roots of Western Civilization. BerkeleyGoogle Scholar
and (1998) Who Killed Homer? The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom. New YorkGoogle Scholar
(1983) Statius and the Silvae: Poets, Patrons and Epideixis in the Greco-Roman World. LiverpoolGoogle Scholar
(1988) ‘On the applicability of the concept of class in Roman history’, in and , eds. Forms of Control and Subordination in Antiquity. Tokyo and Leiden: 598–610Google Scholar
(1993) ‘Between archaic and modern: some current problems in the history of the Roman economy’, in The Inscribed Economy: Production and Distribution in the Roman Empire in the Light of instrumentum domesticum. Ann Arbor: 11–29Google Scholar
(forthcoming) ‘The Late Republic’, in Scheidel, Morris and Saller (forthcoming)
(2001) Development Economics: From the Poverty to the Wealth of Nations, 2nd edn. OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999) ‘When satire writes women: gendersong’, in Writing down Rome. Satire, Comedy and other Offences in Latin Poetry. Oxford: 173–201Google Scholar
(1974) Property and Riches in the Early Church: Aspects of a Social History of Early Christianity. LondonGoogle Scholar
(1995–6) ‘Rome, taxes, rents and trade’, Kodai 6/7: 41–75; repr. in Scheidel and von Reden (2002): 190–230Google Scholar
(1882) ‘On the populousness of ancient nations’, in Essays: Moral, Political and Literary Ⅰ, ed. and . London: 381–443Google Scholar
(1998) Forensic practice in the development of Roman and ecclesiastical law in late antiquity, with special reference to the prosecution of heresy. Unpublished PhD diss. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
(2005) ‘Civil law and social life’, in , ed. Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
(1989) ‘On the sin of Adam and Eve: a little-known defence of marriage and child-bearing by Ambrosiaster’, Harvard Theological Review 82: 283–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999) ‘Food, Silver, trade and liturgies: modeling the Athenian economy’. Unpublished MPhil diss. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
(2005) ‘Garden cultivation of staple crops and its implications for settlement location and continuity’, in Van der Veen (2005): 164–76
(2000) ‘Hunger and power: theories, models and methods in Roman economic history’, in , ed. Interdependency of Institutions and Private Entrepreneurs: Proceedings of the Second MOS Symposium, Leiden 1998. Istanbul: 259–84Google Scholar
(forthcoming) ‘The early Roman empire: consumption’, in Scheidel, Morris and Saller (forthcoming)
(1992) Work, Identity, and Legal Status at Rome: A Study of the Occupational Inscriptions. Norman and LondonGoogle Scholar
(1975) ‘Le poète chrétien selon Paulin de Nole: l’adaptation des thèmes classiques dans les Natalicia’, Revue des Études Augustiniennes 21: 13–54Google Scholar
(1962) ‘Enarratio in psalmum ⅭⅩⅧ: science de la révélation et progrès spirituel’, Recherches Augustiniennes 2: 359–381CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1997) Aegean Strategies: Studies of Culture and Environment on the European Fringe. LanhamGoogle Scholar
(2001) ‘Controlling reason: declamation in rhetorical education at Rome’, in , ed. Education in Greek and Roman Antiquity. Leiden: 317–37Google Scholar
(1975) Jerome. London
(2001) ‘The Romanization of diet in the western Roman empire: comparative archaeological studies’, in and , eds. Italy and the West: Comparative Issues in Romanization. Oxford: 210–23Google Scholar
(1992) Die Wirtschaft der griechisch-roemischen Wolt. Darmstadt
(1993) Poverty: Human Consciousness and the Amnesia of Development. London and New JerseyGoogle Scholar
(1994) Witwen und Waisen im römischen Reich Ⅱ.Wirtschaftliche und Gesellschaftliche Stellung von Witwen. StuttgartGoogle Scholar
(1990) ‘Zur sozialen Mobilität in der späten römischen Republik: plebs und ordo equester’, Klio 72: 144–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1971) ‘Les Enarrationes in Psalmos prêchées par saint Augustin à l’occasion des fêtes de martyres’, Recherches Augustiniennes 7: 73–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999) ‘The uses of decay: history in Salvian's De gubernatione dei’, Augustinian Studies 30: 115–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000), ‘The barbarians in Salvian's De Gubernatione Dei’, in and , eds. Ethnicity and Culture in Late Antiquity. London and Oakville CT: 103–15Google Scholar
(1997) ‘Writing the Roman metropolis’, in , ed. Roman Urbanism: Beyond the Consumer City. London: 1–20Google Scholar
(2004) Silver and Society in Late Antiquity: Function and Meanings of Silver Plate in the Fourth to Ninth Centuries. AldershotGoogle Scholar
(1983) ‘Quot curiales, tot tyranni: l’image du décurion oppresseur au Bas-Empire’, in , ed. Crise et redressement dans les provinces européennes de l’Empire (milieu du Ⅲe–milieu du Ⅳe siècle ap. J.–C.). Strasbourg: 143–56Google Scholar
(1997) ‘Pity, fear and the historical audience: Tacitus on the fall of Vitellius’, in and , eds. The Passions in Roman Thought and Literature. Cambridge: 128–49Google Scholar
(1982) ‘Morals, politics and the fall of the Roman republic’, Greece and Rome 29: 53–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1966) ‘Exemptions from liturgy’, Atti dell’Ⅺ Congresso Internazionale di Papirologia. Milan: 508–41Google Scholar
(1996) Image and Reality: The Jews in the World of the Christians in the Second Century. EdinburghGoogle Scholar
(1972) ‘Imperial expansion and moral decline in the Roman Republic’, Historia 21: 626–38Google Scholar
(1994) ‘The size of the Roman population: Beloch and the meaning of the Augustan census figures’, JRS 84: 23–40Google Scholar
(1986) ‘The structure and practice of government’, in Twitchett and Loewe (1986): 463–90
(1992) ‘Ethnicity, orthodoxy and community in Salvian of Marseilles’, in and , eds. Fifth-century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity?Cambridge: 275–84Google Scholar
(1959) ‘Roman imperial building in the provinces’, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 64: 207–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1982) ‘The epigraphic habit in the Roman empire’, American Journal of Philology 103: 233–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1989) ‘The preacher's audience (AD 350–400)’, Journal of Theological Studies n.s. 40: 503–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998) ‘Late Roman social relations’, Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn. Cambridge vol. 13: 338–70Google Scholar
(1976) ‘Sulla costituzione di Constantino in tema di parricidio (Codex Justinianus 9,15,1)’, in Accademia Romanistica Costantiniana 1976: 103–17Google Scholar
(1999) ‘Widows, orphans and social history [review of Krause 1994–5]’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 12: 617–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2002) ‘The Augustan marriage legislation and social practice: elite endogamy versus male “marrying down”’, in and , eds. Speculum Iuris: Roman Law as a Reflection of Social and Economic Life in Antiquity. Ann Arbor: 46–93Google Scholar
(1946) ‘Epigraphical evidence for social charity in the Roman West’, American Journal of Philology 67: 129–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1993) ‘Cicero and the costs of the Republican grain laws’, in Sancisi-Weerdenburg et al. (1993): 153–63
(1991) ‘Pottery: population or supply patterns? The Ager Tarraconensis approach’, in and , eds. Roman Landscapes: Archaeological Survey in the Mediterranean Region. London: 18–26Google Scholar
(2001) ‘Productive to some purpose? The problem of ancient economic growth’, in and , eds. Economies Beyond Agriculture in the Classical World. London and New York: 17–48Google Scholar
(1908) ‘The leaden token-coinage of Egypt under the Romans’, Numismatic Chronicle 8: 287–310, pl. ⅹⅹⅵGoogle Scholar
(1997) The Later Roman Colonate and Freedom, Transactions of American Philosophical Society 87.2Google Scholar
(1899) ‘L’Ambrosiaster et le Juif converti Isaac’, Revue d’Histoire et de Littérature Religieuses 4.2: 97–121Google Scholar
(1914) ‘Qui est l’Ambrosiaster? Solution nouvelle’, Revue Bénédictine 31: 1–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996) Metropolis and Hinterland: The City of Rome and the Italian Economy 200 b.c.–a.d. 200.CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998) ‘Political economy and classical antiquity’, Journal of the History of Ideas 28: 95–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005) ‘The healthfulness of the Roman city’, in , ed. Health in Antiquity. London and New York: 192–204Google Scholar
(1994) ‘The Athenian economy twenty years after The Ancient Economy’, Classical Philology 89: 351–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996) ‘The strong principle of equality and the archaic origins of Greek democracy’, in and , eds. Demokratia: A Conversation on Democracies Ancient and Modern.Princeton: 19–48Google Scholar
(2000) Archaeology as Cultural History: Words and Things in Iron Age Greece.Malden MA and OxfordGoogle Scholar
(2004) ‘Economic growth in ancient Greece’, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 160: 709–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005) ‘Archaeology, standards of living, and Greek economic history’, in and , eds. The Ancient Economy: Evidence and Models.Stanford: 91–126Google Scholar
(2001) ‘Multis enim notissima est sanctitas loci: Paulinus and the gradual rise of Nola as a center of Christian hospitality’, Journal of Early Christian Studies 9: 511–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1990) Die städtischen Unterschichten Italiens in den Inschriften der römischen Kaiserzeit (populus, plebs, plebs urbana u.a.). WroclawGoogle Scholar
et al. (1982) Selected Studies on the Dynamics, Patterns and Consequences of Migration. 1, Mexico City: Industrialization, Migration and the Labour Force, 1930–1970. Paris: Unesco Reports and Papers in the Social Sciences 46Google Scholar
(1998) I marginali nell’Occidente tardoantico: poveri, ‘infames’ e criminali nella nascente società cristiana. BariGoogle Scholar
(1986) ‘The economic and social history of Former Han’, in Twitchett and Loewe (1986): 551–607
(1979) ‘The inspiration for Augustine's De Civitate Dei’, Augustinian Studies 10: 75–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1992) ‘“Is it a farm?”: the definition of agricultural sites and settlements in ancient Greece’, in Wells (1992): 21–7
(2004) The Old Oligarch: Pseudo-Xenophon's Constitution of the Athenians. LACTOR 2, 2nd edn. LondonGoogle Scholar
(1906) Rights of Man: Part Ⅱ [1792], in The Writings of Thomas Paine, Volume 2, ed. . LondonGoogle Scholar
(2001) Poverty in the Early Roman Empire: Ancient and Modern Conceptions and Constructs. Unpublished PhD diss. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
(1997) ‘Out of sight, out of mind: elderly members of the Roman family’, in and , eds. The Roman Family in Italy: Status, Sentiment and Space. Oxford: 123–48Google Scholar
(1967) Roma Aeterna: Études sur le patriotisme romain dans l’Occident latin à l’époque des grandes invasions. RomeGoogle Scholar
(1993) Fêtes d’Egypte ptolémaïque et romaine d’après la documentation papyrologique grecque. LeuvenGoogle Scholar
(1983) ‘Les pauvres et la pauvreté dans l’Italie de l’empire chrétien (Ⅳ siècle)’, Miscellanea Historiae Ecclesiasticae 6: 267–300Google Scholar
(1986) ‘Una società cristiana alla prese con un testo radicale: l’esegesi della pericope nella Chiesa Latina post-costantiniana’, in Autori vari, Per foramen acus: Il cristianesimo antico di fronte alla pericope evangelica del ‘giovane ricco’. Milan: 264–328Google Scholar
(1971) ‘Sociale stratificatie en sociale mobiliteit in de romeinse keizertijd’, Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 84: 215–51Google Scholar
(1988) ‘Labor and unemployment in the Roman empire: some preliminary remarks’, in Weiler (1988): 267–76
(1991) ‘Status and status-concern in the Greco-Roman dream-books’, Anc. Soc. 22: 51–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1997) Sozialökonomische Untersuchungen zur Armut im antiken Rom. Von den Gracchen bis Kaiser Diokletian. StuttgartGoogle Scholar
(1994) ‘The city of Rome and the plebs urbana in the late Republic’, Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn. Cambridge vol. 9: 644–88Google Scholar
(1996) ‘Rome and its development under Augustus and his successors’, Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn. Cambridge vol. 10: 782–811CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005) Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity: The Nature of Christian Leadership in an Age of Transition. LondonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1993a) ‘The census qualifications of the assidui and the prima classis’, in Sancisi-Weerdenburg et al. (1993): 121–52Google Scholar
(1993b) ‘Review article: the Italian countryside and the Gracchan “crisis”’, JACT Review 13: 18–20Google Scholar
(1993c) ‘Egypt, Augustus and Roman taxation’, Cahiers du Centre Glotz 4: 81–112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996) ‘Monetisation, not price-inflation, in third-century a.d. Egypt?’ in and , eds. Coin Finds and Coin Use in the Roman World. Berlin: 321–39Google Scholar
(1997) ‘Prices and price-formation in Roman Egypt’, in , and , eds. Economie antique. Prix et formation des prix dans les économies antiques. Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges: 183–244Google Scholar
(2001) ‘Mapping the south-west Fayyum: sites and texts’, Atti del ⅩⅩⅡ Congresso Internazionale di Papirologia (Florence) Ⅱ: 1109–17Google Scholar
(forthcoming) ‘Roman Egypt’, in Scheidel, Morris and Saller (forthcoming)
(1983) ‘Naissance du pauvre honteux’, Annales, Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations 38: 158–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1985) ‘Moderne und zeitgenössische Vorstellungen von der Gesellschaftsordnung der römischen Kaiserzeit’, Saeculum 36: 299–325CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988) Humiliores – honestiores: Zu einer sozialen Dichotomie im Strafrecht der römischen Kaiserzeit.MunichGoogle Scholar
(2005) ‘Band of hope: players from the past whose spirits should rule the G8’, Times Literary Supplement no.5334 (June 24): 3–4Google Scholar
(2002) ‘Marriage and manpower in the Hannibalic war: assidui, proletarii and Livy 24.18.7–8’, Historia 51: 163–91Google Scholar
(1979) ‘A propos des mendiants au Ⅳe siècle: étude de quelques textes’, Cahiers d’histoire 20: 339–47Google Scholar
(1990) ‘Aspects de la pauvreté et de ses remèdes aux Ⅳ–V siècles’, Ⅷ Convegno Accademia Costantiniana: 227–48Google Scholar
(2002) ‘Framing the debate over growth in the ancient economy’, in Scheidel and von Reden (2002): 251–69
et al., eds. (1993) De Agricultura: In Memoriam Pieter Willem de Neeve (1945–1990). AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
(1988) A Chinese Beggars’ Den: Poverty and Mobility in an Underclass Community. PittsburghGoogle Scholar
(2000) ‘Slaves of the soil: review article’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 13: 727–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2001a) ‘Progress and problems in Roman demography’, in , ed., Debating Roman Demography.Leiden: 1–81Google Scholar
(2002) ‘A model of demographic and economic change in Roman Egypt after the Antonine plague’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 15: 97–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2003a) ‘Germs for Rome’, in Edwards and Woolf (2003a): 158–76
(2003b) ‘The Greek demographic expansion: models and comparisons’, JHS 123: 20–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2004) ‘Demographic and economic development in the ancient Mediterranean world’, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 160: 743–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(forthcoming a) ‘Demography’, in Scheidel, Morris and Saller (forthcoming)
(forthcoming b) ‘Marriage, families, and survival: demographic aspects’, in , ed. The Blackwell Companion to the Roman Army. Malden MA and OxfordGoogle Scholar
, and , eds. (forthcoming) The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
(1776) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth and Poverty of Nations.LondonGoogle Scholar
(1985) ‘Theories and measures of urban primacy: a critique’, in , ed. Urbanization in the World-Economy. Orlando and London: 87–117Google Scholar
(1927) The Earliest Latin Commentaries on the Epistles of St Paul. Oxford
(1996) ‘“Aurum utile”. Zu einem Topos von Vorrang der Caritas über Kirchensätze seit Ambrosius’, Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum 39: 128–48Google Scholar
(forthcoming) ‘Estimating GDP in the early Roman empire’
and , eds. (1986) The Cambridge History of China, Ⅰ: The Ch’in and Han Empires, 221 b.c.–a.d. 220.CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2005) ‘Garden agriculture’, World Archaeology 37.2
(1997) ‘Padroni, contadini, contratti: realia del colonato tardoantico’, in , ed. Terre, proprietari e contadini dell’Impero romano. Dall’affitto agrario al colonato tardoantico (Incontro studio di Capri, 16–18 ottobre 1995). Rome: 185–224Google Scholar
(2000) ‘La “plèbe moyenne” sous le Haut-Empire romain’, Annales (ESC) 6: 1169–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1980) ‘Soziale Struktur und politisches System in der hohen römischen Kaiserzeit’, Historische Zeitschrift 230: 31–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ed. (1988) Soziale Randgruppen und Außenseiter im Altertum. Referate vom Symposium ‘Soziale Randgruppen und antike Sozialpolitik’, in Graz (21. bis 23. September 1987.GrazGoogle Scholar
(1982) ‘Positions for poets in early imperial Rome’, in , ed. Literary and Artistic Patronage in Ancient Rome.Austin, TX: 50–66Google Scholar
(1993) ‘The poor in the city of Rome’, in Land, City and Trade in the Roman Empire, Aldershot: 1–25 (Originally published in A. Giardina, ed. (1989) L’uomo romano. Rome and Bari)Google Scholar
(1986) ‘Between men and beasts: barbarians in Ammianus Marcellinus’, in , and , eds. Past Perspectives: Studies in Greek and Roman Historical Writing.Cambridge: 189–201Google Scholar
(1996) Riches and Poverty: An Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain, 1750–1834. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
(2001) ‘“Staat”, “Gesellschaft” und politische Integration in der römischen Kaiserzeit’, Klio 83: 93–112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1972) Les resources et les activités économiques des églises en Egypte du Ⅳe au Ⅷe siècle. BrusselsGoogle Scholar
(1998) ‘L’attività caritativa dei vescovi egiziani’, in and , eds. L’évêque dans la cité du Ⅳe au Ve siècle: image et autorité. Paris: 71–80Google Scholar
(1971) Numen Litterarum: The Old and the New in Latin Poetry from Constantine to Gregory the Great. Leiden and CologneGoogle Scholar
(2003) ‘The city of letters’, in Edwards and Woolf (2003a): 203–21
(1967) ‘A simple model of London's importance in changing English society and economy, 1650–1750’, Past & Present 37: 44–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988) Continuity, Chance and Change: The Character of the Industrial Revolution in England. CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2003) Smallpox and the Disintegration of the Roman Economy after 165 ad. PhD diss. ColumbiaGoogle Scholar