Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T23:18:56.684Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

10 - Head and Neck Pain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2017

Rebecca Jeanmonod
Affiliation:
St Luke's University Health Network
Shellie L. Asher
Affiliation:
Albany Medical Center
Blake Spirko
Affiliation:
Baystate Medical Center
Denis R. Pauze
Affiliation:
Albany Medical Center
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Chief Complaints and Differential Diagnosis
, pp. 224 - 252
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Shepherd, G, Klein-Schartz, W. Accidental and suicidal adolescent poisoning deaths in the United States, 1979–1984. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998; 152: 1181–5.Google Scholar
Colomb-Lippa, D. Acute carbon monoxide exposure: Diagnosis, evaluation, treatment. J Am Acad Phys Assist 2005; 18: 41–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Weaver, LK. Carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1217–25.Google Scholar

References

Brady, TM, Feld, LG. Pediatric approach to hypertension. Semin Nephrol 2009; 29: 379–88.Google Scholar
Riley, M. High blood pressure in children and adolescents. Am Fam Phys 2012; 85: 693700.Google Scholar
Waguespack, SG, Rich, T, Grubbs, E, et al. A current review of the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 2023–37.Google Scholar
Havekes, B, Romijn, JA, Eisenhofer, G, et al. Update on pediatric pheochromocytoma. Pediatr Nephrol 2009; 24: 943–50.Google Scholar
Adullah, I, Cossey, K, Jeanmonod, R. Extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma in an adolescent. West J Emerg Med 2011; 12: 258–61.Google Scholar
Eisenhofer, G, Goldstein, D, Walther, M, et al. Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: How to distinguish true- from false-positive test results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2656–66.Google Scholar
Guller, U, Turek, J, Eubanks, S, et al. Detecting pheochromocytoma: Defining the most sensitive test. Ann Surg 2006; 243: 102–7.Google Scholar
Ilias, I, Pacak, K. Current approaches and recommended algorithm for diagnostic localization of pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 479–91.Google Scholar

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rates of TBI-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths – United States, 2001–2010. See www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/data/rates.html (accessed January 2017).Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Annual number of TBIs. See www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/pdf/tbi_blue_book_annualnumber.pdf (accessed January 2017)Google Scholar
Rocchi, G, Caroli, E, Raco, A, et al. Traumatic epidural hematoma in children. J Child Neurol 2005; 20: 569–72.Google Scholar
Lyttle, MD, Crowe, L, Oakley, E, et al. Comparing CATCH, CHALICE, and PECARN decision rules for paediatric head injuries. Emerg Med J 2012; 29: 785–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kochenek, PM, Carney, N, Adelson, PD, et al. Guidelines for the acute medical management of severe traumatic brain injury in infants, children, and adolesscents: Second edition. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012; 13 Suppl 1: S182.Google Scholar
Vavilala, MS, Bowen, A, Lam, AM, et al. Blood pressure and outcomes after severe pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2003; 55: 1039–44.Google Scholar
Chaiwat, O, Sharma, D, Udomphorn, Y, et al. Cerebral hemodynamic predictors of poor 6-month Glasgow Outcome Score in severe pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26: 657–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, BB, Chiu, YL, Gerber, LM, et al. Age specific cerebral perfusion pressure thresholds and survival in children and adolescents with severe traumatic brain injury. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15: 6270.Google Scholar
Shein, SL, Ferguson, NM, Kochanek, PM, et al. Effectiveness of pharmacological therapies for intracranial hypertension in children with severe traumatic brain injury. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17: 236–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, MH, Wise, D, Davies, G, et al. Emergency burr holes: “How to do it.” Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2012; 20: 24.Google Scholar

References

Johnson, KJ, Cullen, J, Barnholtz-Sloan, JS, et al. Childhood brain tumor epidemiology: A brain tumor epidemiology consortium review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 12: 2716–36.Google Scholar
Wrensch, M, Minn, Y, Chew, T, et al. Epidemiology of primary brain tumors: Current concepts and review of the literature. Neuro Oncol 2002; 4: 27899.Google Scholar
Purdy, RA, Kirby, S. Headaches and brain tumors. Neurol Clin 2004; 22: 3953.Google Scholar
Wilne, S, Collier, J, Kennedy, C, et al. Progression from first symptom to diagnosis in childhood brain tumours. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171: 8793.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toriori-Donati, P, Fondelli, MP, Rossi, A, et al. Medulloblastoma in children: CT and MRI findings. Neuroradiology 1996; 38: 352–9.Google Scholar
Ning, MS, Perkins, SM, Dewees, T, et al. Evidence of high mortality in long term survivors of childhood medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol 2015; 122: 321–7.Google Scholar
Ullrich, NJ, Pomeroy, SL, Kapur, K, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and longitudinal outcome of seizures in long-term survivors of pediatric brain tumors. Epilepsia 2015; 56: 1599–604.Google Scholar

References

Thigpen, MC, Whitney, CG, Messonnier, NE, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1998–2007. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 2016–25.Google Scholar
Dorsett, M, Liang, SY. Diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system infections in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin N Am 2016; 34: 917–42.Google Scholar
Tacon, CL, Flower, O. Diagnosis and management of bacterial meningitis in the pediatric population: A review. Emerg Med Int 2012; 2012: 320309.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Meningitis. See www.cdc.gov/meningitis/ (accessed January 2017).Google Scholar
Nigrovic, LE, Kuppermann, N, Malley, R, et al. Children with bacterial meningitis presenting to the emergency department during the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. Acad Emerg Med 2008; 15: 522–8.Google Scholar
Bilavsky, E, Leibovitz, E, Elkon-Tamir, E, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of “classic meningeal signs” in children with suspected bacterial meningitis. Eur J Emerg Med 2012; 20: 361–3.Google Scholar
Nigrovic, LE, Kuppermann, N, Macias, CG, et al. Clinical prediction rule for identifying children with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis at very low risk of bacterial meningitis. JAMA 2007; 297: 5260.Google Scholar
King, RL, Lorch, SA, Cohen, DM, et al. Routine cerebrospinal fluid enterovirus polymerase chain reaction testing reduces hospitalization and antibiotic use for infants 90 days of age or younger. Pediatrics 2007; 120: 489–96.Google Scholar
Lyons, TW, McAdam, AJ, Cohn, KA, et al. Impact of in-hospital enteroviral polymerase chain reaction testing on the clinical management of children with meningitis. J Hosp Med 2012; 7: 517–20.Google Scholar
Long, SS, Pool, TE, Vodzak, J, et al. Herpes simplex virus infection in young infants during 2 decades of empiric acyclovir therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30: 556–61.Google Scholar
Garro, AC, Rutman, M, Simonsen, K, et al. Prospective validation of a clinical prediction model for Lyme meningitis in children. Pediatrics 2009; 123: e829–34.Google Scholar
Cohn, KA, Thompson, AD, Shah, SS, et al. Validation of a clinical prediction rule to distinguish Lyme meningitis from aseptic meningitis. Pediatrics 2012; 129: e4653.Google Scholar
Brouwer, MC, McIntyre, P, Prasad, K, et al. Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 6: CD004405.Google Scholar

References

Parisi, P, Vanacore, N, Belcastro, V, et al. Clinical guidelines in pediatric headache: Evolution of quality using the AGREE II instrument. J Headache Pain 2014; 15: 57.Google Scholar
Abu-Arefeh, I, Russell, G. Prevalence of headache and migraine in schoolchildren. BMJ 1994; 309: 765–9.Google Scholar
Lewis, DW. Headaches in children and adolescents. Am Fam Phys 2002; 65: 625–33.Google Scholar
van Hemert, S, Breedveld, AC, Rovers, JM, et al. Migraine associated with gastrointestinal disorders: Review of the literature. Front Neurol 2014; 5: 241.Google Scholar
Malhotra, R. Understanding migraine: potential role for neurogenic inflammation. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2016; 19: 175–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burstein, R, Noseda, R, Borsook, D. Migraine: Multiple processes, complex pathophysiology. J Neurosci 2015; 35: 6619–29.Google Scholar
Damen, L, Bruijn, JK, Verhagen, AP, et al. Symptomatic treatment of migraine in children: A systematic review of medication trials. Pediatrics 2005; 118: e295302.Google Scholar

References

Nelson, CA, Saha, S, Kugeler, KJ, et al. Incidence of clinician-diagnosed Lyme disease, United States, 2005–2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21: 1625–31.Google Scholar
Adams, DA, Thomas, KR, Jajosky, RA, et al. Summary of notifiable infectious diseases and conditions: United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 63: 1152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lyme disease. See www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html (accessed Novemeber 2016).Google Scholar
Gerber, MA, Shapiro, ED, Burke, GS, et al. Lyme disease in children in southeastern Connecticut. Pediatric Lyme Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1270–4.Google Scholar
Nigrovic, LE, Thompson, AD, Fine, AM, et al. Clinical predictors of Lyme disease among children with a peripheral facial palsy at an emergency department in a Lyme disease-endemic area. Pediatrics 2008; 122: e1080–5.Google Scholar
Mlodzikowska-Albrecht, J, Zarowski, M, Steinborn, B, et al. Bilateral facial nerve palsy in the course of neuroborreliosis in children: Dynamics, laboratory tests and treatments. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst 2005; 50 Suppl 1: 64–9.Google Scholar
Halperin, JJ. Diagnosis and treatment of the neuromuscular manifestations of Lyme disease. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2007; 9: 93100.Google Scholar
Cohn, KA, Thompson, AD, Shah, SS, et al. Validation of a clinical prediction rule to distinguish Lyme meningitis from aseptic meningitis. Pediatrics 2012; 129: e4653.Google Scholar
Costello, JM, Alexander, ME, Greco, KM, et al. Lyme carditis in children: Presentation, predictive factors, and clinical course. Pediatrics 2009; 123: e835–41.Google Scholar
Feder, HM Jr, Gerber, MA, Luger, SW, et al. Persistence of serum antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in patients treated for Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 788–93.Google Scholar
Wormser, GP. Clinical practice. Early Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2794–801.Google Scholar
Mygland, A, Ljøstad, U, Fingerle, V, et al. EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of European Lyme neuroborreliosis. Eur J Neurol 2010; 17: 816.Google Scholar

References

Woods, CR, Cash, AM, Smith, MJ, et al, Retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscesses among children and adolescents in the United States: Epidemiology and management trends, 2003–2012. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 2016; 5: 259–68.Google Scholar
Hoffman, C, Pierrot, S, Contencin, P, et al. Retropharyngeal infections in children. Treatment strategies and outcomes. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 75: 1099–103.Google Scholar
Craig, , F, Schunk, , J, Retropharyngeal abscess in children: Clinical presentation, utility of imaging, and current management. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 1394–8.Google Scholar

References

Westra, DL, Colohan, ART. Pediatric subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2008; 104: 401–5.Google Scholar
Beez, T, Steiger, H-J, Hanggi, D. Evolution and management of intracranial aneurysms in children: A systematic review of the modern literature. J Child Neurol 2016; 31: 773–83.Google Scholar
van Gijn, J, Rinkel, GJE. Subarachnoid haemorrhage: Diagnosis, causes and management. Brain 2001; 124: 249–78.Google Scholar
Stapf, C, Mohr, JP, Pile-Spellman, J, et al. Epidemiology and natural history of arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurg Focus 2001; 11: article 1.Google Scholar
Wong, G, Knuckey, NW, Gubbay, SS. Subarachnoid haemorrhage in children caused by cerebral tumour. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46: 449–50.Google Scholar
Carpenter, CR, Hussain, AM, Ward, MJ, et al. Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis describing the diagnostic accuracy of history, physical examination, imaging, and lumbar puncture with an exploration of test thresholds. Acad Emerg Med 2016; 23: 9631003.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×