Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T03:59:38.763Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

10 - Obliterating heterogeneity through peace

Nationalisms, states and wars, in the Balkans

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2013

By
Siniša Malešević
Edited by
John A. Hall  and
Siniša Malešević
John A. Hall
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montréal
Siniša Malešević
Affiliation:
University College Dublin
Get access

Summary

Despite general recognition that not all nationalisms end up in violence and that wars can be waged without nationalist hysteria there is a tendency to assume that nationalism and warfare are deeply linked. Moreover many social analysts believe that the most important research task is to explain the causal relationship between the two. Hence some gauge the impact of warfare on the development of nationalist sentiments while others are concerned with the question “What types of nationalism are most likely to cause war?” (Van Evera 1994: 5). In this chapter I argue that nationalism and warfare have a very complex and unpredictable relationship that can neither be adequately captured, nor properly understood, by focusing on the narrow causal connection between the two. Rather than causing one another or being a key effect of each other's actions, both nationalism and war emerge, develop, and expand as the outcome of many longue durée processes. Hence, in order to explain the relationship between wars and nationalisms it is crucial to analyze the long-term organizational and ideological transformations that have shaped the world in the last two hundred years. In this context I argue that (coercive/bureaucratic and ideologized) periods of peace matter much more for the growth, expansion, and popular reception of nationalism than times of war. Nationalisms often witnessed in war contexts usually have not brought about these wars, nor have they been forged on the battlefields. Instead, both wars and nationalisms are multifaceted processes that emerge, develop, and are sustained by the continuous organizational and ideological scaffoldings created and enhanced in times of prolonged peace. Since the Balkan Peninsula is often perceived as the epitome of a region teeming with nationalism and warfare I use this case to assess the strength of my general argument.

Type
Chapter
Information
Nationalism and War , pp. 255 - 276
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Banton, M. 2008. “The Sociology of Ethnic Relations.”Ethnic and Racial Studies 31(7): 1,267–1,285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaver, S.H. 1941 “Railways in the Balkan Peninsula.”Geographical Journal 1,107(5): 273–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bechev, D. 2010. “The State and Local Authorities in the Balkans, 1804–1939.” Pp. 135–52 in Ottomans into Europeans, edited by Van Meurs, W. and Mungiu-Pippidi, A.. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Bell, J. 1977. Peasants in Power: Alexander Stamboliski and the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, 1899–1923. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Biondich, M. 2011. The Balkans: Revolution, War and Political Violence since 1878. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brailsford, H. 1906. Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Breuilly, J. 1993. Nationalism and the State. Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, J. 1970. Bulgaria under Communist Rule. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Brubaker, R. 1996. Nationalism Reframed. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, R. 2004. Ethnicity without Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, R., Feischmidt, M., Fox, J., and Grancea, L.. 2007. Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Burbank, J. and Cooper, F.. 2010. Empires in World History. Princeton University Press.
Calhoun, C. 2007. Nations Matter. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Case, H. 2010. “The Media and State Power in South-East Europe to 1945.” Pp. 277–304 in Ottomans into Europeans, edited by Van Meurs, W. and Mungiu-Pippidi, A.. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Close, D. 2002. Greece since 1945: Politics, Economy, Society. New York: Pearson.Google Scholar
Cohen, L.J. 2010. “Administrative Development in ‘Low-Intensity’ Democracies: Governance, Rule-of-Law and Corruption in the Western Balkans.”Simons Papers in Security and Development, 5(1): 1–48.Google Scholar
Djordjević, D. 1970. “Projects for the Federation of South-East Europe in the 1860s and 1870s.”Balkanica 2: 119–46.Google Scholar
Djordjević, D. 1985. “The Serbian Peasant in the 1876 War.” Pp. 305–18 in War and Society in East Central Europe: Insurrections, Wars and the Eastern Crisis in the 1870s, edited by Kiraly, B. and Stokes, G.. Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs.Google Scholar
Draganich, A. 1974. Serbia, Nikola Pasic and Yugoslavia. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Ekmečić, M. 1991. “The Emergence of St. Vitus Day as the Principal National Holiday of the Serbs.” Pp. 331–42 in Kosovo: Legacy of Medieval Battle, edited by Vucinich, W. and Emmert, T.. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Erlich-Stein, V. 1964. Porodica u transformaciji. Zagreb: Naprijed.Google Scholar
Fearon, J. and Laitin, D.. 1996. “Explaining Interethnic Cooperation.”American Political Science Review 90(4): 715–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fry, D.S. 2007. Beyond War: The Human Potential for Peace. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gerolymatos, A. 2002. The Balkan Wars. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Glenny, M. 1999. The Balkans 1804–1999: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers. London: Granta.Google Scholar
Gow, J. 1992. Legitimacy and the Military: The Yugoslav Crisis. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Hall, R. 2002. The Balkan Wars 1912–1913. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hall, R. 2010. Balkan Breakthrough: The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Hanioğlu, M.Ş. 2010. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hechter, M. 1995. “Explaining Nationalist Violence.”Nations and Nationalism 1(1): 53–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. 1990. Nations and Nationalism since 1780. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. 2000 [1969]. Bandits. New York: New Press.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, J. 2007. “Warfare, Remembrance and National Identity.” Pp. 42–54 in Nationalism and Ethnosymbolism: History, Culture and Ethnicity in the Formation of Nations, edited by Leoussi, A. and Grosby, S.. Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Jelavich, B. 1999. History of the Balkans. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
JSP. 1986. Jugoslavija 1945–1985. Statisticki Prikaz. Belgrade: Savezni Zavod za Statistiku.Google Scholar
Kakridis, J. 1963. “The Ancient Greeks of the War of Independence.”Journal of Balkan Studies 4(2).Google Scholar
Keegan, J. 1994. A History of Warfare. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Kitromilides, P. 1994. Enlightenment, Nationalism, Orthodoxy: Studies in the Culture and Political Thought of South-Eastern Europe. Brookfield, VT: Variorum.Google Scholar
Kitromilides, P. 2010. The Orthodox Church in Modern State Formation in South-East Europe. Pp. 31–50 in Ottomans into Europeans: State and Institution Building in South Eastern Europe, edited by Van Meurs, W. and Mungiu-Pippidi, A.. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Laitin, D. 2007. Nations, States, and Violence. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malešević, S. 2002. Ideology, Legitimacy and the New State: Yugoslavia, Serbia and Croatia. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Malešević, S. 2006. Identity as Ideology: Understanding Ethnicity and Nationalism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malešević, S. 2010. The Sociology of War and Violence. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malešević, S. 2011. “Nationalism, War and Social Cohesion”. Ethnic and Racial Studies 34(1): 142–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malešević, S. 2012a. “Wars that Make States and Wars that Make Nations: Organised Violence, Nationalism and State Formation in the Balkans.” European Journal of Sociology 53(1): 31–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malešević, S. 2012b. “Did Wars Make Nation-States in the Balkans? Nationalisms, Wars and States in the 19th and Early 20th Century South East Europe.” Journal of Historical Sociology 25(3): 299–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, M. 1986. The Sources of Social Power. 4 vols. Vol. I A History of Power from the Beginning to AD 1760. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, M. 2004. Fascists. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, M. 2013. “The Role of Nationalism in the Two World Wars” (Chapter 7 of the current volume).
Mazower, M. 2000. The Balkans: From the End of Byzantium to the Present Day. London: Phoenix.Google Scholar
McGrew, W. 1985. Land and Revolution in Modern Greece, 1800–1881. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.Google Scholar
Meriage, L.P. 1977. “The First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813): National Revival or a Search for Regional Security.”Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 4(2): 187–205.Google Scholar
Mirković, M. 1958. Ekonomska historija Jugoslavije. Zagreb: Ekonomski pregled.Google Scholar
Mouzelis, N. 1978. Modern Greece: Facets of Underdevelopment. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Mungiu-Pippidi, A. 2010. “Failed Institutional Transfer? Constraints on the Political Modernisation of the Balkans.” Pp. 51–74 in Ottomans into Europeans: State and Institution Building in South Eastern Europe, edited by Van Meurs, W. and Mungiu-Pippidi, A.. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Otterbein, K.F. 2004. How War Began. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.Google Scholar
Pavlowitch, S. 1999. A History of the Balkans 1804–1945. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Pavlowitch, S. 2002. Serbia: The History behind the Name. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Paxton, R. 1972. “Nationalism and Revolution: A Re-examination of the Origins of the First Serbian Insurrection, 1804–7.”East European Quarterly 6(3): 337–62.Google Scholar
Pelt, M. 2010. “Organised Violence in the Service of Nation Building.” Pp. 221–44 in Ottomans into Europeans: State and Institution Building in South Eastern Europe, edited by Van Meurs, W. and Mungiu-Pippidi, A.. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Pippidi, A. 2010. “The Development of an Administrative Class in South-East Europe.” Pp. 111–34 in Ottomans into Europeans: State and Institution Building in South Eastern Europe, edited by Van Meurs, W. and Mungiu-Pippidi, A.. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Posen, B. 1993. “Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power.”International Security 18(2): 80–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quick, A. 2003. World Press Encyclopaedia. Detroit: Gale.Google Scholar
Roudometof, V. 2001. Nationalism, Globalization and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Smith, A. 1981. “War and Ethnicity: The Role of Warfare in the Formation, Self-Images, and Cohesion of Ethnic Communities.”Ethnic and Racial Studies 4: 375–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A. 2003. Chosen Peoples: Sacred Sources of National Identity. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Snyder, L.L. 1990. “Nationalism and War.” Pp. 248–50 in Encyclopedia of Nationalism. Chicago: St. James Press.Google Scholar
Snyder, L.L. (2009)[1968]. The New Nationalism. New Brunswick: Transactions.
Stavrianos, L.S. 2000. The Balkans since 1453. London: C. Hurst.Google Scholar
Stoianovich, T. 1994. Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe. New York: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Stojančević, V. 1966. Milos Obrenović i njegovo doba. Belgrade: Prosveta.Google Scholar
Stokes, G. 1975. Legitimacy through Liberalism: Vladimir Jovanovic and the Transformation of Serbian Politics. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Stokes, G. 1976. “The Absence of Nationalism in Serbian Politics before 1840.”Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 4(1): 77–90.Google Scholar
Tilly, C. 1995. Coercion, Capital, and European State Formation. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Van Evera, S. 1994. “Hypotheses on Nationalism and War.”International Security 18(4): 5–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vucinich, W. 1968. Serbia between East and West: The Events of 1903–1908. New York: AMS Press.Google Scholar
Zupanov, J. 1985. Samoupravljanje i drustvena moc. Zagreb: Globus.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×