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2 - Pharmacology Principles in Sedation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 November 2017

Richard D. Urman
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Alan David Kaye
Affiliation:
Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

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References

References

Urman, R, Vadivelu, N. Acute and postoperative pain management. In Pocket Pain Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2011.Google Scholar
Windle, ML. Infiltrative administration of local anesthetic agents. Medscape Reference 2011. emedicine.medscape.com/article/149178-overview (accessed June 2011).Google Scholar
Arthur, GR. Pharmacokinetics. In: Strichartz, GR, ed. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol. 81. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987; 165–86.Google Scholar
Clarkson, CW, Hondeghem, LM. Mechanism for bupivacaine depression of cardiac conduction: fast block of sodium channels during the action potential with slow recovery from block during diastole. Anesthesiology 1985; 62: 396405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, RD, Behbehani, MM, Coyle, DE, Denson, DD. Cardiovascular toxicity of local anesthetics: an alternative hypothesis. Anesth Analg 1986; 65: 444–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nath, S, Häggmark, S, Johansson, G, Reiz, S. Differential depressant and electrophysiologic cardiotoxicity of local anesthetics: an experimental study with special reference to lidocaine and bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 1986; 65: 1263–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinberg, GL. Treatment of local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST). Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010; 35: 188–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 1004–17.Google Scholar

Further Reading

Barash, PG, Cullen, BF, Stoelting, RK, Cahalan, MK, Stock, MC, eds. Clinical Anesthesia, 6th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009.Google Scholar
Faust, RJ, Cucchiara, RF, Rose, SH, et al. Anesthesiology Review, 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone, 2002.Google Scholar
Hospira. Dosing guidelines for Precedex®: nonintubated procedural sedation and ICU sedation. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, 2010. www.precedex.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Dosing_Guide.pdf (accessed June 2011).Google Scholar
Mirrakhimov, AE, Voore, P, Halytskyy, O, et al. Propofol infusion syndrome in adults: a clinical update. Critical Care Research and Practice 2015; 15: 110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, GE, Mikhail, MS, Murray, MJ. Clinical Anesthesiology, 4th edn. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2006.Google Scholar
Orlewicz, MS. (2015, September 14). Procedural sedation. Medscape emedicine. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/articles/109695-overview.Google Scholar
Riker, RR, Shehabi, Y, Bokesch, PM, et al. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: a randomized trial. JAMA 2009; 301: 489–99.Google ScholarPubMed
Stoelting, RK, Hillier, SC. Pharmacology and Physiology in Anesthetic Practice, 4th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.Google Scholar
Stoelting, RK, Miller, RD. Basics of Anesthesia, 5th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone, 2007.Google Scholar
Watson, DS, Odom-Forren, J. Practical Guide to Moderate Sedation/Analgesia, 2nd edn. New York, NY: Mosby, 2005.Google Scholar

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