Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T13:43:42.139Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

22 - Pediatric Sedation: Safety and Outcomes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 November 2017

By
Lisa Lee  and
Joel Stockman
Edited by
Richard D. Urman  and
Alan David Kaye
Richard D. Urman
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Alan David Kaye
Affiliation:
Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Moderate and Deep Sedation in Clinical Practice , pp. 267 - 275
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Couloures, KG, Beach, M, Cravero, JP, Monroe, KK, Hertzog, JH. Impact of provider specialty on pediatric procedural sedation complication rates. Pediatrics 2011; 127: e1154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coté, CJ. Round and round we go: sedation – what is it, who does it and have we made things safer for children? Pediatric Anesthesia 2008; 18: 3–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, Coté, CJ, Wilson, S. Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: an update. Pediatrics 2006; 118(6): 2587–602. Reaffirmed January 2015.Google ScholarPubMed
Godwin, SA, Caro, DA, Wolf, SJ, Jagoda, AS, Charles, R, Marett, BE, et al. American College of Emergency Physicians. Clinical policy: procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med February 2005; 45(2): 177–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology April 2002; 96(4): 1004–17.Google Scholar
Langhan, ML, Mallory, M, Hertzog, J, Lowrie, L, Cravero, J; Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Physiologic monitoring practices during pediatric procedural sedation: a report from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med November 2012; 166(11): 990–8. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.1023CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beach, ML, Cohen, DM, Gallagher, SM, Cravero, JP. Major adverse events and relationship to nil per os status in pediatric sedation/anesthesia outside the operating room: a report of the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Anesthesiology January 2016; 124(1): 80–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mallory, MD, Baxter, AL, Yanosky, DJ, Cravero, JP; Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Emergency physician-administered propofol sedation: a report on 25,433 sedations from the pediatric sedation research consortium. Ann Emerg Med May 2011; 57(5): 462–8.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.03.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikonomidou, C, Bosch, F, Miksa, M, et al. Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Science January 1, 1999; 283(5398): 70–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paule, MG, Li, M, Allen, RR, et al. Ketamine anesthesia during the first week of life can cause long-lasting cognitive deficits in rhesus monkeys. Neurotoxicol Teratol March-April 2011; 33(2): 220–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slikker, W Jr, Zou, X, Hotchkiss, CE, et al. Ketamine-induced neuronal cell death in the perinatal rhesus monkey. Toxicol Sci July 2007; 98(1): 145–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jevtovic-Todorovic, V, Hartman, RE, Izumi, Y, et al. Early exposure to common anesthetic agents causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain and persistent learning deficits. J Neurosci February 1, 2003; 23(3): 876–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Briner, A, Nikonenko, I, De Roo, M, Dayer, A, Muller, D, Vutskits, L. Developmental stage-dependent persistent impact of propofol anesthesia on dendritic spines in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Anesthesiology August 2011; 115(2): 282–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanchez, V, Feinstein, SD, Lunardi, N, et al. General anesthesia causes long-term impairment of mitochondrial morphogenesis and synaptic transmission in developing rat brain. Anesthesiology November 2011; 115(5): 992–1002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Istaphanous, GK, Ward, CG, Nan, X, et al. Characterization and quantification of isoflurane-induced developmental apoptotic cell death in mouse cerebral cortex. Anesth Analg April 2013; 116(4): 845–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duan, X, Li, Y, Zhou, C, Huang, L, Dong, Z. Dexmedetomidine provides neuroprotection: impact on ketamine-induced neuroapoptosis in the developing rat brain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand October 2014; 58(9): 1121–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sifringer, M, von Haefen, C, Krain, M, et al. Neuroprotective effect of dexmedetomidine on hyperoxia-induced toxicity in the neonatal rat brain. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2015; 2015: 530371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilder, RT, Flick, RP, Sprung, J, et al. Early exposure to anesthesia and learning disabilities in a population-based birth cohort. Anesthesiology April 2009; 110(4): 796–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sprung, J, Flick, RP, Katusic, SK, et al. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder after early exposure to procedures requiring general anesthesia. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2012; 87(2): 120–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiMaggio, C, Sun, LS, Li, G. Early childhood exposure to anesthesia and risk of developmental and behavioral disorders in a sibling birth cohort. Anesth Analg November 2011; 113(5): 1143–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, TG, Pedersen, JK, Henneberg, SW, et al. Academic performance in adolescence after inguinal hernia repair in infancy: a nationwide cohort study. Anesthesiology May 2011; 114(5): 1076–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartels, M, Althoff, RR, Boomsma, DI. Anesthesia and cognitive performance in children: no evidence for a causal relationship. Twin Res Hum Genet June 2009; 12(3): 246–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ing, C, DiMaggio, C, Whitehouse, A, et al. Long-term differences in language and cognitive function after childhood exposure to anesthesia. Pediatrics September 2012; 130(3): e476–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ing, C, DiMaggio, CJ, Malacova, E, et al. Comparative analysis of outcome measures used in examining neurodevelopmental effects of early childhood anesthesia exposure. Anesthesiology June 2014; 120(6): 1319–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, AJ, Disma, N, de Graaff, JC, et al.; GAS consortium. Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age after general anaesthesia and awake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet January 16, 2016; 387(10015): 239–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sun, LS, Li, G, Miller, TL, et al. Association between a single general anesthesia exposure before age 36 months and neurocognitive outcomes in later childhood. JAMA June 7, 2016; 315(21): 2312–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Consensus Statement on the Use of Anesthetic and Sedative Drugs in Infants and Toddlers (2015, October). Retrieved from http://smarttots.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ConsensusStatementV910.5.2015.pdf (accessed May 10, 2017).Google Scholar
Ogden, CL, Carroll, MD, Kit, BK, Flegal, KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. JAMA 2014; 311(8): 806–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Childhood obesity facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html (accessed May 9, 2016).Google Scholar
Obesity and overweight. World Health Organization. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ (accessed May 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Scherrer, PD, Mallory, MD, Cravero, JP, Lowrie, L, Hertzog, JH, Berkenbosch, JW; Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. The impact of obesity on pediatric procedural sedation-related outcomes: results from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Paediatr Anaesth July 2015; 25(7): 689–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nafiu, OO, et al. Obesity and risk of peri-operative complications in children presenting for adenotonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol January 2009; 73(1): 89–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nafiu, OO, Reynolds, PI, Bamgbade, OA, et al. Childhood body mass index and perioperative complications. Paediatr Anaesth May 2007: 17(5): 426–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tait, AR, Voepel-Lewis, T, Burke, C, et al. Incidence and risk factors for perioperative adverse respiratory events in children who are obese. Anesthesiology March 2008; 108(3): 375–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owen, J, John, R. Childhood obesity and the anaesthetist. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 2012; 12(4): 169–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, CN, Voepel-Lewis, T, Wagner, D. A retrospective description of anesthetic medication dosing in overweight and obese children. Paediatr Anaesth August 2014; 24(8): 857–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ingrande, J, Lemmens, HJM. Dose adjustment of anaesthetics in the morbidly obese. Br J Anaesth 2010; 105 (Suppl 1): i16–i23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendrick, JG, Carr, RR, Ensom, MHH. Pharmacokinetics and drug dosing in obese children. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther April-June 2010; 15(2): 94–109.Google ScholarPubMed
Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology 2014; 120(2): 1–19.Google Scholar
Patino, M, Sadhasivam, S, Mahmoud, M. Obstructive sleep apnoea in children: perioperative considerations. Brit J Anaesthia 2013; 111(51): i83–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirk, V, Kahn, A, Brouillette, RT. Diagnostic approach to obstructive sleep apnea in children. Sleep Med Rev November 1998; 2(4): 255–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKenzie, SA, et al. Which obese children should have a sleep study? Respir Med November 2008; 102(11): 1581–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valois-Gomez, T, Oofuvong, M, Auer, G, et al. Incidence of difficult bag-mask ventilation in children: a prospective observational study. Paediatr Anaesth October 2013; 23(10): 920–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russo, SG, Becke, K. Expected difficult airway in children. Curr Opin Anesthesiol June 2015; 28(3): 321–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jagannathan, N, Sequera-Ramos, L, Sohn, L. Elective use of supraglottic airway for primary airway management in children with difficult airways. Br J Anaesth December 2013; 112(4): 742–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Mick, NW. The difficult pediatric airway. www.uptodate.com (accessed May 9, 2016).Google Scholar
Walker, R, Balani, KG, Bruce, IA, et al. Anaesthesia and airway management in mucopolysaccharidosis. J Inherit Metab Dis March 2013; 36(2): 211–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Infisino, A. Pediatric upper airway and congenital anomalies. Anesthesiology Clin N Am 2002; 20: 747–66.Google Scholar
Raj, D, Luginbuehl, I. Managing the difficult airway in the syndromic child. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 2015; 15(1): 7–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×