Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T17:21:45.195Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

22 - Dysregulation of microRNAs in human malignancy

from V - MicroRNAs in disease biology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 August 2009

By
Kathryn A. O'Donnell  and
Joshua T. Mendell
Edited by
Krishnarao Appasani
Foreword by
Sidney Altman  and
Victor R. Ambros
Kathryn A. O'Donnell
Affiliation:
Program in Human Genetics and Molecular Biology Institute of Genetic Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
Joshua T. Mendell
Affiliation:
Program in Human Genetics and Molecular Biology Institute of Genetic Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Over the past twenty years, cancer geneticists have uncovered many of the genes responsible for the initiation and progression of the multi-step process of tumorigenesis (Vogelstein and Kinzler, 2004). Much of this research has focused on traditional protein-coding genes including oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and genes that maintain genome stability. Within the past five years, a new class of small non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) has been identified and recent evidence suggests that dysregulation of miRNAs is linked to the development of cancer.

In 1993, the Ambros and Ruvkun laboratories discovered that a 21-nucleotide RNA molecule called lin-4 regulated the translation of a target message, lin-14, by base-pairing to its 3′ untranslated region (Lee et al., 1993; Wightman et al., 1993). Subsequent work in this direction prompted the construction and sequencing of libraries of cloned small RNAs by several groups of investigators. Coupled with bioinformatic analyses of genomic sequence, these efforts led to the identification of several hundred miRNAs in Drosophila, C. elegans, and mammals (Lagos-Quintana et al., 2001; Lau et al., 2001; Lee and Ambros, 2001). More than 450 miRNAs have been identified in humans and recent estimates suggest there may be as many as 1000 (Bentwich et al., 2005: Berezikov et al., 2005). The biogenesis and function of microRNAs are detailed in various chapters in Part II of this book. In general, the analysis of many more miRNA–target interactions is required to better understand the mechanisms through which miRNAs elicit various effects.

Type
Chapter
Information
MicroRNAs
From Basic Science to Disease Biology
 , pp. 295 - 308
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ambros, V. (2004). The functions of animal microRNAs. Nature, 431, 350–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentwich, I., Avniel, A., Karov, Y.et al. (2005). Identification of hundreds of conserved and nonconserved human miRNAs. Nature Genetics, 37, 766–770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berezikov, E., Guryev, V., Belt, J.et al. (2005). Phylogenetic shadowing and computational identification of human microRNA genes. Cell, 120, 21–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boehm, M. and Slack, F. (2005). A developmental timing microRNA and its target regulate life span in C. elegans. Science, 310, 1954–1957.Google Scholar
Brennecke, J., Hipfner, D. R., Stark, A., Russell, R. B. and Cohen, S. M. (2003). bantam encodes a developmentally regulated microRNA that controls cell proliferation and regulates the proapoptotic gene hid in Drosophila. Cell, 113, 25–36.Google Scholar
Brennecke, J., Stark, A., Russell, R. B. and Cohen, S. M. (2005). Principles of microRNA–target recognition. Public Library of Science Biology, 3, e85.Google Scholar
Calin, G. A., Dumitru, C. D., Shimizu, M.et al. (2002). Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 99, 15 524–15 529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calin, G. A., Sevignani, C., Dumitru, C. D.et al. (2004). Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 101, 2999–3004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calin, G. A., Ferracin, M., Cimmino, A.et al. (2005). A microRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 353, 1793–1801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, J. A., Krichevsky, A. M. and Kosik, K. S. (2005). MicroRNA-21 is an antiapoptotic factor in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Research, 65, 6029–6033.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, C. Z., Li, L., Lodish, H. F. and Bartel, D. P. (2004). MicroRNAs modulate hematopoietic lineage differentiation. Science, 303, 83–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cimmino, A., Calin, G. A., Fabbri, M.et al. (2005). miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102, 13 944–13 949.Google Scholar
Clurman, B. E. and Hayward, W. S. (1989). Multiple proto-oncogene activations in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas: evidence for stage-specific events. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 9, 2657–2664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, M. D. and McMahon, S. B. (1999). The Myc oncoprotein: a critical evaluation of transactivation and target gene regulation. Oncogene, 18, 2916–2924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dang, C. V. (1999). c-Myc target genes involved in cell growth, apoptosis, and metabolism. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 19, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dohner, H., Stilgenbauer, S., Benner, A.et al. (2000). Genomic aberrations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 343, 1910–1916.Google Scholar
Dong, J. T., Boyd, J. C. and Frierson, H. F. Jr. (2001). Loss of heterozygosity at 13q14 and 13q21 in high grade, high stage prostate cancer. Prostate, 49, 166–171.Google Scholar
Eiriksdottir, G., Johannesdottir, G., Ingvarsson, S.et al. (1998). Mapping loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 13q: loss at 13q12-q13 is associated with breast tumour progression and poor prognosis. The European Journal of Cancer, 34, 2076–2081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eis, P. S., Tam, W., Sun, L.et al. (2005). Accumulation of miR-155 and BIC RNA in human B cell lymphomas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102, 3627–3632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandez, P. C., Frank, S. R., Wang, L.et al. (2003). Genomic targets of the human c-Myc protein. Genes and Development, 17, 1115–1129.Google Scholar
Giraldez, A. J., Cinalli, R. M., Glasner, M. E.et al. (2005). MicroRNAs regulate brain morphogenesis in zebrafish. Science, 308, 833–838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, A. T., Brinkschmidt, C., Anderson, J.et al. (2000). A novel and consistent amplicon at 13q31 associated with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Genes, Chromosomes, and Cancer, 28, 220–226.Google Scholar
Hayashita, Y., Osada, H., Tatematsu, Y.et al. (2005). A polycistronic microRNA cluster, miR-17-92, is overexpressed in human lung cancers and enhances cell proliferation. Cancer Research, 65, 9628–9632.Google Scholar
He, H., Jazdzewski, K., Li, W.et al. (2005). The role of microRNA genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 102, 19 075–19 080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, L., Thomson, J. M., Hemann, M. T.et al. (2005). A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene. Nature, 435, 828–833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hipfner, D. R., Weigmann, K. and Cohen, S. M. (2002). The bantam gene regulates Drosophila growth. Genetics, 161, 1527–1537.Google Scholar
Honda, S., Tanaka-Kosugi, C., Yamada, S.et al. (2003). Human pituitary adenomas infrequently contain inactivation of retinoblastoma 1 gene and activation of cyclin dependent kinase 4 gene. Endocrine Journal, 50, 309–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, K. K., Deng, J., Liu, T. J.et al. (1997). Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of the transcription factor E2F-1 induces apoptosis in human breast and ovarian carcinoma cell lines and does not require p53. Cancer Research, 57, 4722–4726.Google Scholar
Iorio, M. V., Ferracin, M., Liu, C. G.et al. (2005). MicroRNA gene expression deregulation in human breast cancer. Cancer Research, 65, 7065–7070.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, B., Enright, A. J., Aravin, A.et al. (2004). Human microRNA targets. Public Library of Science Biology, 2, e363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, S. M., Grosshans, H., Shingara, J.et al. (2005). RAS is regulated by the let-7 microRNA family. Cell, 120, 635–647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kluiver, J., Poppema, S., Jong, D.et al. (2005). BIC and miR-155 are highly expressed in Hodgkin, primary mediastinal and diffuse large B cell lymphomas. Journal of Pathology, 207, 243–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kluiver, J., Haralambieva, E., Jong, D.et al. (2006). Lack of BIC and microRNA miR-155 expression in primary cases of Burkitt lymphoma. Genes, Chromosomes, and Cancer, 45, 147–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koo, S. H., Ihm, C. H., Kwon, K. C.et al. (2003). Microsatellite alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics, 146, 139–144.Google Scholar
Kowalik, T. F., DeGregori, J., Schwarz, J. K. and Nevins, J. R. (1995). E2F1 overexpression in quiescent fibroblasts leads to induction of cellular DNA synthesis and apoptosis. Journal of Virology, 69, 2491–2500.Google Scholar
Lagos-Quintana, M., Rauhut, R., Lendeckel, W. and Tuschl, T. (2001). Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs. Science, 294, 853–858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lau, N. C., Lim, L. P., Weinstein, E. G. and Bartel, D. P. (2001). An abundant class of tiny RNAs with probable regulatory roles in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science, 294, 858–862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leaman, D., Chen, P. Y., Fak, J.et al. (2005). Antisense-mediated depletion reveals essential and specific functions of microRNAs in Drosophila development. Cell, 121, 1097–1108.Google Scholar
Lee, R. C. and Ambros, V. (2001). An extensive class of small RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science, 294, 862–864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, R. C., Feinbaum, R. L. and Ambros, V. (1993). The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell, 75, 843–854.Google Scholar
Leone, G., DeGregori, J., Sears, R., Jakoi, L. and Nevins, J. R. (1997). Myc and Ras collaborate in inducing accumulation of active cyclin E/Cdk2 and E2F. Nature, 387, 422–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, B. P., Shih, I. H., Jones-Rhoades, M. W., Bartel, D. P. and Burge, C. B. (2003). Prediction of mammalian microRNA targets. Cell, 115, 787–798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, B. P., Burge, C. B. and Bartel, D. P. (2005). Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets. Cell, 120, 15–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Z., Calcar, S., Qu, C.et al. (2003). A global transcriptional regulatory role for c-Myc in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 100, 8164–8169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Y. W., Sheu, J. C., Liu, L. Y.et al. (1999). Loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 13q in hepatocellular carcinoma: identification of three independent regions. European Journal of Cancer, 35 (12), 1730–1734.Google Scholar
Lu, J., Getz, G., Miska, E. A.et al. (2005). MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature, 435, 834–838.Google Scholar
Mateyak, M. K., Obaya, A. J., Adachi, S. and Sedivy, J. M. (1997). Phenotypes of c-Myc-deficient rat fibroblasts isolated by targeted homologous recombination. Cell Growth and Differentiation, 8, 1039–1048.Google Scholar
McManus, M. T. (2003). MicroRNAs and cancer. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 13, 253–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metzler, M., Wilda, M., Busch, K., Viehmann, S. and Borkhardt, A. (2004). High expression of precursor microRNA-155/BIC RNA in children with Burkitt lymphoma. Genes, Chromosomes, and Cancer, 39, 167–169.Google Scholar
Michael, M. Z., O'Connor, S. M., Holst Pellekaan, N. G., Young, G. P. and James, R. J. (2003). Reduced accumulation of specific microRNAs in colorectal neoplasia. Molecular Cancer Research, 1, 882–891.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, K. A., Wentzel, E. A., Zeller, K. I., Dang, C. V. and Mendell, J. T. (2005). c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression. Nature, 435, 839–843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orian, A., Steensel, B., Delrow, J.et al. (2003). Genomic binding by the Drosophila Myc, Max, Mad/Mnt transcription factor network. Genes & Development, 17, 1101–1114.Google Scholar
Ota, A., Tagawa, H., Karnan, S.et al. (2004). Identification and characterization of a novel gene, C13orf25, as a target for 13q31-q32 amplification in malignant lymphoma. Cancer Research, 64, 3087–3095.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pajic, A., Spitkovsky, D., Christoph, B.et al. (2000). Cell cycle activation by c-myc in a burkitt lymphoma model cell line. The International Journal of Cancer, 87, 787–793.3.0.CO;2-6>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poy, M. N., Eliasson, L., Krutzfeldt, J.et al. (2004). A pancreatic islet-specific microRNA regulates insulin secretion. Nature, 432, 226–230.Google Scholar
Qin, X. Q., Livingston, D. M., Kaelin, W. G. Jr. and Adams, P. D. (1994). Deregulated transcription factor E2F-1 expression leads to S-phase entry and p53-mediated apoptosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 91, 10 918–10 922.Google Scholar
Reinhart, B. J., Slack, F. J., Basson, M.et al. (2000). The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 403, 901–906.Google Scholar
Richter, J., Wagner, U., Schraml, P.et al. (1999). Chromosomal imbalances are associated with a high risk of progression in early invasive (pT1) urinary bladder cancer. Cancer Research, 59, 5687–5691.Google Scholar
Schmidt, H., Bartel, F., Kappler, M.et al. (2005). Gains of 13q are correlated with a poor prognosis in liposarcoma. Modern Pathology, 18, 638–644.Google Scholar
Sonoki, T., Iwanaga, E., Mitsuya, H. and Asou, N. (2005). Insertion of microRNA-125b-1, a human homologue of lin-4, into a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene locus in a patient with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia, 19, 2009–2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takamizawa, J., Konishi, H., Yanagisawa, K.et al. (2004). Reduced expression of the let-7 microRNAs in human lung cancers in association with shortened postoperative survival. Cancer Research, 64, 3753–3756.Google Scholar
Tam, W. (2001). Identification and characterization of human BIC, a gene on chromosome 21 that encodes a noncoding RNA. Gene, 274, 157–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tam, W., Ben-Yehuda, D. and Hayward, W. S. (1997). bic, a novel gene activated by proviral insertions in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas, is likely to function through its noncoding RNA. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 17, 1490–1502.Google Scholar
Tam, W., Hughes, S. H., Hayward, W. S. and Besmer, P. (2002). Avian bic, a gene isolated from a common retroviral site in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas that encodes a noncoding RNA, cooperates with c-myc in lymphomagenesis and erythroleukemogenesis. Journal of Virology, 76, 4275–4286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trimarchi, J. M. and Lees, J. A. (2002). Sibling rivalry in the E2F family. Nature Reviews Molecular and Cell Biology, 3, 11–20.Google Scholar
Tsang, Y. S., Lo, K. W., Leung, S. F.et al. (1999). Two distinct regions of deletion on chromosome 13q in primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The International Journal of Cancer, 83, 305–308.3.0.CO;2-D>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, A., Kroesen, B. J., Kooistra, K.et al. (2003). High expression of B-cell receptor inducible gene BIC in all subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma. Genes, Chromosomes, and Cancer, 37, 20–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vella, M. C., Reinert, K. and Slack, F. J. (2004). Architecture of a validated microRNA: target interaction. Chemical Biology, 11, 1619–1623.Google Scholar
Vogelstein, B. and Kinzler, K. W. (2004). Cancer genes and the pathways they control. Nature Medicine, 10, 789–799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wightman, B., Ha, I. and Ruvkun, G. (1993). Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans. Cell, 75, 855–862.Google Scholar
Xu, P., Vernooy, S. Y., Guo, M. and Hay, B. A. (2003). The Drosophila microRNA miR-14 suppresses cell death and is required for normal fat metabolism. Current Biology, 13, 790–795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, Y., Samal, E. and Srivastava, D. (2005). Serum response factor regulates a muscle-specific microRNA that targets Hand2 during cardiogenesis. Nature, 436, 214–220.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×