Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T04:12:13.112Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

Herbert Kitschelt
Affiliation:
Duke University
Kirk A. Hawkins
Affiliation:
Brigham Young University
Juan Pablo Luna
Affiliation:
Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile
Guillermo Rosas
Affiliation:
Washington University in St. Louis
Elizabeth J. Zechmeister
Affiliation:
Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abel, Christopher. 1987. Política, Iglesia y Partidos en Colombia: 1886–1953. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, and Robinson, James A. 2001. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development. An Empirical Investigation.” American Economic Review 91: 1369–1401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James. 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Achen, Chris. 1977. “Measuring Representation: Perils of the Correlation Coefficient.” American Journal of Political Science 21: 805–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Achen, Chris. 1978. “Measuring Representation.” American Journal of Political Science 22: 477–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, James. 2001. Party Competition and Responsible Party Government. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, James, Merrill, Samuel, and Grofman, Bernard. 2005. A Unified Theory of Party Competition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adsera, Alicia, and Boix, Carles. 2001. “Trade, Democracy, and the Size of the Public Sector: The Political Underpinnings of Openness.” International Organization 56: 229–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alcántara Sáez, Manuel, ed. 2008. Politicians and Politics in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Alchian, Armen. 1950. “Uncertainty, Evolution, and Economic Theory.” Journal of Political Economy 58(3): 211–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldrich, John. 1983. “A Downsian Spatial Model with Party Activism.” American Political Science Review 77: 974–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldrich, John. 1995. Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Party Politics in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldrich, John, and Rohde, Keith. 2001. “The Logic of Conditional Party Government.” In Dodd, Lawrence C. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I., eds., Congress Reconsidered, pp. 269–92. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto. 1988. “Credibility and Convergence in a Two-Party System with Rational Voters.” American Economic Review 78: 796–805.Google Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, Baqir, Reza, and Easterly, William. 1999. “Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114: 1243–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alesina, Alberto, Devleeschauwer, Arnaud, Easterly, William, Kurlat, Sergio, and Wacziarg, Romain. 2003. “Fractionalization.” Journal of Economic Growth 8(2): 155–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alonso, Paula. 2000. Between Revolution and the Ballot Box: The Origins of the Argentine Radical Party in the 1890s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, R. Michael, and Franklin, Charles H.. 1994. “Uncertainty and Political Perceptions.” Journal of Politics 56: 671–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,American Political Science Association (APSA). 1950. “Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System: A Report of the Committee on Political Parties.” American Political Science Review 44(3), part 2, suppl.: 1–97.Google Scholar
Ames, Barry. 1995. “Electoral Strategy under Open-List Proportional Representation.” American Journal of Political Science 39: 406–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ames, Barry. 2001. The Deadlock of Democracy in Brazil. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Annett, Anthony. 2001. “Social Fractionalization, Political Instability, and the Size of Government.” IMF Staff Paper 48(3).Google Scholar
Archer, Ronald. 1995. “Party Strength and Weakness in Colombia's Besieged Democracy.” In Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America, pp. 164–99. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Arditi, Benjamin. 2008. “Arguments about the Left Turns in Latin America: A Post-Liberal Politics?Latin American Research Review 43: 59–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrow, Kenneth. 1963 [1951]. Social Choice and Individual Values. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Astorga, Pablo, Bergés, Ame R., and FitzGerald, Valpy. 2004. “The Standard of Living in Latin America during the Twentieth Century.” University of Oxford Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History54.Google Scholar
Auza, Nestor Tomás. 1966. Católicos y Liberales en la Generación del Ochenta. Cuernavaca: Centro Intercultural de Documentación.Google Scholar
Barnadas, Joseph M. 1987. “La Reorganización de la Iglesia ante el Estado Liberal en Bolivia.” In Dussel, E., Klaiber, J., Rojas, F. A., Barnadas, J. M., Vargas, J. M., Marzal, M. M., Romero, C., Tovar, C., Alvarez, J. M., and Arias, M., eds., Historia General de la Iglesia en América Latina, vol. 8: Perú, Bolivia y Ecuador, pp. 308–24. Salamanca: CEHILE/Ediciones Sígueme.Google Scholar
Bartolini, Stefano, and Mair, Peter. 1990. Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability: The Stabilisation of European Electorates, 1885–1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bejarano, Ana María, and Pizarro, Eduardo. 2005. “From ‘Restricted’ to ‘Besieged’: The Changing Nature of the Limits to Democracy in Colombia.” In Hagopian, Frances and Mainwaring, Scott, eds., The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks, pp. 235–60. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biles, Robert E. 1975. Patronage Politics: Electoral Behavior in Uruguay. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Birnir, Johanna Kristin, and Cott, Donna Lee. 2007. “Disunity in Diversity. Party System Fragmentation and the Dynamic Effect of Ethnic Heterogeneity in Latin American Legislatures.” Latin American Research Review 42: 99–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobbio, Norberto. 1996. Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. Trans. Cameron, Allan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Boix, Carles. 2003. Democracy and Redistribution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boix, Carles, and Stokes, Susan. 2003. “Endogenous Democratization.” World Politics 55: 517–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, Sarah. 2009. Social Protection and the Market in Latin America: The Transformation of Social Security Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, David S., and Hunter, Wendy. 1999. “Democracy and Social Spending in Latin America, 1980–92.” American Political Science Review 93: 779–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruhn, Kathleen. 1997. Taking on Goliath: The Emergence of a New Left Party and the Struggle for Democracy in Mexico. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Bulmer-Thomas, Victor. 1994. The Economic History of Latin America since Independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Butler, David, and Stokes, Donald. 1969. Political Change in Britain. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Buxton, Julia. 2001. The Failure of Political Reform in Venezuela. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar
Cai, H., and Treisman, Daniel. 2001. “State Corroding Federalism: Interjurisdictional Competition and the Weakening of Central Authority.” Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Los Angeles.
Caillaud, Dominique, and Tirole, Jean. 2002. “Parties as Political Intermediaries.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 117: 1453–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, Bruce E., Ferejohn, John A., and Fiorina, Morris P.. 1987. The Personal Vote: Constituency Service and Electoral Independence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camp, Roderic Ai, ed. 2001. Citizen Views of Democracy in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.CrossRef
Campos Salas, Dagoberto. 2000. Relaciones Iglesia-Estado en Costa Rica: Estudio Histórico Jurídico. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Guayacán Centroamericana, S.A.Google Scholar
Carey, John M. 1996. Term Limits and Legislative Representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, John M., and Shugart, Mathew Soberg. 1995. “Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote: A Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas.” Electoral Studies 14(4): 417–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, John M., and Shugart, Mathew Soberg. eds. 1998. Executive Decree Authority. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Chandra, Kanchan. 2004. Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Headcounts in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandra, Kanchan. 2007. “Counting Heads.” In Kitschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Steven, eds., Patrons, Clients, and Policies, pp. 84–109. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cobb, Roger W., and Elder, Charles D.. 1973. “The Political Uses of Symbolism.” American Politics Research 1: 305–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, David, ed. 1979. The New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Collier, David, and Collier, Ruth Berins. 1991. Shaping the Political Arena. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Collier, David, and Levitsky, Steven. 1997. “Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research.” World Politics 49(3): 430–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, David, Mahoney, James, and Seawright, Jason. 2004. “Claiming Too Much: Warnings about Selection Bias.” In Brady, Henry E. and Collier, David, eds., Rethinking Social Theory: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, pp. 85–102. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Collier, David, Seawright, Jason, and Munck, Gerardo L.. 2004. “The Quest for Standards: King, Keohane, and Verba's Designing Social Inquiry.” In Brady, Henry E. and Collier, David, eds., Rethinking Social Theory: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, pp. 21–50. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Collier, Ruth Berins. 1999. Paths toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colomer, Josep, and Escatel, Luis E.. 2005. “La Dimensión Izquierda-Derecha en América Latina.” Desarrollo Económico 45(177): 123–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conover, Pamela J., and Feldman, Stanley. 1981. “The Origins and Meaning of Liberal/Conservative Self-Identifications.” American Journal of Political Science 25(4): 617–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Converse, Philip E. 1964. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics.” In Apter, David, ed., Ideology and Discontent, pp. 206–61. London: Free Press of Glencoe.Google Scholar
Converse, Philip E. 1969. “Of Time and Partisan Stability.” Comparative Political Studies 2: 139–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Converse, Philip, and Pierce, Roy. 1986. Political Representation in France. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press at Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppedge, Michael. 1994. Strong Parties and Lame Ducks: Presidential Partyarchy and Factionalism in Venezuela. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael. 1996. “The Rise and Fall of Partyarchy in Venezuela.” In Domínguez, J. and Lowenthal, A. F., eds., Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s, Part III, pp. 3–19. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael. 1998a. “The Evolution of Latin American Party Systems.” In Mainwaring, Scott and Valenzuela, Arturo, eds., Politics, Society, and Democracy, pp. 171–96. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael. 1998b. “The Dynamic Diversity of Latin American Party Systems.” Party Politics 4: 547–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppedge, Michael. 2003. “Venezuela: Popular Sovereignty versus Liberal Democracy.” In Domínguez, Jorge I. and Shifter, Michael, eds., Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America, 2nd ed., pp. 165–92. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael. 2005. “Explaining Democratic Deterioration in Venezuela through Nested Inference.” In Hagopian, Frances and Morgenstern, Scott, eds., The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks, pp. 289–316. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costner, Herbert L. 1965. “Criteria for Measures of Association.” American Sociological Review 30(3): 341–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cotler, Julio. 1986. “Military Interventions and ‘Transfer of Powers to Civilians’ in Peru.” In O'Donnell, Guillermo, Schmitter, Philippe C., and Whitehead, Laurence, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America, pp. 148–72. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Cotler, Julio. 1995. “Political Parties and the Problems of Democratic Consolidation in Peru.” In Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America, pp. 323–53. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Cox, Gary W. 1997. Making Votes Count. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, Gary W., and Morgenstern, Scott. 2002. “Epilogue: Latin America's Reactive Assemblies and Proactive Presidents.” In Morgenstern, Scott and Nacif, Benito, eds., Legislative Politics in Latin America, pp. 446–68. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, Ann L., and Cornelius, Wayne A.. 1995. “Houses Divided: Parties and Political Reform in Mexico.” In Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America, pp. 249–97. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Cusak, Thomas, and Iversen, Torben. 2000. “The Causes of Welfare State Expansion: Deindustrialization or Globalization.” World Politics 52: 313–49.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dalton, R. 1985. “Political Parties and Political Representation: Party Supporters and Party Elites in Nine Nations.” Comparative Political Studies 18: 267–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Degregori, Carlos Iván. 2003. “Peru: The Vanishing of a Regime and Challenge of Democratic Rebuilding.” In Domínguez, Jorge I. and Shifter, Michael, eds., Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America, 2nd ed., pp. 220–43. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Desposato, Scott W. 2006. “Parties for Rent? Ambition, Ideology, and Party Switching in Brazil's Chamber of Deputies.” American Journal of Political Science 50(1): 62–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamint, Rut. 2003. “The Military.” In Domínguez, Jorge and Shifter, Michael, eds., Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America, 2nd ed., pp. 43–73. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, Larry. 1996. “Is the Third Wave Over?Journal of Democracy 7: 20–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, Larry. 2002. “Thinking about Hybrid Regimes.” Journal of Democracy 13: 21–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, Larry, Linz, Juan J., and Lipset, Seymour Martin, eds. 1989. Democracy in Developing Countries. Vol. 4: Latin America. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Dix, Robert. 1989. “Cleavage Structures and Party Systems in Latin America.” Comparative Politics 22: 23–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dix, Robert. 1992. “Democratization and the Institutionalization of Latin American Political Parties.” Comparative Political Studies 24: 488–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domingo, Pilar. 2005. “Democracy and New Social Forces in Bolivia.” Social Forces 83: 1727–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domínguez, Jorge, and McCann, James. 1996. Democratizing Mexico: Public Opinion and Electoral Choices. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Dresser, Denise. 1996. “Mexico: The Decline of Dominant-Party Rule.” In Domínguez, Jorge I. and Lowenthal, Abraham F., eds., Constructing Democratic Governance: Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean in the 1990s, pp. 159–84. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Duverger, Maurice. 1954. Political Parties. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Edwards, Sebastian. 1995. Crisis and Reform in Latin America: From Despair to Hope. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, Sebastian, and Edwards, Alejandra Cox. 1991. Monetarism and Liberalism: The Chilean Experiment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Elster, Jon. 1979. Sour Grapes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Esaiasson, P., and Heidar, K.. 2000. Beyond Westminster and Congress: The Nordic Experience. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Estévez, Federico, and Magaloni, Beatriz. 2000. “Legislative Parties and Their Constituencies in the Budget Battle of 1997.” Working Paper in Political Science2000–01, ITAM, D.F.Google Scholar
Evans, Geoffrey, Heath, Anthony, and Lalljee, Mansur. 1996. “Measuring Left-Right and Libertarian-Authoritarian Values in the British Electorate.” British Journal of Sociology 47: 93–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Geoffrey, and Whitefield, Stephen. 1998. “The Evolution of Left and Right in Post-Soviet Russia.” Europe-Asia Studies 50: 1023–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fearon, James D. 1999. “Electoral Accountability and the Control of Politicians. Selecting Good Types versus Sanctioning Poor Performance?” In Manin, Bernard, Przeworski, Adam, and Stokes, Susan C., eds., Democracy, Accountability, and Representation, pp. 55–97. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figueiredo, Angelina Cheibub, and Limongi, Fernando. 2000. “Presidential Power, Legislative Organization, and Party Behavior in Brazil.” Comparative Politics 32: 151–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiorina, Morris P. 1997. “Voting Behavior.” In Mueller, Dennis C., ed., Perspectives on Public Choice: A Handbook, pp. 391–414. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fitch, J. Samuel. 1998. The Armed Forces and Democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Fleury, Christopher J., and Lewis-Beck, Michael S.. 1993. “Anchoring the French Voter: Ideology Versus Party.” Journal of Politics 55: 1100–9.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. 1994. “The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship.” World Politics 46: 151–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franklin, Mark. 2004. Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freidenberg, Flavia, García Díez, Fátima, and Valduvieco, Iván Llamazares. 2008. “The Determinants of Intraparty Ideological Differences.” In Sáez, Manuel Alcántara, ed., Politicians and Politics in Latin America, pp. 161–71. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Gamarra, Eduardo A. 1996. “Bolivia. Managing Democracy in the 1990s.” In Domínguez, Jorge I. and Lowenthal, Abraham F., eds., Constructing Democratic Governance, pp. 72–98. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Gamarra, Eduardo A., and Malloy, James M.. 1995. “The Patrimonial Dynamics of Party Politics in Bolivia.” In Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America, pp. 399–433. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 1991. “A Game Theoretic Model of Reform in Latin American Democracies.” American Political Science Review 85(2): 371–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 2003. Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerring, John, Bond, Philip, Barndt, William T., and Moreno, Carola. 2005. “Democracy and Economic Growth. A Historical Perspective.” World Politics 57(3): 323–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, Edward L. 1996. Class and Conservative Parties: Argentina in Comparative Perspective. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Gibson, Edward L. 1997. “The Populist Road to Market Reform: Policy and Electoral Coalitions in Mexico and Argentina.” World Politics 49(3): 339–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillespie, Charles G. 1986. “Uruguay's Transition from Collegial Military-Technocratic Rule.” In O'Donnell, Guillermo, Schmitter, Philippe C., and Whitehead, Laurence, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America, pp. 49–71. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Charles G., and González, Luis Eduardo. 1989. “Uruguay: The Survival of Old and Autonomous Institutions.” In Diamond, Larry, Linz, Juan, and Lipset, Seymour Martin, eds., Democracy in Developing Countries, vol. 4: Latin America, pp. 207–46. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Glaeser, Edward L., Porta, Rafael, López-de-Silanes, Florencio, and Shleifer, Andrei. 2004. “Do Institutions Cause Growth?Journal of Economic Growth 9(3): 271–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González, G., Fern, E. 1977. Partidos Politicos y Poder Eclesiástico: Reseña Histórica 1810–1930. Bogota: Editorial CINEP.Google Scholar
González, Luis E. 1991. Political Structures and Democracy in Uruguay. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
González, Luis E. 1995. “Continuity and Change in the Uruguayan Party System.” In Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America, pp. 138–63. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gordon, Stacey B., and Segura, Gary M.. 1997. “Cross-National Variation in the Political Sophistication of Individuals: Capability or Choice?Journal of Politics 59: 126–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene, Kenneth F. 2007. Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico's Democratization in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greif, Avner. 2006. Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grofman, Bernard. 2004. “Downs and Two-Party Convergence.” Annual Review of Politics 7: 25–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gudmundson, Lowell. 1996. “Costa Rica: New Issues and Alignments.” In Domínguez, Jorge I. and Lowenthal, Abraham F., eds., Constructing Democratic Governance: Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean in the 1990s, pp. 78–91. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Gwynne, Robert N. 1985. Industrialization and Urbanization in Latin America. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan. 1990. Pathways from the Periphery. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Kaufman, Robert. 1992. The Politics of Economic Adjustment: International Constraints, Distributive Conflicts, and the State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Kaufman, Robert. 1995. Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Kaufman, Robert. 2008. Development, Democracy, and Welfare States: Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and McCubbin, Mathew D., eds. 2001. Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hagopian, Frances. 1996. “Traditional Power Structures and Democratic Governance in Latin America.” In Domínguez, Jorge I. and Lowenthal, Abraham F., eds., Constructing Democratic Governance: Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s, pp. 64–86. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Hagopian, Frances. 1998. “Democracy and Political Representation in Latin America in the 1990s: Pause, Reorganization, or Decline?” In Agüero, F. and Stark, J., eds., Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transitional Latin America, pp. 85–120. Miami, FL: North-South Center Press.Google Scholar
Hagopian, Frances. 2004. “Economic Liberalization, Party Competition and Elite Partisan Cleavages: Brazil in Comparative (Latin American) Perspective. 2004.” Paper prepared for the Workshop on the Analysis of Cleavages and Party Competition, Duke University, April.
Hagopian, Frances. 2005. “Conclusions. Government Performance, Political Representation, and Public Perceptions of Contemporary Democracy in Latin America.” In Hagopian, Frances and Mainwaring, Scott P., eds., The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks, pp. 319–62. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagopian, Frances, Gervasoni, Carlos, and Moraes, Juan Andrés. 2007. “From Patronage to Program: The Emergence of Party-Oriented Legislators in Brazil.” Working Paper No. 344. Kellogg Institute, University of Notre Dame.
Hagopian, Frances, Gervasoni, Carlos, and Moraes, Juan Andrés. 2009. “From Patronage to Program: The Emergence of Party-Oriented Legislators in Brazil.” Comparative Political Studies 42(3): 360–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagopian, Frances, and Mainwaring, Scott P., eds. 2005. The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Peter, and Soskice, David, eds. 2001. Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Origins of Comparative Advantage. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
Harmel, Robert, and Janda, Kenneth. 1982. Parties and Their Environments. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Hartlyn, Jonathan. 1988. The Politics of Coalition Rule in Colombia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hartlyn, Jonathan. 1998. The Struggle for Democratic Politics in the Dominican Republic. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Hawkins, Kirk A. 2003. “Sowing Ideas: Explaining the Origins of Christian Democratic Parties in Latin America.” In Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy, eds., Christian Democracy in Latin America: Electoral Competition and Regime Conflicts, pp. 78–120. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hawkins, Kirk A. Forthcoming. The Discourse of Populism: Venezuela's Chavismo in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hawkins, Kirk A., Rosas, Guillermo, and Johnson, Michael E.. 2009. “The Misiones of the Chávez Government in Venezuela.” In Hellinger, Daniel and Smilde, David, eds., Bottom Up or Top Down? Participation and Clientelism in Venezuela's Bolivarian Democracy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Held, David. 1987. Models of Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Heston, Alan, Summers, Robert, and Aten, Bettina. 2006. Penn World Table Version 6.2, Center for International Comparisons of Production, Income and Prices at the University of Pennsylvania, September.
Hinich, Melvin J., and Munger, Michael C.. 1994. Ideology and the Theory of Political Choice. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, Donald. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Huber, Evelyne, and Solt, Fred. 2004. “Success and Failures of Neoliberalism.” Latin American Research Review 39: 150–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, Evelyne, and Stephens, John. 1999. “The Bourgeoisie and Democracy: Historical and Comparative Perspectives.” Social Research 66: 759–88.Google Scholar
Huber, Evelyne, and Stephens, John. 2001. Development and Crisis of the Welfare State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, John. 1989. “Values and Partisanship in Left-Right Orientations: Measuring Ideology.” European Journal of Political Research 17: 599–621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, John, and Inglehart, Ronald. 1995. “Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Location in 42 Societies.” Party Politics 1: 73–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, Wendy. 2007. “The Normalization of an Anomaly. The Workers' Party in Brazil,” World Politics 59: 440–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hurley, P. A., and Hill, K. Q.. 2001. “Beyond the Demand-Input Model: A Theory of Representational Linkages.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, San Francisco, August 30–September 2.
Inglehart, Ronald. 1997. Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, and Klingemann, Hans D.. 1976. “Party Identification, Ideological Preference and the Left-Right Dimension among Western Mass Publics.” In Budge, Ian, Crewe, Ivor, and Farlie, Dennis, eds., Party Identification and Beyond: Representations of Voting and Party Competition, pp. 243–73. Chichester: Wiley Press.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, and Sidjanski, Dusan. 1976. “The Left, the Right, the Establishment and the Swiss Electorate.” In Budge, Ian, Crewe, Ivor, and Fairlie, Dennis, eds., Party Identification and Beyond, pp. 215–42. London: Wiley Press.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, and Welzel, Christian. 2005. Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,Inter-American Development Bank. 1981. Economic and Social Progress in Latin America: 1980–81 Report. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar
Isaacs, Anita. 1996. “Ecuador. Democracy Standing the Test of Time?” In Domínguez, Jorge I. and Lowenthal, Abraham F., eds., Constructing Democratic Governance: South America in the 1990s, pp. 42–57. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Iversen, Torben. 1994a. “The Logics of Electoral Politics: Spatial, Directional and Mobilizational Effects.” Comparative Political Studies 27: 155–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iversen, Torben. 1994b. “Political Leadership and Representation in West European Democracies: A Test of Three Models of Voting.” American Journal of Political Science 38: 45–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iversen, Torben, and Soskice, David. 2006. “Electoral Institutions and the Politics of Coalitions: Why Some Democracies Redistribute More Than Others.” American Political Science Review 100 (2): 165–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackman, Robert. 1987. “Political Institutions and Voter Turnout in the Industrial Democracies.” American Political Science Review 81(2): 405–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, W. G. 2002. “Liberal–Conservative Thinking in the American Electorate.” In Carpini, M. X. Delli, Huddy, L., and Shapiro, R. Y., eds., Political Decision-Making, Deliberation and Participation, Research in Micropolitics, vol. 6. Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Janda, Kenneth, and King, Desmond. 1985. “Formalizing and Testing Duverger's Theories on Political Parties.” Comparative Political Studies 18: 139–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janos, Andrew. 2000. East Central Europe in the Modern World: The Politics of the Borderlands from Pre- to Post-Communism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Gregg B., and Crisp, Brian F.. 2003. “Mandates, Powers and Policies.” American Journal of Political Science 47: 128–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jolliffe, Ian T. 1986. Principal Component Analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Mark. 1995. Electoral Laws and the Survival of Presidential Democracies. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Mark. 1997. “Evaluating Argentina's Presidential Democracy: 1983–1995.” In Mainwaring, Scott and Shugart, Matthew Soberg, eds., Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America, pp. 259–99. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Mark. 2002. “Explaining the High Level of Party Discipline in the Argentine Congress.” In Morgenstern, Scott and Nacif, Benito, eds., Legislative Politics in Latin America, pp. 147–84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Mark. 2005. “Political Party and Party System Institutionalization and Salient Partisan Cleavages in Latin America.” Paper presented at the annual conference of the Midwest Political Science Association, April 7–10.
Kalton, Graham. 1983. “Models in the Practice of Survey Sampling.” International Statistical Review 51: 175–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kappeler, Andreas. 1992. Russland als Vielvölkerreich. Entstehung, Aufstieg, Zerfall. Munich: C. H. Beck.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Robert, and Segura-Ubiergo, Alex. 2001. “Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Social Spending in Latin America. A Time-Series Cross-Section Analysis.” World Bank 53(4): 553–87.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, Daniel, Kraay, Aart, and Mastruzzi, Massimo. 2005. “Governance Matters IV: Governance Indicators for 1996–2004.” The World Bank Institute, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3630.CrossRef
Kaufmann, Daniel, Kraay, Aart, and Mastruzzi, Massimo. 2007. “Governance Matters VI: Governance Indicators for 1996–2006.” The World Bank Institute, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4280.
Kiewiet, Roderick, and McCubbins, Matthew. 1991. The Logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
King, Gary, Keohane, Robert O., and Verba, Sidney. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kirchheimer, Otto. 1966. “The Transformation of the Western European Party Systems.” In LaPalombara, Joseph and Weiner, Myron, eds., Political Parties and Political Development, pp. 177–200. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1989a. The Logics of Party Formation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1989b. “The Internal Politics of Parties. The Law of Curvilinear Disparity Revisited.” Political Studies 37: 400–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1992. “The Formation of Party Systems in East Central Europe.” Politics and Society 20: 7–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1994. The Transformation of European Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1995a. (in collaboration with Anthony J. McGann). The Radical Right in Western Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1995b. “The Formation of Party Cleavages in Post-Communist Democracies. Theoretical Propositions.” Party Politics 1: 447–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 2000a. “Citizens, Politicians, and Party Cartellization. Political Representation and State Failure in Post-Industrial Democracies.” European Journal of Political Research 37: 149–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 2000b. “Linkages between Citizens and Politicians in Democratic Polities.” Comparative Political Studies 33: 845–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 2002. “New Challenges in the Study of Political Representation: Comment on G. Bingham Powell, Jr., ‘Citizens, Elected Policymakers and Democratic Representation: Two Contributions from Comparative Politics.’” Working Paper. Duke University, Durham, NC.
Kitschelt, Herbert. 2003. “Accounting for Postcommunist Regime Diversity. What Counts as a Good Cause?” In Ekiert, Grzegorsz and Hanson, Stephen, eds., Legacies of Communism, pp. 49–86. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 2007. “The Demise of Clientelism in Affluent Capitalist Democracies.” In Kitschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Steven, eds., Patrons, Clients, and Policies, pp. 298–321. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert, and Hellemans, Staf. 1990. “The Left-Right Semantics and the New Politics Cleavage.” Comparative Political Studies 23: 210–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert, Mansfeldova, Zdenka, Markowski, Radoslaw, and Tóka, Gábor. 1999. Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert, and Smyth, Regina. 2002. “Programmatic Party Cohesion in Emerging Postcommunist Democracies: Russia in Comparative Context.” Comparative Political Studies 35(10): 1228–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert, and Wilkinson, Steven, eds. 2007. “Citizen-Politician Linkages: An Introduction.” In Kitschelt, and Wilkinson, , eds., Patrons, Clients and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, pp. 1–49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Klecka, William R. 1980. Discriminant Analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, Herbert S. 1969. Parties and Political Change in Bolivia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kline, Harvey F. 1996. “Colombia: Building Democracy in the Midst of Violence and Drugs.” In Domínguez, Jorge I. and Lowenthal, Abraham F., eds., Constructing Democratic Governance: South America in the 1990s, pp. 20–41. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Klingemann, Hans D. 1979. “The Background of Ideological Conceptualization.” In Barnes, Samuel H., Kaase, Max, et al., eds., Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies, pp. 255–77. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Knutsen, Oddbjørn. 1989. “Cleavage Dimensions in Ten West European Countries. A Comparative Empirical Analysis.” Comparative Political Studies 21: 495–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knutsen, Oddbjørn. 1997. “The Partisan and the Value-Based Components of Left-Right Self-Placement: A Comparative Study.” International Political Science Review 18: 191–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornblith, Miriam, and Levine, Daniel H.. 1995. “Venezuela: The Life and Times of the Party System.” In Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America, pp. 37–71. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Korzeniewicz, Roberto Patricio. 2000. “Democracy and Dictatorship in Continental Latin America during the Interwar Period.” Studies in Comparative International Development 35: 41–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kriesi, Hanspeter. 2004. “Political Context and Opportunity.” In Snow, David A., Soule, Sarah A., and Kriesi, Hanspeter, eds., The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, pp. 67–90. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Krishna, Anirudh. 2007. “Politics in the Middle: Mediating Relationships between the Citizens and the State in Rural North India.” In Kitschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Steven, eds., Patrons, Clients, and Policies, pp. 141–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuczynski, Pedro-Pablo, and Williamson, John, eds. 2003. After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth and Reform in Latin America. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
Kunicova, Jana, and Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 2005. “Electoral Rules and Constitutional Structures as Constraints on Corruption.” British Journal of Political Science 35(4): 573–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurtz, Marcus J., and Brooks, Sarah M.. 2008. “Embedding Neoliberal Reform in Latin America.” World Politics 60(2): 231–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larrea, Juan Ignacio. 1954. La Iglesia y el Estado en el Ecuador (La personalidad de la Iglesia en el Modus Vivendi celebrado entre la Santa Sede y el Ecuador). Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos.Google Scholar
Latinobarómetro, . 1998. Latinobarómetro 1998. Unpublished raw data. Santiago, Chile: Corporación Latinobarómetro.
Latinobarómetro, . 2002. Latinobarómetro 2002. Unpublished raw data. Santiago, Chile: Corporación Latinobarómetro.
Laver, Michael. 2005. “Policy and the Dynamics of Party Competition.” American Political Science Review 99: 263–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehoucq, Fabrice. 2005. “Costa Rica: Paradise in Doubt.” Journal of Democracy 16(3): 140–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven. 2001. “Inside the Black Box. Recent Studies of Latin American Party Organization.” Studies in Comparative International Development 36: 92–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven. 2003. Transforming Labor-Based Parties in Latin America: Argentine Peronism in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Murillo, Maria Victoria. 2003. “Argentina Weathers the Storm.” Journal of Democracy 14: 152–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Way, Lucan. 2002. “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 13: 51–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberson, Stanley. 1985. Making It Count: The Improvement of Social Research and Theory. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1995. Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-seven Democracies, 1945–1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter. 2004. Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth since the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan, and Stepan, Alfred. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Lipset, Seymour Martin, and Rokkan, Stein. 1967. “Cleavages Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments. An Introduction.” In Lipset, and Rokkan, , eds., Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, pp. 1–64. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Lluberes, Antonio, , S.J. 1998. Breve Historia de la Iglesia Dominicana: 1493–1997. Santo Domingo: Editora Amigo del Hogar.Google Scholar
Loaeza, Soledad. 2003. “The National Action Party (PAN): From the Fringes of the Political System to the Heart of Change.” In Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy R., eds., Christian Democracy in Latin America: Electoral Competition and Regime Conflicts, pp. 196–246. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Londregan, John. 2000. Legislative Institutions and Ideology in Chile's Democratic Transition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López-Maya, Margarita. 1997. “The Rise of Causa R in Venezuela.” In Chalmers, Douglas A., ed., The New Politics of Inequality in Latin America: Rethinking Participation and Representation, pp. 117–43. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lora, Eduardo. 2001. “Structural Reforms in Latin America. What Has Been Reformed and How to Measure It.” Inter-American Development Bank. Update of Working Paper 348.
Luna, Juan Pablo. 2007. “Frente Amplio and the Crafting of a Social Democratic Alternative in Uruguay.” Latin American Politics & Society 49(4, Winter): 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupia, Arthur, and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Luskin, Robert C. 1990. “Explaining Political Sophistication.” Political Behavior 12(4): 331–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, John. 1986. “The Catholic Church in Latin America, 1830–1930.” In Bethell, Leslie, ed., The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. 4: c. 1870 to 1930, pp. 527–96. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyne, Mona M. 2005. “Parties as Programmatic Agents. A Test of Institutional Theory in Brazil.” Party Politics 11: 193–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyne, Mona M. 2007. “Rethinking Economics and Institutions: The Voter's Dilemma and Democratic Accountability.” In Kitschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Steven, eds., Patrons, Clients and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, pp. 159–81. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyne, Mona M. 2008. The Voter's Dilemma and Democratic Accountability: Explaining the Democracy-Development Paradox. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Madrid, Raúl L. 2008. “The Rise of Ethnopopulism in Latin America.” World Politics 60(3): 475–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz. 1997. “The Dynamics of Dominant Party Decline: The Mexican Transition to Multipartyism.” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, Duke University.
Magaloni, Beatriz, Díaz-Cayeros, Alberto, and Estévez, Federico. 2007. “Clientelism and Portfolio Diversification: A Model of Electoral Investment with Applications to Mexico.” In Kitschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Steven, eds., Patrons, Clients and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, pp. 182–205. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz, and Moreno, Alejandro. 2003. “Catching All Souls: The Partido Acción Nacional and the Politics of Religion in Mexico.” In Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy, eds., Christian Democracy in Latin America: Electoral Competition and Regime Conflicts, pp. 247–74. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott. 1999. Rethinking Party Systems in the Third Wave of Democratization: The Case of Brazil. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott. 2003. “Party Objectives in Authoritarian Regimes with Elections or Fragile Democracies: A Dual Game.” In Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy R., eds., Christian Democracy in Latin America. Electoral Competition and Regime Conflicts. pp. 3–29. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott. 2006. “The Crisis of Representation in the Andes.” Journal of Democracy 17: 13–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, Bejarano, Ana María, and Leongómez, Eduardo Pizarro. 2006. The Crisis of Democratic Representation in the Andes. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, Brinks, Daniel, and Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. 2001. “Clarifying Political Regimes in Latin America, 1985–1999.” Studies in Comparative International Development 36: 37–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, O'Donnell, G., and Valenzuela, J. S., eds. 1992. Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, and Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. 1997. “Party Discipline in the Brazilian Constitutional Congress.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 22(4): 453–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, and Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. 2003. “Level of Development and Democracy: Latin American Exceptionalism, 1945–1996.” Comparative Political Studies 36(9): 1031–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, and Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. 2005. “Latin American Democratization since 1978.” In Hagopian, Frances and Mainwaring, Scott P., eds., The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks, pp. 14–61. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, and Scully, Timothy. 1995. “Introduction: Party Systems in Latin America.” In Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America, pp. 1–35. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, and Scully, Timothy. eds. 2003. Christian Democracy in Latin America: Electoral Competition and Regime Conflicts. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Mainwaring, Scott, and Scully, Timothy. 2008. “Latin America: Eight Lessons for Governance.” Journal of Democracy 19(3): 113–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, and Shugart, Mathew S.. 1997. Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, and Zoco, Edurne. 2007. “Political Sequences and the Stabilization of Interparty Competition. Electoral Volatility in Old and New Democracies.” Party Politics 13(2): 155–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahoney, James. 2001. The Legacies of Liberalism: Path Dependence and Political Regimes in Central America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Mansbridge, Jane. 2003. “Rethinking Representation.” American Political Science Review 97(4): 515–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manzetti, Luigi. 2003. “Political Manipulations and Market Reforms Failures.” World Politics 55(3): 315–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marx, Anthony. 1997. Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of the United States, South Africa, and Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, John D. 1973. “Opinion Structure of Political Parties: The Special Law of Curvilinear Disparity.” Political Studies 21: 135–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayhew, David R. 2000. “Electoral Realignments.” Annual Review of Political Science 3: 449–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayorga, René Antonio. 2005. “Bolivia's Democracy at the Crossroads.” In Hagopian, Frances and Mainwaring, Scott, eds., The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks, pp. 149–78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClintock, Cynthia. 1989. “Peru: Precarious Regimes, Authoritarian and Democratic.” In Diamond, Larry, Linz, Juan J., and Lipset, Seymour Martin, eds., Democracy in Developing Countries, vol. 4: Latin America, pp. 335–86. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
McGuire, James W. 1997. Peronism without Perón: Unions, Parties, and Democracy in Argentina. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mecham, J. Lloyd. 1966. Church and State in Latin America: A History of Politico-Ecclesiastical Relations. Rev. ed. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Méndez, Juan E., O'Donnell, Guillermo, and Pinheiro, Paulo Sérgio. 1999. The (Un)Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Merrill, Samuel, III, and Grofman, Bernard. 1999. A Unified Theory of Voting: Directional and Proximity Spatial Models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Middlebrook, Kevin J., ed. 2000. Conservative Parties, the Right, and Democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Miller, Gary, and Schofield, Norman. 2003. “Activists and Partisan Realignment in the United States.” American Political Science Review 97(2): 245–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, W. E., Pierce, R., Thomassen, J., Herrera, R., Holmberg, S., Esaiasson, P., and Wessels, B.. 1999. Policy Representation in Western Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, W. E., and Stokes, D.. 1963. “Constituency Influence in Congress.” American Political Science Review 57: 165–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishler, William, and Rose, Richard. 1997. “Trust, Distrust and Skepticism: Popular Evaluations of Civil and Political Institutions in Post-Communist Societies.” Journal of Politics 59(2): 418–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishler, William, and Rose, Richard. 2001a. “Political Support for Incomplete Democracies: Realist and Idealist Theories and Measures.” International Political Science Review 22(4): 303–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishler, William, and Rose, Richard. 2001b. “What Are the Origins of Political Trust? Testing Institutional and Cultural Theories of Post-Communist Societies.” Comparative Political Studies 34(1): 30–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moe, Terry. 1984. “The New Economics of Organization.” American Journal of Political Science 23(4): 739–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Møller, Jørgen. 2007. “The Post-Communist Tri-Partition, 1990–2005: Contrasting Actor-Centered and Structural Explanations.” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, European University Institute.
Møller, Jørgen. 2009. Post-Communist Regime Change: A Comparative Study. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Moreno, Alejandro. 1998. “Party Competition and the Issue of Democracy: Ideological Space in Mexican Elections.” In Serrano, Mónica, ed., Governing Mexico: Political Parties and Elections, pp. 38–57. Oxford: Institute of Latin American Studies.Google Scholar
Moreno, Alejandro. 1999. Political Cleavage: Issues, Parties, and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Moreno, Alejandro. 2003. El Votante Mexicano: Democracia, Actitudes Políticas y Conducta Electoral. Mexico, D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica.Google Scholar
Moreno, Ericka, Crisp, Brian F., and Shugart, Matthew Soberg. 2003. “The Accountability Deficit in Latin America.” In Mainwaring, Scott and Welna, Christopher, eds., Democratic Accountability in Latin America, pp. 79–131. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morgenstern, Scott. 2004. Patterns of Legislative Politics: Roll-Call Voting in Latin America and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Morgenstern, Scott, and Manzetti, Luigi. 2003. “Legislative Oversight: Interests and Institutions in the United States and Argentina.” In Mainwaring, Scott and Welna, Christopher, eds., Democratic Accountability in Latin America, pp. 132–70. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgenstern, Scott, and Nacif, Benito, eds. 2002. Legislative Politics in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Morgenstern, Scott, and Swindle, Stephen. 2005. “Are Politics Local? An Analysis of Voting Patterns in 23 Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies 38(2): 143–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morley, Samuel, Machado, Roberto, and Pettinato, Stefano. 1999. “Indexes of Structural Reform in Latin America.” ECLAC Economic Development Division. LC/L.1166, January.Google Scholar
Munck, Gerardo L., and Verkuilen, Jay. 2002. “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy.” Comparative Political Studies 35: 5–34.Google Scholar
Nacif, Benito. 2002. “Understanding Party Discipline in the Mexican Chamber of Deputies: The Decentralized Party Model.” In Morgenstern, Scott and Nacif, Benito, eds., Legislative Politics in Latin America, pp. 254–84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nathan, Andrew J., and Shi, Tianjian. 1996. “Left and Right with Chinese Characteristics: Issues and Alignments in Deng Xiaoping's China.” World Politics 48: 522–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nichter, Simeon. 2008. “Vote Buying or Turnout Buying? Machine Politics and the Secret Ballot.” American Political Science Review 102(1): 19–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 2004. Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, D. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Donnell, Guillermo. 1973. Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, Guillermo. 1994. “Delegative Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 5: 55–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Donnell, Guillermo. 1998. “Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies.” Journal of Democracy 9(3): 112–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Donnell, Guillermo. 2001. “Democracy, Law and Comparative Politics.” Studies in Comparative International Development 36(1): 7–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Donnell, Guillermo, Schmitter, Philippe C., and Whitehead, Laurence, eds. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparatie Perspectives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Ozbudun, Ergun. 1970. Party Cohesion in Western Democracies: A Causal Analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Page, B. I., and Shapiro, R. Y.. 1983. “Effects of Public Opinion on Policy.” American Political Science Review 77: 175–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, J. Mark, Daniel, Zovatto G., Flórez, Fernando Barrillo, and Zavala, Andrés Allamand. 2002. Democracies in Development: Politics and Reform in Latin America. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank and International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.Google Scholar
Pedersen, Mogens. 1983. “Changing Patterns of Electoral Volatility in European Party Systems, 1948–1977: Explorations in Explanation.” In Daalder, Hans and Mair, Peter, eds., Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change, pp. 29–66. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Penfold-Becerra, Michael. 2007. “Clientelism and Social Funds: Evidence from Chávez's Misiones.” Latin American Politics and Society 49(4): 63–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal. 2007. Presidential Impeachment and the New Political Instability in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persson, Torsten, and Tabellini, Guido. 2000. Political Economics: Explaining Economic Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Persson, Torsten, and Tabellini, Guido. 2003. The Economic Effects of Constitutions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Piattoni, Simona, ed. 2001. Clientelism, Interests, and Democratic Representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Pierson, Paul. 2000. “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics.” American Political Science Review 94: 251–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 2003. “Big, Slow-Moving, and…Invisible. Macrosocial Processes in the Study of Comparative Politics.” In Mahoney, James and Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, eds., Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, pp. 177–207. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 2004. Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pike, Frederick. 1967. “Church and State in Peru and Chile since 1840: A Study in Contrasts.” American Historical Review 73(1): 30–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,Polity IV Project. 2007. Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2007. [computer file; version p4v2007] Severn, MD: Center for Systemic Peace.Google Scholar
Pollack, Marcelo. 1997. “Jaime Guzmán and the Gremialistas: From Catholic Corporatist Movement to Free Market Party.” In Fowler, Will, ed., Ideologues and Ideologies in Latin America, pp. 151–70. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Poole, Keith T., and Rosenthal, Howard. 1997. Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll-Call Voting. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Poole, Keith T., and Rosenthal, Howard. 2001. “D-Nominate after 10 Years: A Comparative Update to Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll-Call Voting.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 26(1): 5–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popkin, Samuel L. 1994. The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham 1982. Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability, and Violence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham 1986. “American Voter Turnout in Comparative Perspective.” American Political Science Review 80(1): 17–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham 1989. “Constitutional Design and Citizen Electoral Control.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 1: 107–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham 2000. Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham 2001. “Democratic Representation: Two Contributions from Comparative Politics.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco.
Powell, G. Bingham 2004a. “The Chain of Responsiveness.” Journal of Democracy 14(4): 91–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham 2004b. “Political Representation in Comparative Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 7: 273–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Power, Timothy J. 2000. The Political Right in Postauthoritarian Brazil: Elites, Institutions, and Democratization. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, Adam, Alvarez, Michael E., Cheibub, Jose Antonio, and Limongi, Fernando. 2000. Democracy and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, Adam, and Limongi, Fernando. 1997. “Modernization: Theory and Facts.” World Politics 49: 155–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, Adam, Stokes, S., and Manin, B., eds. 1999. Democracy, Accountability, and Representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Ranney, Austin. 1962. The Doctrine of Responsible Party Government. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Remmer, Karen L. 1989. Military Rule in Latin America. Boston: Unwin, Hyman.Google Scholar
Remmer, Karen L. 2002. “The Politics of Economic Policy and Performance in Latin America.” Journal of Public Policy 22: 29–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rial, Juan. 1996. “Uruguay: From Restoration to the Crisis of Governability.” In Domínguez, Jorge I. and Lowenthal, Abraham F., eds., Constructing Democratic Governance: South America in the 1990s, pp. 133–46. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Rice, Roerta, and Cott, Donna Lee. 2006. “The Emergence and Performance of Indigenous Peoples' Parties in South America. A Subnational Statistical Analysis.” Comparative Political Studies 39: 709–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riker, William. 1982. Liberalism versus Populism. San Francisco: Freeman.Google Scholar
Riker, William. 1986. The Art of Political Manipulation. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Kenneth M. 1998. Deepening Democracy? The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Kenneth M. 2000. “Party-Society Linkages and Democratic Representation in Latin America.” Paper presented at the conference on Threats to Democracy in Latin America, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Roberts, Kenneth M. 2002. “Social Inequalities without Class Cleavages: Party Systems and Labor Movements in Latin America's Neoliberal Age.” Studies in Comparative International Development 36(4): 3–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Kenneth, and Wibbels, Erik. 1999. “Party Systems and Electoral Volatility in Latin America. A Test of Economic, Institutional, and Structural Explanations.” American Political Science Review 93: 575–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, David. 1976. A Theory of Party Competition. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Rock, David. 1975. Politics in Argentina, 1890–1930: The Rise and Fall of Radicalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodden, Jonathan. 2004. “Comparative Federalism and Decentralization: On Meaning and Measurement.” Comparative Politics 36: 481–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodden, Jonathan, and Wibbels, Erik. 2002. “Beyond the Fiction of Federalism: Macroeconomic Management in Multi-tiered Systems.” World Politics 54(4): 494–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez Iturbe, José. 1968. Iglesia y Estado en Venezuela (1824–1964). Caracas: Instituto de Derecho Publico, Universidad Central de Venezuela.Google Scholar
Roland, Gérard. 2004. “Understanding Institutional Change: Fast-Moving and Slow-Moving Institutions.” Studies in Comparative International Development 38: 109–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roquié, Alain. 1987. The Military and the State in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rosas, Guillermo. 2005. “The Ideological Organization of Latin American Legislative Parties: An Empirical Analysis of Elite PreferencesComparative Political Studies 38: 824–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, Michael. 2001. “Does Oil Hinder Democracy?World Politics 53: 325–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudra, Nitra. 2008. Globalization and the Race to the Bottom in Developing Countries: Who Really Gets Hurt?Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rueschemeyer, D., Huber, E., and Stephens, J.. 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Safford, Frank. 1985. “Politics, Ideology, and Society in Post-Independence Spanish America.” In Bethell, Leslie, ed., The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. 3: From Independence to c. 1870, pp. 347–422. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salazar Mora, Orlando, and Mora, Jorge Mario Salazar. 1991. Los Partidos Políticos en Costa Rica. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Universidad Estatal a Distancia.Google Scholar
Samuels, David. 2003. Ambition, Federalism, and Legislative Politics in Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuels, David. 2004. “From Socialism to Social Democracy. Party Organization and the Transformation of the Workers' Party in Brazil.” Comparative Political Studies 37: 999–1024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sani, Giacomo, and Sartori, Giovanni. 1983. “Polarization, Fragmentation, and Competition in Western Democracies.” In Dalder, Hans and Mair, Peter, eds., Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change, pp. 307–40. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Schattschneider, E. E. 1942. Party Government. New York: Farrar and Rinehart.Google Scholar
Schmitt, H., and Thomassen, J.. 1999. Political Representation and Legitimacy in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, Norman. 2003. “Valence Competition in the Spatial Stochastic Model.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 15: 371–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, Norman. 2004. “Equilibrium in the Spatial ‘Valence’ Model of Politics.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 16: 447–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, Norman, and Sened, Itai. 2006. Multiparty Democracy: Elections and Legislative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scully, Timothy J. 1992. Rethinking the Center: Party Politics in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Chile. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Segura-Ubiergo, Alex. 2007. The Political Economy of the Welfare State in Latin America: Globalization, Democracy, and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seligson, Mitchell. 2002. “Trouble in Paradise: The Impact of the Erosion of System Support in Costa Rica, 1978–1999.”Latin American Research Review 37(1): 160–85.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Ian. 2003. The State of Democratic Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Shefter, Martin. 1994. Politics Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Short, R. P. 1984. “The Role of Public Enterprises: An International Statistical Comparison.” In Floyd, R., Gray, C., and Short, R. P., eds., Public Enterprise in Mixed Economies. Some Macroeconomic Aspects, pp. 110–99. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.Google Scholar
Shugart, Matthew Soberg. 1998. “The Inverse Relationship between Party Strength and Executive Strength: A Theory of Politicians' Constitutional Choices.” British Journal of Political Science 28: 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shugart, Matthew Soberg, and Carey, John. 1992. Presidents and Assemblies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shugart, Matthew Soberg, and Wattenberg, Martin P., eds. 2001. Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Brian H. 1982. The Church and Politics in Chile: Challenges to Modern Catholicism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Peter. 2005. Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sniderman, Paul M., Brody, Richard A., and Tetlock, Philip. 1991. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, James M., Jr., and Ting, Michael M.. 2002. “An Informational Rationale for Political Parties.” American Journal of Political Science 46: 90–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, Ernesto, and Tommasi, Mariano. 2005. “Democratic Institutions, Policymaking Processes, and the Quality of Policies in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank.” Unpublished manuscript, Washington, DC.
Stein, Ernesto, Tommasi, Mariano, Echebarría, Koldo, Lora, Eduardo, and Payne, Mark, coordinators. 2006. The Politics of Policies: Economic and Social Progress in Latin America; 2006 Report. New York: Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar
Stimson, James. 2005. Tides of Consent: How Public Opinion Shapes American Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stokes, Susan. 1995. Cultures in Conflict: Social Movements and the State in Peru. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes, Susan. 1996. “Peru: The Rupture of Democratic Rule.” In Domínguez, Jorge I. and Lowenthal, Abraham F., eds., Constructing Democratic Governance: South America in the 1990s, pp. 58–71. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Stokes, Susan. 1999. “What Do Policy Switches Tell Us about Democracy?” In Przeworski, A., Stokes, S., and Manin, B., eds., Democracy, Accountability, and Representation, pp. 98–130. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes, Susan. 2001. Mandates and Democracy: Neoliberalism by Surprise in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes, Susan. 2005. “Perverse Accountability. A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina.” American Political Science Review 99(3): 315–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes, Susan. 2007. “Political Clientelism.” In Boix, Carles and Stokes, Susan, eds., Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, pp. 604–25. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Swift, Jeannine. 1978. Economic Development in Latin America. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Taagepera, Rein, and Shugart, Matthew. 1989. Seats and Votes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney. 1996. “States and Opportunities: The Political Structuring of Social Movements.” In McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N., Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, pp. 41–61. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teichman, Judith A. 2001. The Politics of Freeing Markets in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Thelen, Kathleen. 1999. “Historical Institutionalism and Comparative Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 2: 369–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thelen, Kathleen. 2003. “How Institutions Evolve: Insights from Comparative Historical Analysis.” In Mahoney, James and Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, eds., Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, pp. 208–40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomassen, Jacques. 1994. “Empirical Research into Political Representation.” In Jennings, Kent and Mann, Thomas, eds., Elections at Home and Abroad, pp. 237–64. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Thornton, Mary Crescentia. 1973. The Church and Freemasonry in Brazil, 1872–1875: A Study in Regalism. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Treisman, Daniel. 2002. “Defining and Measuring Decentralization: A Global Perspective.” Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles.
,United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2004. Democracy in Latin America: Towards a Citizens' Democracy. New York: UNDP.Google Scholar
Cott, Donna. 2005. From Movements to Parties in Latin America: The Evolution of Ethnic Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cott, Donna. 2008. Radical Democracy in the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissberg, Robert. 1978. “Collective versus Dyadic Representation in Congress.” American Political Science Review 72: 535–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weyland, Kurt. 2002. Politics of Market Reform in Fragile Democracies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Weyland, Kurt. 2007. “Politics and Policies of Latin America's Two Lefts. The Role of Party Systems versus the Resource Bonanza.” Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, August 30–September 2.
Whitehead, Laurence. 1986. “Bolivia's Failed Democratizstion, 1977–1980.” In O'Donnell, Guillermo and Schmitter, Philippe, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America, pp. 49–71. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Wibbels, Erik. 2001. “Federal Politics and Market Reform in the Developing World.” Studies in Comparative International Development 36: 27–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wibbels, Erik. 2005. Intergovernmental Conflict and the Economic Reform in the Developing World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Steven. 2007. “Explaining Changing Patterns of Party-Voter Linkages in India.” In Kitschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Steven, eds., Patrons, Clients, and Policies, pp. 110–40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Edward J. 1967. Latin American Christian Democratic Parties. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, John. 1990. “What Washington Means by Policy Reform.” In Williamson, John, ed., Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened?, pp. 5–20. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar
Wipfler, William. 2001. “The Catholic Church and the State in the Dominican Republic.” In Lampe, Armando, ed., Christianity in the Caribbean: Essays on Church History, pp. 191–228. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press.Google Scholar
Wong, Joseph. 2004. “Democratization and the Left. Comparing East Asia and Latin America.” Comparative Political Studies 37: 1213–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,World Bank. 1997. World Development Report 1997: The State in a Changing World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
,World Bank. 2003. Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean: Breaking with History?Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
,World Bank. 2006. “World Development Indicators 2006.” Washington, DC: World Bank.
Yashar, Deborah. 1995. “Civil War and Social Welfare: The Origins of Costa Rica's Competitive Party System.” In Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America, pp. 72–99. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Yashar, Deborah. 1998. “Contesting Citizenship: Indigenous Movements and Democracy in Latin America.” Comparative Politics 31(1): 23–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yashar, Deborah. 2005. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaller, John. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zechmeister, Elizabeth. 2003. “Sheep or Shepherds? Voter Behavior in New Democratic Contexts.” Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University.
Zechmeister, Elizabeth. 2004. “‘Left’ and ‘Right’ in Latin America: A Cross-National Q-Method Study.” Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, Las Vegas, October 7–9.
Zechmeister, Elizabeth. 2006. “What's Left and Who's Right? A Q-Method Study of Individual and Contextual Influences on the Meaning of Ideological Labels.” Political Behavior 28(2): 151–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×