Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T06:36:33.837Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

30 - Vulvar Cancer

from Section 5 - Gynecologic Oncology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2018

By
Micael Lopez-Acevedo  and
Nancy D. Gaba
Edited by
Lisa Keder  and
Martin E. Olsen
Lisa Keder
Affiliation:
Ohio State University
Martin E. Olsen
Affiliation:
East Tennessee State University
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Gynecologic Care , pp. 290 - 300
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures. 2015.Google Scholar
Akhtar-Danesh, N., Elit, L., and Lytwyn, A., Trends in incidence and survival of women with invasive vulvar cancer in the United States and Canada: a population-based study. Gynecol Oncol, 2014. 134(2): p. 314–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Messing, M. J. and , D. G. Gallup, Carcinoma of the vulva in young women. Obstet Gynecol, 1995. 86(1): p. 51–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lanneau, G. S. et al., Vulvar cancer in young women: demographic features and outcome evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2009. 200(6): p. 645 e1–5.Google Scholar
Bloss, J. D. et al., Clinical and histologic features of vulvar carcinomas analyzed for human papillomavirus status: evidence that squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva has more than one etiology. Hum Pathol, 1991. 22(7): p. 711–18.Google Scholar
Trimble, C. L. et al., Heterogeneous etiology of squamous carcinoma of the vulva. Obstet Gynecol, 1996. 87(1): p. 59–64.Google Scholar
Kaufman, R. H., Intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol, 1995. 56(1): p. 8–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hording, U. et al., Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and papillomaviruses: indications for two different etiologies. Gynecol Oncol, 1994. 52(2): p. 241–6.Google Scholar
Deppe, G., Mert, I., and Winer, I. S., Management of squamous cell vulvar cancer: a review. J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2014. 40(5): p. 1217–25.Google Scholar
Duong, T. H. and Flowers, L. C., Vulvo-vaginal cancers: risks, evaluation, prevention and early detection. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am, 2007. 34(4): p. 783–802, x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van de Nieuwenhof, H. P. et al., Differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is often found in lesions, previously diagnosed as lichen sclerosus, which have progressed to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol, 2011. 24(2): p. 297–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Cancer Society. www.cancer.org/cancer/vulvarcancer/detailedguide/vulvar-cancer-what-causes. February 16, 2016.Google Scholar
van der Avoort, I. A. et al., Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma is a multifactorial disease following two separate and independent pathways. Int J Gynecol Pathol, 2006. 25(1): p. 22–9.Google Scholar
Kurman, R. J., Toki, T., and Schiffman, M. H., Basaloid and warty carcinomas of the vulva. Distinctive types of squamous cell carcinoma frequently associated with human papillomaviruses. Am J Surg Pathol, 1993. 17(2): p. 133–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van de Nieuwenhof, H. P. et al., The etiologic role of HPV in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma fine tuned. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2009. 18(7): p. 2061–7.Google Scholar
Basta, A., Adamek, K., and Pitynski, K., Intraepithelial neoplasia and early stage vulvar cancer. Epidemiological, clinical and virological observations. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol, 1999. 20(2): p. 111–14.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, E. J. and Stone, I. K., Wilkinson and Stone: Atlas of Vulvar Disease, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.Google Scholar
Moore, D. H. K., cGuire, M WJ. Vulva. In: Hoskins, W, Perez, C. A, Young, R. C et al., eds. Principles and Practice of Gynecologic Oncology, 4th ed. Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005, pp. 665–705.Google Scholar
Homesley, H. D. et al., Assessment of current International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging of vulvar carcinoma relative to prognostic factors for survival: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1991. 164(4): p. 997–1003 (1003–4).Google Scholar
Husseinzadeh, N. et al., The significance of histologic findings in predicting nodal metastases in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol, 1983. 16(1): p. 105–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leonard, B. et al., A clinical and pathological overview of vulvar condyloma acuminatum, intraepithelial neoplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma. Biomed Res Int, 2014. 2014: p. 480573.Google Scholar
American Joint Committee on Cancer, AJCC cancer staging handbook. In: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 7th ed. New York: Springer; 2010. pp. 463–7.Google Scholar
Janco, J. M. et al., Vulvar and vaginal melanoma: case series and review of current management options including neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol, 2013. 129(3): p. 533–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benda, J. A., Platz, C. E., and Anderson, B., Malignant melanoma of the vulva: a clinical-pathologic review of 16 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol, 1986. 5(3): p. 202–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gehrig, PA, Alvarez Secord, A. Gynecologic Oncology. Austin: Vademecum, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ragnarsson-Olding, B. K. et al., Malignant melanoma of the vulva in a nationwide, 25-year study of 219 Swedish females: clinical observations and histopathologic features. Cancer, 1999. 86(7): p. 1273–84.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barakat, RR, Berchuck, A, Markman, M, Randall, ME. Principles of Gynecologic Oncology, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013.Google Scholar
Valsecchi, M. E. et al., Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with melanoma: a meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol, 2011. 29(11): p. 1479–87.Google Scholar
Suwandinata, F. S. et al., Management of vulvar melanoma and review of the literature. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol, 2007. 28(3): p. 220–4.Google Scholar
Moxley, K. M. et al., Malignant melanoma of the vulva: an extension of cutaneous melanoma? Gynecol Oncol, 2011. 122(3): p. 612–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, G. L. et al., Malignant melanoma of the vulva treated by radical hemivulvectomy: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer, 1994. 73(10): p. 2626–32.Google Scholar
Verschraegen, C. F. et al., Vulvar melanoma at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center: 25 years later. Int J Gynecol Cancer, 2001. 11(5): p. 359–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piura, B. et al., Malignant melanoma of the vulva: a clinicopathologic study of 18 cases. J Surg Oncol, 1992. 50(4): p. 234–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piura, B., Rabinovich, A., and Dgani, R., Malignant melanoma of the vulva: report of six cases and review of the literature. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol, 1999. 20(3): p. 182–6.Google Scholar
Chang, A. E., Karnell, L. H., and Menck, H. R., The National Cancer Data Base report on cutaneous and noncutaneous melanoma: a summary of 84,836 cases from the past decade. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society. Cancer, 1998. 83(8): p. 1664–78.Google Scholar
Piura, B., Management of primary melanoma of the female urogenital tract. Lancet Oncol, 2008. 9(10): p. 973–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leuchter, R. S. et al., Primary carcinoma of the Bartholin gland: a report of 14 cases and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol, 1982. 60(3): p. 361–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Creasman, W. T., Gallager, H. S., Rutledge, F., Paget’s disease of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol, 1975. 3(2): p. 133–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanderson, P. et al., Imiquimod therapy for extramammary Paget’s disease of the vulva: a viable non-surgical alternative. J Obstet Gynaecol, 2013. 33(5): p. 479–83.Google Scholar
Cohen, P. R. et al., Treatment of extramammary Paget disease with topical imiquimod cream: case report and literature review. South Med J, 2006. 99(4): p. 396–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldmeyer, L. et al., Treatment of vulvar Paget disease with topical imiquimod: a case report and review of the literature. J Dermatol Case Rep, 2011. 5(3): p. 42–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horn, L. C. et al., Adenoid squamous carcinoma (pseudoangiosarcomatous carcinoma) of the vulva: a rare but highly aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma-report of a case and review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Pathol, 2008. 27(2): p. 288–91.Google Scholar
Barakat, R. R., Bevers, M. W., Gershenson, D. M., Hoskins, W. J, Handbook of Gynecologic Oncology, 2nd edn. New York: Informal Healthcare, 2009.Google Scholar
Carlson, J. W. et al., A randomized phase III trial of VH fibrin sealant to reduce lymphedema after inguinal lymph node dissection: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol, 2008. 110(1): p. 76–82.Google Scholar
Tauber, R. et al., Inguinal lymph node dissection: epidermal vacuum therapy for prevention of wound complications. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2013. 66(3): p. 390–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buda, A. et al., The use of TachoSil for the prevention of postoperative complications after groin dissection in cases of gynecologic malignancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 2012. 117(3): p. 217–19.Google Scholar
Mutch, D. G., The new FIGO staging system for cancers of the vulva, cervix, endometrium, and sarcomas. Gynecol Oncol, 2009. 115:325–8.Google Scholar
Yoder, B. J. et al., Stage IA vulvar squamous cell carcinoma: an analysis of tumor invasive characteristics and risk. Am J Surg Pathol, 2008. 32(5): p. 765–72.Google Scholar
Kelley, J. L. et al., Minimally invasive vulvar carcinoma: an indication for conservative surgical therapy. Gynecol Oncol, 1992. 44(3): p. 240–4.Google Scholar
Sidor, J. et al., Challenging the concept of microinvasive carcinoma of the vulva: report of a case with regional lymph node recurrence and review of the literature. BioMed Cent Cancer, 2006. 6: p. 157.Google ScholarPubMed
Magrina, J. F. et al., Stage I squamous cell cancer of the vulva. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1979. 134(4): p. 453–9.Google Scholar
Rutledge, F., Smith, J. P., and Franklin, E. W., Carcinoma of the vulva. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1970. 106(8): p. 1117–30.Google Scholar
Hacker, N. F. et al., Individualization of treatment for stage I squamous cell vulvar carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol, 1984. 63(2): p. 155–62.Google Scholar
Lin, J. Y. et al., Morbidity and recurrence with modifications of radical vulvectomy and groin dissection. Gynecol Oncol, 1992. 47(1): p. 80–6.Google Scholar
Soliman, A. A. et al., Morbidity of inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy in vulval cancer. Scientific World Journal, 2012. 2012: p. 341253.Google ScholarPubMed
Farias-Eisner, R. et al., Conservative and individualized surgery for early squamous carcinoma of the vulva: the treatment of choice for stage I and II (T1-2N0-1M0) disease. Gynecol Oncol, 1994. 53(1): p. 55–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacker, N. F. et al., Radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy through separate groin incisions. Obstet Gynecol, 1981. 58(5): p. 574–9.Google Scholar
Moore, D. H. et al., Preoperative chemoradiation for advanced vulvar cancer: a phase II study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1998. 42(1): p. 79–85.Google Scholar
Woelber, L. et al., Clinicopathological prognostic factors and patterns of recurrence in vulvar cancer. Anticancer Res, 2009. 29(2): p. 545–52.Google Scholar
Gadducci, A. et al., Old and new perspectives in the management of high-risk, locally advanced or recurrent, and metastatic vulvar cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2006. 60(3): p. 227–41.Google Scholar
Drew, P. A. et al., Prognostic factors in carcinoma of the vulva: a clinicopathologic and DNA flow cytometric study. Int J Gynecol Pathol, 1996. 15(3): p. 235–41.Google Scholar
Homesley, H. D. et al., Prognostic factors for groin node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol, 1993. 49(3): p. 279–83.Google Scholar
Ryan, M. et al., Aetiology and prevalence of lower limb lymphoedema following treatment for gynaecological cancer. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 2003. 43(2): p. 148–51.Google Scholar
Beesley, V. et al., Lymphedema after gynecological cancer treatment: prevalence, correlates, and supportive care needs. Cancer, 2007. 109(12): p. 2607–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Novackova, M. et al., A prospective study in detection of lower-limb lymphedema and evaluation of quality of life after vulvar cancer surgery. Int J Gynecol Cancer, 2012. 22(6): p. 1081–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stehman, F. B. et al., Early stage I carcinoma of the vulva treated with ipsilateral superficial inguinal lymphadenectomy and modified radical hemivulvectomy: a prospective study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Obstet Gynecol, 1992. 79(4): p. 490–7.Google Scholar
Rouzier, R. et al., Inguinofemoral dissection for carcinoma of the vulva: effect of modifications of extent and technique on morbidity and survival. J Am Coll Surg, 2003. 196(3): p. 442–50.Google Scholar
Gaarenstroom, K. N. et al., Postoperative complications after vulvectomy and inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy using separate groin incisions. Int J Gynecol Cancer, 2003. 13(4): p. 522–7.Google Scholar
Ramirez, P. T. and Levenback, C., Long-term outcomes of sentinel node mapping in vulvar cancer: a time to cheer with enthusiasm or pause and question current practice? Gynecol Oncol, 2016. 140(1): p. 1–2.Google Scholar
Van der Zee, A. G. et al., Sentinel node dissection is safe in the treatment of early-stage vulvar cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2008. 26(6): p. 884–9.Google Scholar
Oonk, M. H. et al., A comparison of quality of life between vulvar cancer patients after sentinel lymph node procedure only and inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. Gynecol Oncol, 2009. 113(3): p. 301–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levenback, C. F. et al., Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in women with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol, 2012. 30(31): p. 3786–91.Google Scholar
Hassanzade, M. et al., Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Gynecol Oncol, 2013. 130(1): p. 237–45.Google Scholar
Beller, U. et al., Carcinoma of the vulva. J Epidemiol Biostat, 2001. 6(1): p. 155–73.Google Scholar
Maggino, T. et al., Patterns of recurrence in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a multicenter CTF study. Cancer, 2000. 89(1): p. 116–22.3.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×