Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T19:24:39.515Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 2 - Baseline Sonographic Assessment of the Female Pelvis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2020

Kanna Jayaprakasan ,
Lukasz Polanski  and
Kamal Ojha
By
Lukasz Polanski  and
Kanna Jayaprakasan
Kanna Jayaprakasan
Affiliation:
Department of Maternity and Gynaecology, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby
Lukasz Polanski
Affiliation:
Assisted Conception Unit, Guy’s Hospital, London
Kamal Ojha
Affiliation:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St George's University Hospital, London
Get access

Summary

Ultrasound remains one of the most routinely performed medical investigations and a mainstay of clinical decision-making rests upon the obtained results. Due to the relative proximity of the pelvic organs to the abdominal surface and easy access via the vaginal route, gynaecological scanning should be in the armamentarium of every gynaecologist. As with every gynaecological assessment, and procedures of an intimate nature, explanation to alleviate anxiety and obtain informed consent is essential. The woman should feel safe and comfortable when the procedure is performed, which relates to the equipment in the scan room, presence of a chaperone and the security of the scan room. In this chapter, we will discuss the principles of sonographic assessment of the normal female pelvis.

Type
Chapter
Information
Gynaecological Ultrasound Scanning
Tips and Tricks
 , pp. 16 - 29
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Merz, E, Miric-Tesanic, D, Bahlmann, F, Weber, G, Wellek, S. Sonographic size of uterus and ovaries in pre- and postmenopausal women. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;7(1):38–42.Google Scholar
Sher, G, Herbert, C, Maassarani, G, Jacobs, M. Assessment of the late proliferative phase endometrium by ultrasonography in patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF/ET). Hum Reprod 1991;6(2):232–7.Google Scholar
Fanchin, R, Righini, C, Olivennes, F, et al. Computerized assessment of endometrial echogenicity: clues to the endometrial effects of premature progesterone elevation. Fertil Steril 1999;71(1):174–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleischer, AC, Transvaginal sonography of endometrial disorders, in Sonography in Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Principles and Practice, Fleischer, A, editor. McGraw-Hill Medical, 2011;961–78.Google Scholar
Jabbour, HN, Kelly, RW, Fraser, HM, Critchley, HO. Endocrine regulation of menstruation. Endocr Rev 2006;27(1):17–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chien, LW, Au, HK, Chen, PL, Xiao, J, Tzeng, CR. Assessment of uterine receptivity by the endometrial–subendometrial blood flow distribution pattern in women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Fertil Steril 2002;78(2):245–51.Google Scholar
Yuval, Y, Lipitz, S, Dor, J, Achiron, R. The relationships between endometrial thickness, and blood flow and pregnancy rates in in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 1999;14(4):1067–71.Google Scholar
Raine-Fenning, NJ, Campbell, BK, Kendall, NR, Clewes, JS, Johnson, IR. Quantifying the changes in endometrial vascularity throughout the normal menstrual cycle with three-dimensional power Doppler angiography. Hum Reprod 2004;19(2):330–8.Google Scholar
Raine-Fenning, NJ, Campbell, BK, Kendall, NR, Clewes, JS, Johnson, IR. Endometrial and subendometrial perfusion are impaired in women with unexplained subfertility. Hum Reprod 2004;19(11):2605–14.Google Scholar
Gill, RW. Measurement of blood flow by ultrasound: accuracy and sources of error. Ultrasound Med Biol 1985;11(4):625–41.Google Scholar
Merz, E, Gynaecology, in Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Benson, C, Bluth, E, editors. Thieme, 2007.Google Scholar
Gray, H, Lewis, WH, Anatomy of the Human Body. 20th ed. Lea & Febiger, 1918.Google Scholar
Pavlik, EJ, DePriest, PD, Gallion, HH, et al. Ovarian volume related to age. Gynecol Oncol 2000;77(3):410–12.Google Scholar
Dewailly, D, Lujan, ME, Carmina, E, et al. Definition and significance of polycystic ovarian morphology: a task force report from the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society. Hum Reprod Update 2014;20(3):334–52.Google Scholar
Agarwal, A, Verma, A, Agarwal, S, et al. Antral follicle count in normal (fertility-proven) and infertile Indian women. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2014;24(3):297–302.Google Scholar
Adams, J, Franks, S, Polson, DW, et al. Multifollicular ovaries: clinical and endocrine features and response to pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone. Lancet 1985;2:1375–9.Google Scholar
Timmerman, D, Ameye, L, Fischerova, D, et al. Simple ultrasound rules to distinguish between benign and malignant adnexal masses before surgery: prospective validation by IOTA group. BMJ 2010;341:c6839.Google Scholar
Condous, G, Okaro, E, Bourne, T. The conservative management of early pregnancy complications: a review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003;22(4):420–30.Google Scholar
Abrams, BJ, Sukumvanich, P, Seibel, R, Moscati, R, Jehle, D. Ultrasound for the detection of intraperitoneal fluid: the role of Trendelenburg positioning. Am J Emerg Med 1999;17(2):117–20.Google Scholar
Hudelist, G, Fritzer, N, Staettner, S, et al. Uterine sliding sign: a simple sonographic predictor for presence of deep infiltrating endometriosis of the rectum. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;41(6):692–5.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×