Government exists to solve problems. To do this it must take decisions. In one sense, the whole process of government is little else than a ceaseless process of decision making:

• How to respond to the latest international crisis

• Whether to increase taxes or cut services

• How to balance economic development against environmental needs

• Whether to reform a law or leave it as it is

• What to do about the new problems caused by internet communication or genetic engineering

• How to handle a public health emergency

• What to do about traffic congestion.

Politics never sleep, and governments can never pause for a rest. They are assailed from all sides by an endless flow of demands and events, and they must constantly make decisions about options, priorities, policies and courses of action.

This chapter deals with public policies and decision making. A policy is some general set of ideas or plans that has been officially agreed on and which is used as a basis for making decisions. Public policy is a more specific term. It refers to the long series of activities, decisions and actions carried out by officials of government in their attempts to solve problems that are thought to lie in the public or collective arena. In that sense, we speak of ‘environmental policies’ if government shifts from coal and nuclear power to oil and wind-powered generators, and of ‘educational policies’ if the school leaving age is raised or money is redirected from primary to secondary education.