Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T02:39:26.442Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 1 - Developmental Pathways

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2017

Susan Bailey
Affiliation:
Academy of Medical Royal Colleges (AOMRC), London
Paul Tarbuck
Affiliation:
University of Central Lancashire, Preston
Prathiba Chitsabesan
Affiliation:
Stepping Hill Hospital, Stockport
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Forensic Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Meeting the Needs of Young Offenders
, pp. 11 - 40
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th Edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.Google Scholar
Arnsten, A. F. T. and Rubia, K. (2012). Neurobiological circuits regulating attention, cognitive control, motivation, and emotion: disruptions in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 356367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, E. D., Copeland, W., Maughan, B., Jaffee, S. R. and Uher, R. (2012). Relative impact of maternal depression and associated risk factors on offspring psychopathology. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200, 124129.Google Scholar
Blakemore, S. J. and Robbins, T. W. (2012). Decision-making in the adolescent brain. Nature Neuroscience, 15, 11841191.Google Scholar
Boivin, M., Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., Forget-Dubois, N., Feng, B., Tremblay, R. E. and Dionne, G. (2013). Evidence of gene-environment correlation for peer difficulties: disruptive behaviors predict early peer relation difficulties in school through genetic effects. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 7992.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowlby, J. (1944). Forty-four juvenile thieves: their characters and home life. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 25, 1952.Google Scholar
Burt, S. A. (2013). Do etiological influences on aggression overlap with those on rule breaking? a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 43, 18011812.Google Scholar
Burt, S. A. and Klump, K. (2014). Prosocial peer affiliation suppresses genetic influences on non-aggressive antisocial behaviors during childhood. Psychological Medicine, 44, 821830.Google Scholar
Davis, E. P., Glynn, L. M., Schetter, C. D., Hobel, C., Chicz-Demet, A. and Sandman, C. A. (2007). Prenatal exposure to maternal depression and cortisol influences infant temperament. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 737746.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J. and Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 189214.Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A. (1993). Social-cognitive mechanisms in the development of conduct disorder and depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 559584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairchild, G., van Goozen, S. H. M., Calder, A. J. and Goodyer, I. M. (2013). Research review: evaluating and reformulating the developmental taxonomic theory of antisocial behaviour. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 924940.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A-M. and Roisman, G. I. (2010). The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children’s externalizing behavior: a meta-analytic study. Child Development, 81, 435456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., Horwood, L. J., Miller, A. and Kennedy, M. A. (2012). Moderating role of the MAOA genotype in antisocial behaviour. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200, 116123.Google Scholar
Frick, P. J., Ray, J. V., Thornton, L. C. and Kahn, R. E. (2014). Can callous-unemotional traits enhance the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of serious conduct problems in children and adolescents? a comprehensive review. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 157.Google Scholar
Gardner, M. and Steinberg, L. (2005). Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: an experimental study. Developmental Psychology, 41, 625635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ge, X. and Natsuaki, M. N. (2009). In search of explanations for early pubertal timing effects on developmental psychopathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 327331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, K. L., Knight, K. E. and Thornberry, T. P. (2012). School disengagement as a predictor of dropout, delinquency, and problem substance use during adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41, 156166.Google Scholar
Hill, J. (2002). Biological, psychological and social processes in the conduct disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 133164.Google Scholar
Hill, J. and Maughan, B. (2015). Conceptual issues and empirical challenges in the disruptive behavior disorders. In Thapar, A., Pine, D. S., Leckman, J., Snowling, M. J., Scott, S. and Taylor, E. Editors. Rutter’s Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 6th Edition (pp. 3748). Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hoeve, M., Dubas, J. S., Eichelsheim, V. I., van der Laan, P. H., Smeenk, W. and Gerris, J. R. M. (2009). The relationship between parenting and delinquency: a meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 749775.Google Scholar
Jaffee, S. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Polo-Tomas, M., Price, T. S. and Taylor, A. (2004). Physical maltreatment victim to antisocial child: evidence of an environmentally mediated process. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 4455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaffee, S. R., Strait, L. B. and Odgers, C. L. (2012). From correlates to causes: can quasi-experimental studies and statistical innovations bring us closer to identifying the causes of antisocial behavior? National Institute of Health Public Access Author Manuscript – NIHMS328571 finally edited and published in Psychological Bulletin, 138, 272295.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Jacobson, K. C., Gardner, C. O., Gillespie, N., Aggen, S. A. and Prescott, C. A. (2007). Creating a social world – a developmental twin study of peer-group deviance. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 958965.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Lonn, S. L., Maes, H. H., Sundquist, J. and Sundquist, K. (2015). The etiologic role of genetic and environmental factors in criminal behavior as determined from full- and half-sibling pairs: an evaluation of the validity of the twin method. Psychological Medicine, 45, 18731880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klahr, A. M. and Burt, S. A. (2014). Practitioner Review: evaluation of the known behavioral heterogeneity in conduct disorder to improve its assessment and treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 13001310.Google Scholar
Kuja-Halkola, R., D’Onofrio, B. M., Larsson, H. and Lichtenstein, P. (2014). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and adverse outcomes in offspring: genetic and environmental sources of covariance. Behavior Genetics, 44, 456467.Google Scholar
Lahey, B. B., Waldman, I. D. and McBurnett, K. (1999). Annotation: the development of antisocial behavior: an integrative causal model. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 669682.Google Scholar
Marceau, K., Narusyte, J., Lichtenstein, P., Ganiban, J. M., Spotts, E. L., Reiss, D. and Neiderhiser, J. M. (2015). Parental knowledge is an environmental influence on adolescent externalizing. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56, 130137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGowan, P. O. and Roth, T. L. (2015). Epigenetic pathways through which experiences become linked with biology. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 637648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendle, J. and Ferrero, J. (2010). Detrimental psychological outcomes associated with pubertal timing in adolescent boys. Developmental Review, 32, 4966.Google Scholar
Mendle, J., Turkheimer, E. and Emery, R. E. (2007). Detrimental psychological outcomes associated with pubertal timing in adolescent girls. Developmental Review, 21, 151171.Google Scholar
Miller, T. R. (2015). Projected outcomes of nurse-family partnership home visitation during 1996–2013, USA. Prevention Science, 16, 765777.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior – a developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674701.Google Scholar
Murray, J. and Farrington, D. P. (2010). Risk factors for conduct disorder and delinquency: key findings from longitudinal studies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 633–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Donnell, K. J., Glover, V., Barker, E. D. and O’Connor, T. G. (2014). The persisting effect of maternal mood in pregnancy on childhood psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 393403.Google Scholar
Odgers, C. L., Moffitt, T. E., Broadbent, J. M., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Poulton, R., Sears, M. R., Thomson, W. M. and Caspi, A. (2008). Female and male antisocial trajectories: from childhood origins to adult outcomes. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 673716.Google Scholar
Odgers, C. L., Moffitt, T. E., Tach, L. M., Sampson, R. J., Taylor, A., Matthews, C. L. and Caspi, A. (2009). The protective effects of neighborhood collective efficacy on British children growing up in deprivation: a developmental analysis. Developmental Psychology, 45, 942957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oliver, B. R., Barker, E. D., Mandy, W. P. L., Skuse, D. H. and Maughan, B. (2011). Social cognition and conduct problems: a developmental approach. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 385394.Google Scholar
Pardini, D. and Frick, P. J. (2013). Multiple developmental pathways to conduct disorder: current conceptualizations and clinical implications. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 22, 2025.Google Scholar
Patterson, G., Reid, J. and Dishion, T. (1992) Antisocial Boys. Eugene, OR: Castalia.Google Scholar
Peper, J. S. and Dahl, R. E. (2013). The teenage brain: surging hormones–brain-behavior interactions during puberty. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 134139.Google Scholar
Portnoy, J. and Farrington, D. P. (2015). Resting heart rate and antisocial behavior: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 22, 3345.Google Scholar
Provençal, N., Booij, L. and Tremblay, R. E. (2015). The developmental origins of chronic physical aggression: biological pathways triggered by early life adversity. Journal of Experimental Biology, 218, 123133.Google Scholar
Rhee, S. H. and Waldman, I. D. (2002). Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 490529.Google Scholar
Rowe, R., Maughan, B., Worthman, C., Costello, E. J. and Angold, A. (2004). Testosterone, conduct disorder and social dominance in boys: pubertal development and biosocial interaction. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 546552.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (2013). Annual research review: resilience – clinical implications. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 54, 474487.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Giller, H. and Hagell, A. (1998). Antisocial Behaviour by Young People. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. and Maughan, B. (2002). School effectiveness findings 1979–2002. Journal of School Psychology, 40, 451475.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W. and Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918924.Google Scholar
Savage, J. (2014). The association between attachment, parental bonds and physically aggressive and violent behavior: a comprehensive review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, 164178.Google Scholar
Schweinhart, L. J., Montie, J., Xiang, Z., Barnett, W. S., Belfield, C. R. and Nores, M. (2005). Life-Time Effects: The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study Through Age 40. Ypsilanti: High/Scope Press.Google Scholar
Scott, S., Briskman, J., Woolgar, M., Humayun, S. and O’Connor, T. G. (2011). Attachment in adolescence: overlap with parenting and unique prediction of behavioural adjustment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 10521062.Google Scholar
Scott, S. and O’Connor, T. G. (2012). An experimental test of differential susceptibility to parenting among emotionally-dysregulated children in a randomized controlled trial for oppositional behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 11841193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talge, N. M., Neal, C. and Glover, V. (2007). Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: how and why? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 245261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, A. and Kim-Cohen, J. (2007). Meta-analysis of gene–environment interactions in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 10291037.Google Scholar
Tremblay, R. E. (2010). Developmental origins of disruptive behaviour problems: the ‘original sin’ hypothesis, epigenetics and their consequences for prevention. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 341367.Google Scholar
van Goozen, S. H. M., Fairchild, G., Snoek, H. and Harold, G. T. (2007). The evidence for a neurobiological model of childhood antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 149182.Google Scholar
Viding, E., Fontaine, N. M. G. and McCrory, E. J. (2012). Antisocial behaviour in children with and without callous-unemotional traits. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 105, 195200.Google Scholar
Wakschlag, L. S., Pickett, K. E., Cook, E. Benowitz, N. L. and Leventhal, B. L. (2002). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and severe antisocial behavior in offspring: a review. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 966974.Google Scholar
Waller, R., Gardner, F. and Hyde, L. W. (2013). What are the associations between parenting, callous-unemotional traits, and antisocial behavior in youth? a systematic review of evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 593608.Google Scholar
Wichers, M., Gardner, C., Maes, H. H., Lichtenstein, P., Larsson, H. and Kendler, K. S. (2013). Genetic innovation and stability in externalizing problem behavior across development: a multi-informant twin study. Behavior Genetics, 43, 191201.Google Scholar

References

Almedon, A. M. (2005). Social capital and mental health: an interdisciplinary review of primary evidence. Social Science & Medicine, 61, 943964.Google Scholar
American Psychological Association. (2010). The Road to Resilience. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Available from: www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience.aspx. Accessed on 23 December, 2016.Google Scholar
Anthony, W. A. (1993). Recovery from mental illness: the guiding vision of the mental health service system in the 1990s. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 16, 1123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unravelling the Mystery of Health: How People Manage Stress and Stay Well. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Bailey, S. and Williams, R. (2005). Forensic mental health services for children and adolescents. In Williams, R. and Kerfoot, M. Editors. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: Strategy, Planning, Delivery and Evaluation (pp. 271298). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Buckner, J. C. and Waters, J. S. (2011). Resilience in the context of poverty. In Southwick, S. M., Litz, B. T., Charney, D. and Friedman, M. J. Editors. Resilience and Mental Health: Challenges across the Lifespan (pp. 264275). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chitsabesan, P., Kroll, L., Bailey, S., Kenning, C., Sneider, S., MacDonald, W. and Theodosiou, L. (2006). Mental health needs of young offenders in custody and in the community. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 534540.Google Scholar
Chitsabesan, P., Bailey, S., Williams, R., Kroll, L., Kenning, C. and Talbot, L. (2007). Learning disabilities and educational needs of juvenile offenders. Journal of Children’s Services, 24, 417.Google Scholar
Cocking, C., Drury, J. and Reicher, S. (2009). The psychology of crowd behaviour in emergency evacuations: results from two interview studies and implications for the Fire & Rescue Services. Irish Journal of Psychology, 30, 5973.Google Scholar
Davidson, S. (2010). The development of the British Red Cross’ psychosocial framework: CALMER. Journal of Social Work Practice, 24(1), 2942.Google Scholar
Deegan, P. E. (1988). Recovery: the lived experience of rehabilitation. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 11, 1119.Google Scholar
Department of Health. (2009). NHS Emergency Planning Guidance: Planning for the Psychosocial and Mental Health Care of People Affected by Major Incidents and Disasters. London: Department of Health.Google Scholar
Drury, J., Cocking, C. and Reicher, S. (2009a). Everyone for themselves? A comparative study of crowd solidarity among emergency survivors. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 487506.Google Scholar
Drury, J., Cocking, C. and Reicher, S. (2009b). The nature of collective resilience: survivor reactions to the 2005 London bombings. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 27, 6695.Google Scholar
Edmondson, A. (2003). Managing the risk of learning: psychological safety in work teams. Chapter 13 in West, M. A., Tjosveld, D. and Smith, K. G. Editors. International Handbook of Organizational Teamwork and Cooperative Working. Oxford: Wiley.Google Scholar
Fielding, A. and Anderson, J. (2008). Occasional Paper 2: Working with Refugee Communities to Build Collective Resilience. Perth, Australia: Association for Services to Torture and Trauma Survivors.Google Scholar
Haslam, S. A. (2004). Psychology in Organizations: The Social Identity Approach. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Haslam, S. A., Turner, J. C., Oakes, P., McGarty, C. and Reynolds, K. (1998). The group as a basis for emergent stereotype consensus. European Review of Social Psychology, 28, 203239.Google Scholar
Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Postmes, T. and Haslam, C. (2009). Social identity, health and well-being: an emerging agenda for applied psychology. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 58(1), 123.Google Scholar
Hernández, P. (2002). Resilience in families and communities: Latin American contributions from the psychology of liberation. The Family Journal, 10(3), 334343.Google Scholar
Hobfoll, S.E., Hall, B., Horsey, K. J. and Lamaoureux, B. E. (2011). Resilience in the face of terrorism: linking resource investment with engagement. In Southwick, S. M., Litz, B. T., Charney, D. and Friedman, M. J. Editors. Resilience and Mental Health: Challenges across the Lifespan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Horwitz, A. V. (2007). Distinguishing distress from disorder as psychological outcomes of stressful social arrangements. Health, 11, 273289.Google Scholar
Jetten, J., Haslam, C. and Haslam, S. A. (2012). The Social Cure: Identity, Health and Well-being. Hove and New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Kahn, W. A. (2005). Holding Fast: The Struggle to Create Resilient Caregiving Organizations. Hove, East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge.Google Scholar
Karatsoreos, I.N. and McEwen, B.S. (2013). Annual Research Review: The neurobiology and physiology of resilience and adaptation across the life course. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 54(4), 337347.Google Scholar
Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: an inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology, 37(1), 111.Google Scholar
Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R. and Kahn, S. (1982). Hardiness and health: a prospective study. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology, 42(1):168177.Google Scholar
Layne, C. M., Warren, J. S., Watson, P. J. an Shalev, A. Y. (2007). Risk, vulnerability, resistance, and resilience: towards an integrative conceptualization of posttraumatic adaptation. In Friedman, T. K. M. and Resick, P. Editors. Handbook of PTSD: Science and Practice (pp. 497520). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Levin, A. (2009). Genes influence vulnerability to posttrauma disorders. Psychiatric News, 44(3), 17.Google Scholar
Martinez, D. J. and Abrams, L. S. (2011). Informal social support among returning young offenders: a metasynthesis of the literature. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(2), 169190.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S. and Coatsworth, D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53, 205220.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S., Monn, A. R. and Supkoff, L. M. (2011). Resilience in children and adolescents. In Southwick, S. M., Litz, B. T., Charney, D. and Friedman, M. J. Editors. Resilience and Mental Health: Challenges across the Lifespan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mawson, A. R. (2005). Understanding mass panic and other collective responses to threat and disaster. Psychiatry, 68, 95113.Google Scholar
Meyer, P. S. and Mueser, K. T. (2011). Resiliency in individuals with serious mental illness. In Southwick, S. M., Litz, B. T., Charney, D. and Friedman, M. J. Editors. Resilience and Mental Health: Challenges across the Lifespan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mullen, P. E. (2000). Forensic mental health. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 307311.Google Scholar
National Assembly for Wales. (2001). Everybody’s Business: Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services in Wales: Strategy Document. Cardiff: National Assembly for Wales.Google Scholar
National CAMHS Support Service. (2011). Better Mental Health Outcomes for Children and Young People: A Resource Directory for Commissioners. London: National CAMHS Support Services.Google Scholar
NHS Health Advisory Service. (1995). Together We Stand: The Commissioning, Role and Management of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Norris, F. H., Tracy, M. and Galea, S. (2009). Looking for resilience: Understanding the longitudinal trajectories of responses to stress. Social Science & Medicine, 68, 21902198.Google Scholar
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (NATO/EAPC) (2009). Psychosocial Care for People Affected by Disasters and Major Incidents. Brussels: NATO. Available from: www.healthplanning.co.uk/media/1962/NATO_Guidance_Psychosocial_Care_for_People_Affected_by_Disasters_and_Major_Incidents.pdf. Accessed 20 October 2016.Google Scholar
Omand, D. (2010). Securing the State. London: C. Hurst & Co (Publishers) Ltd.Google Scholar
Panter-Brick, C. and Leckman, J. F. (2013). Editorial commentary: resilience in child development – interconnected pathways to wellbeing. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 333336.Google Scholar
Robinson, A. (2016). The resilience motif: implications for youth justice. Youth Justice 16(1), 1833.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316331.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (2012). Resilience as a dynamic concept. Development and Psychopathology 24, 335344.Google Scholar
Sapienza, J. K. and Masten, A. S. (2011). Understanding and promoting resilience in children and youth. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 24(4), 267273.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzáles-Romá, V. and Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of burnout and engagement; a confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 7192.Google Scholar
Søndenaa, E., Lauvrud, C., Sandvik, M., Nonstad, K. and Whittington, R. (2013). Resilience and professional quality of life in staff working with people with intellectual disabilities and offending behavior in community based and institutional settings. Health Psychology Research, 1(e3), 1115.Google Scholar
Southwick, S. M. and Charney, D. S. (2012). Resilience: The Science of Mastering Life’s Greatest Challenges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southwick, S. M., Litz, B. T., Charney, D. and Friedman, M. J. Editors. (2011). Preface. In Resilience and Mental Health: Challenges across the Lifespan (pp. xixv). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tol, W. A., Song, S. and Jordans, M. J. D. (2013). Annual research review: resilience and mental health in children and adolescents living in areas of armed conflict – a systematic review of findings in low- and middle-income countries. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 445460.Google Scholar
Troy, A. S. and Mauss, I. B. (2011). Resilience in the face of stress: emotion regulation as a protective factor. In Southwick, S. M., Litz, B. T., Charney, D. and Friedman, M. J. Editors. Resilience and Mental Health: Challenges across the Lifespan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Turner, J C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D. and Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-categorization Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
UNISDR. (2009). UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.Google Scholar
Williams, R. (2004). A strategic approach to commissioning and delivering forensic child and adolescent mental health services. In Bailey, S. and Dolan, M. Editors. Adolescent Forensic Psychiatry (pp. 315 to 335). London: Butterworth-Heinemann.Google Scholar
Williams, R. (2007). The psychosocial consequences for children of mass violence, terrorism and disasters. International Review of Psychiatry, 19(3), 263277.Google Scholar
Williams, R. and Barnes, M. (1997). Commissioning adolescent forensic mental health services. Health Services Management Centre in the University of Birmingham, unpublished.Google Scholar
Williams, R. and Drury, J. (2010). The nature of psychosocial resilience and its significance for managing mass emergencies, disasters and terrorism. In Awotona, A. Editor. Rebuilding Sustainable Communities for Children and Their Families After Disasters: A Global Survey. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
Williams, R. and Drury, J. (2011). Personal and collective psychosocial resilience: implications for children, young people and their families involved in war and disasters. In Cook, D., Wall, J. and Cox, P. Editors. Children and Armed Conflict. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave McMillan.Google Scholar
Williams, R. and Hazell, P. (2011). Austerity, poverty, resilience, and the future of mental health services for children and adolescents. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 24(4), 263266.Google Scholar
Williams, R., Bates, P., Farrar, M., Gay, M., George, D., Owen, E. and White, R. (1994). A review of the adolescent forensic psychiatry service based on the Gardener Unit, Prestwich Hospital, Salford, Manchester. London: NHS Health Advisory Service, Mental Health Act Commission, Social Services Inspectorate of the Department of Health.Google Scholar
Williams, R., Bisson, J. and Kemp, V. (2014). OP 94 Principles for Responding to the Psychosocial and Mental Health Needs of People Affected by Disasters or Major Incidents. London: The Royal College of Psychiatrists.Google Scholar
World Health Organization, War Trauma Foundation, World Vision International. (2011). Psychological first aid: Guide for field workers. Geneva: WHO. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44615/1/9789241548205_eng.pdf. Accessed 20 October 2016.Google Scholar
Zeanah, C. H. and Sonuga-Barke, J. S. (2016). The effects of early trauma and deprivation on human development –from measuring cumulative risk to characterizing specific mechanisms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(10), 10991102.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×