Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T16:26:26.257Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 23 - Offshore Mining Industries

from Assessment of Other Human Activities and the Marine Environment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 May 2017

United Nations
Affiliation:
Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Office of Legal Affairs
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment
World Ocean Assessment I
, pp. 363 - 378
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Austen, M.C., Hattam, C., Lowe, S., Mangi, C., Richardson, K. (2009). Quantifying and Valuing the Impacts of Marine Aggregate Extraction on Ecosystem Goods and Services. MALSF funded project MEPF 08-P77. www.cefas.co.uk/media/462458/ mepf-08-p77-final-report.pdf. Accessed June 2014.
Babinard, J., Bennett, C.R., Hatziolos, M.E., Faiz, A., Somani, A. (2014). Sustainably managing natural resources and the need for construction materials in Pacific island countries: The example of South Tarawa, Kiribati. National Resources Forum, 38, 58-66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaumont, N.J., Austen, M.C., Atkins, J.P., Burdon, D., Degraer, S., Dentinho, T.P., Derous, S., Holm, P., Horton, T., van Ierland, E., Marboe, A.H., Starkey, D.J., Townsend, M., Zarzycki, T. (2007). Identification, definition and quantification of goods and services provided by marine biodiversity: Implications for the ecosystem approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54 (3), 253-265.Google Scholar
BBC (2011). Dismay in Cumbria at quarrying tax fund end. 10 April 2011. http://www. bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cumbria-13025923. Accessed June 2014.
Bide, T. and Mankelow, J. (2014). Mapping marine sand and gravel. Planet Earth, Spring 2014, pp. 14-15. www.planetearth.nerc.ac.uk. Accessed June 2014.
BMAPA (2014). British Marine Aggregate Producers Association. http://www.bmapa. org/. Accessed June 2014.
Boughen, N., Mason, C., Paxton, G., Parsons, R., Johns, S., Parr, J., Moffat, K. (2010). Seafloor exploration and mining in Australia: Stakeholder reactions, expectations and desired level of engagement. CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship, Report EPIII562, Australia: 20pp.
Boyd, S.E., Cooper, K.M., Limpenny, D.S., Kilbride, R., Rees, H.L., Dearnaley, M.P., Stevenson, J., Meadows, W.J., Morris, C.D. (2004). w.Science Series Technical Report. CEFAS Lowestoft, 121, 154pp.Google Scholar
Cefas (Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science) (2009). A Generic Investigation into Noise Profiles of Marine Dredging in relation to the Acoustic Sensitivity of the Marine Fauna in UK waters with particular emphasis on Aggregate Dredging: Phase 1 Scoping and Review of Key Issues MEPF Ref No: MEPF 08/P21 Project.
Cooper, K., Burdon, D., Atkins, J.P., Weiss, L., Somerfield, P., Elliott, M., Turner, K., Ware, S., Vivian, C. (2013). Can the benefits of physical seabed restoration justify the costs? An assessment of a disused aggregate extraction site off the Thames Estuary, UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 75(1), 33-45.Google Scholar
Crown Estate (2013). Marine Aggregates, Capability&Portfolio 2013. http://www. thecrownestate.co.uk/media/495658/ei-marine-aggregates-capability-and-portfolio- 2013.pdf. Accessed June 2014.
Currie, H., Grobler, K., Kemper, J., Roux, J.P., Currie, B., Moroff, N., Ludynia, K., Jones, R., James, J., Pillay, P., Cadot, N., Peard, K., de Couwer, V. and Holtzhausen, H. (2008). Namibian islands' marine protected area. Ministry of Fisheries and Marine. Resources, Windhoek.
Daesslé, L.W., Fischer, D.W. (2001). Marine Minerals in the Mexican Pacific: Toward Efficient Resource Management. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 19(3), 197-206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Beers (2007) Operating and Finance Review. http://www.debeersgroup.com/content/ dam/de-beers/corporate/documents/Archive%20Reports/Operating_and_ Financial_Review_2007_March_2008.PDF Accessed June 2014.
De Beers (2012) Operating and Finance Review. http://www.debeersgroup.com/content/ dam/de-beers/corporate/documents/articles/reports/2013/OFR_2012.PDF Accessed June 2014.
Desprez, M. (2000). Physical and biological impact of marine aggregate extraction along the French coast of the Eastern English Channel: short-and long-term postdredging restoration. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57(5), 1428-1438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickie, S., Hime, E., Lockhart-Mummery, E., Ozdemiroglu, R., Tinch (2010). Including the Socio-Economic Impacts of Marine Aggregate Dredging in Decision-Making. Published February 2011.
Don, Diego (2015). http://www.dondiego.mx/ Accessed March 2015.
Drucker, B.S., Waskes, W., Byrnes, M.R. (2004). TheU.S Minerals Management Service Outer Continental Shelf sand and gravel program: Environmental studies to assess the potential effects of offshore dredging operations in Federal Waters. Journal of Coastal Research, 20(1), 1-5.Google Scholar
Earney, F.C. (2005). Marine mineral resources. Routledge.
Fesl, E. (2005). Moreton Bay sand extraction study. Queensland Environment Protection Agency. 14pp.
Firth, A. (2006). Marine Aggregates and Prehistory. HERITAGE AT RISK, 8.
Firth, A. (2013). Marine Archaeology, in Newell, R.C., Woodcock, T.A., (2013). Aggregate Dredging and the Marine Environment: an overview of recent research and current industry practice. The Crown Estate, pp. 165.
Foden, J., Rogers, S.I., Jones, A.P. (2009). Recovery rates of UK seabed habitats after cessation of aggregate extraction. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 390, 15–26.Google Scholar
Garnett, R.H.T. (2000). Marine placer gold, with particular reference to Nome, Alaska, in: Cronan, D.S. Ed. 2000. Handbook of marine mineral deposits. pp. 67-10.
Harben, P.W. and Bates, R.L. (1990). Industrial minerals: geology and world deposits. Metal Bulletin Plc.
Herbich, J.B. (2000). Handbook of coastal engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Highley, D.E., Hetherington, L.E., Brown, T.J., Harrison, D.J., Jenkins, G.O. (2007). The strategic importance of the marine aggregate industry to the UK. British Geological Survey Research Report, 0R/07/019, 44 pp.
ICES (2007). Report of the Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem (WGEXT). 17–20 April 2007, Helsinki, Finland, ICES CM 2007/MCH:08, 92pp.
ICES (2008). Report of the Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem (WGEXT). 8–11 April 2008, Burnham-on-Crouch, UK, ICES CM 2008/MHC09, 86pp.
ICES (2009). Report of the Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem (WGEXT). 14-17 April 2009, New York, USA, ICES CM 2009/MHC:09, 98pp.
ICES (2010). Report of the Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem (WGEXT). 31 May-4 June 2010, Djurönäset, Sweden, ICES CM 2010/SSGHIE, 108pp.
ICES (2011). Report of the Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem (WGEXT).11–15 April 2011, Delft, the Netherlands, ICES CM 2011/SSGHIE, 89pp.
ICES (2012). Report of the Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem (WGEXT).16–20 April 2012, Rouen, France, ICES CM 2012/SSGHIE, 104pp.
ICES (2013). Report of the Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem (WGEXT). 22-25 April 2013, Faial, Portugal, ICES CM 2013/SSGHIE, 54pp.
IDH (2013). IDH Tin working group communiqué. http://www.foe.co.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/idh-tin-working-group-communiqu-18070.pdf. Accessed June 2014.
Idier, D., Hommes, S., Brière, C., Roos, P.C., Walstra, D.J.R., Knaapen, M.A. and Hulscher, S.J. (2010). Morphodynamic models used to study the impact of offshore aggregate extraction: a review. Journal of Coastal Research, 39-52.
Ifremer (2014). Marine aggregate extraction. http://www.ifremer.fr/demf/aggregate_eng.html. Accessed June 2014.
ICES (2000). Decision of the assembly relating to the regulations on prospecting and exploration for polymetallic nodules in the Area. International Seabed Authority, Jamaica, ISBA/6/A/18, pp.48.
ICES (2001). Recommendations for guidance of contractors for the assessment of the possible environmental impacts arising from exploration for polymetallic nodules in the Area.International Seabed Authority, Jamaica, ISBA/7/LTC/1 2001, pp.11.
ISA (2010). The International Marine Minerals Society's Code for Environmental Management of Marine Mining. Note by the Secretariat; ISBA/16/LTC/2 http:// www.isa.org.jm/files/documents/EN/16Sess/LTC/ISBA-16LTC-2.pdf. Accessed June 2014.
ISA (2013). Towards the Development of a Regulatory Framework for Polymetallic Nodule Exploitation in the Area. ISA Technical Study, No. 11, pp. 90.
ISA (2015a). Deep sea mineral contractors. http://www.isa.org.jm/deep-seabed-minerals- contractors Accessed March 2015.
ISA (2015b). Developing a Regulatory Framework for Mineral Exploitation in the Area. http://www.isa.org.jm/files/documents/EN/Survey/Report-2015.pdf Accessed April 2015.
Jakarta Post (2010). Hundreds of illegal miners killed in last four years. The Jakarta Post, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/02/08/hundreds-illegal-minerskilled- last-four-years.html. Accessed June 2014.
James, J., Evans, C., Harrison, D., Ooms, K., Vivan, C. & Boyd, S.E. (1999).The effective development of offshore aggregates in south-east Asia. Technical Report WC/99/9. Notthingam, British Geological Survey.
Jewett, S.C., Feder, H.M. and Blanchard, A. (1999). Assessment of the benthic environment following offshore placer gold mining in the northeastern Bering Sea. Marine Environmental Research, 48(2), 91-122.Google Scholar
JNCC (2014). Offshore Marine Aggregates. Joint Nature Conservation Committee. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-4278. Accessed June 2014.
Kilbride, R., Boyd, S.E., Rees, H.L., Dearnaley, M.P. and Stevenson, J. (2006). Effects of dredging activity on epifaunal communities: surveys following cessation of dredging. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 70 (1-2), pp 207-223.Google Scholar
Kyle, J.R. (2002). A Century of fire and brimstone: the rise and fall of the Frasch sulphur industry of the Gulf of Mexico Basin. Industrial Minerals and Extractive Industry Geology. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 189-198.
MALSF (2009). Marine aggregate extraction: helping to determine good practice. Summary Report. Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund.
Marinet (2012). Aggregate dredging and the Crown Estate – facts and figures. http:// www.marinet.org.uk/campaign-article/aggregate-dredging-and-the-crown-estate- facts-and-figures. Accessed June 2014.
Mason, C., Paxton, G., Parr, J., Boughen, N. (2010). Charting the territory: Exploring stakeholder reactions to the prospect of seafloor exploration and mining in Australia. Marine Policy, 34(6), 1374-1380.Google Scholar
Mason, C., Paxton, G., Parsons, R., Parr, J., Moffat, K. (2014). “For the Benefit of Australians”: Exploring expectations for the mining industry from a national perspective, Resources Policy, 41, 1-8.Google Scholar
McClune, J. (2012). Marine phosphate mining generates global concern. Namib Times. http://www.namibtimes.net/forum/topics/marine-phosphate-mining-generates- global-concern. Accessed June 2014.
McKenzie, E., Woodruff, A.&McClennen, C. (2006). Economic Assessment of the True Costs of Aggregate Mining in Majuro Atoll Republic of the Marshall Islands. SOPAC.
Michel, J., Bejarano, A.C., Peterson, C.H. and Voss, C. (2013). Review of Biological and Biophysical Impacts from Dredging and Handling of Offshore Sand.U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Herndon, VA. OCS Study BOEM 2013-0119. 258 pp.
Midgley, J. (2012). Environmental impact assessment report for the marine component - Sandpiper project. http://www.envirod.com/draft_environmental_impact_ report2.html. Accessed June 2014.
MPA (2011). Mineral Products Association press release. MPA Says Scrapping of Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund Works Against ‘Localism’. 12 January 2011. http://www.mineralproducts.org/11-release001.htm. Accessed June 2014.
MSFD (2008). Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council – 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive) http://eurlex. europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:164:0019:0040:EN:PDF. Accessed June 2014.
Mudd, G.M. (2010). The environmental sustainability of mining in Australia: key mega-trends and looming constraints. Resources Policy, 35 (2), 98-115.Google Scholar
Murton, B.J. (2002). A Global review of non-living resources on the extended continental shelf. Brazilian Journal of Geophysics, 18(3), 281-306.Google Scholar
NAMDEB (2010). Financial performance for the year ended 31 December 2010. http://www.namdeb.com/pdf/NamdebFinancialAdvert.pdf. Accessed June 2014.
NAMDEB (2014). Corporate website. http://www.namdeb.com/about_org_profile. php. Accessed June 2014.
Namibian Marine Phosphate (2012). Sandpiper marine phosphates project. http:// www.namphos.com/ Accessed June 2014.
Nautilus Minerals (2014a). Press release Nautilus Minerals and State of PNG Resolve Issues and Sign Agreement. http://www.nautilusminerals.com/s/Media- NewsReleases.asp?ReportID=649293. Accessed June 2014.
Nautilus Minerals (2014b). Community consultation in Papua New Guinea. http:// www.cares.nautilusminerals.com/PapuaConsultationProcess.aspx. Accessed May 2014.
Newell, R.C., Woodcock, T.A. (2013). Aggregate Dredging and the Marine Environment: an overview of recent research and current industry practice. The Crown Estate, pp. 165.
Newell, R.C., Seiderer, L.J., Simpson, N.M. and Robinson, J.E. (2004). Impacts of marine aggregate dredging on benthic macrofauna off the south coast of the United Kingdom. Journal of Coastal Research, 20 (1): 115–125.Google Scholar
Newell, R.C., Seiderer, L.J. and Hitchcock, D.R. (1998). The impact of dredging works in coastal waters: A review of the sensitivity to disturbance and subsequent recovery of biological resources on the seabed. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 36: 127-78.Google Scholar
NZ Petroleum and Minerals (2014). Minerals mining permit granted to Trans- Tasman Resources Limited. http://www.nzpam.govt.nz/cms/news_media/2014/ trans-tasman-resources-ltd-mining-permit-granted. Accessed June 2014.
NZ EPA (2015). New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority http://www.epa. govt.nz/news/epa-media-releases/Pages/EPA-refuses-marine-consent-application- by-CRP.aspx Accessed March 2015.
Ober, J. (1995). Sulfur, from Mineral Commodity Summaries U.S. Bureau of Mines, January 1995, pp. 166-167. http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/industrial/ special/mining/minedock/id/id4-sulf.pdf Accessed March 2015.
Odessey Marine Exploration Inc. (2014). http://ir.odysseymarine.com/releasedetail. cfm?ReleaseID=869839 Accessed March 2015.
OSPAR (2009). Summary assessment of sand and gravel extraction in the OSPAR maritime area. OSPAR Commission. http://qsr2010.ospar.org/media/assessments/ p00434_Sand_and_Gravel_Summary_Assessment.pdf. Accessed June 2014.
Pelesikoti, N. (2007). Reducing vulnerability of Pacific ACP states. Kiribati Technical Report. 1. Extent of Household Aggregate Mining in South Tarawa 2. Proposed Integrated Monitoring Framework for Tarawa Lagoon. EU EDF 8 —Project Report 72. South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission.
Pier, D. (2014). A Project of this Magnitude has Never Been Undertaken on Earth.” A Gigantic Ocean Mine Threatens Baja California. The Scuttlefish. http://thescuttlefish. com/2014/12/a-project-of-this-magnitude-has-never-been-undertaken-onearth- a-gigantic-ocean-mine-threatens-baja-california/.
Pulfrich, A. and Branch, G.M. (2014). Effects of sediment discharge from Namibian diamond mines on intertidal and subtidal rocky-reef communities and the rock lobster Jasus lalandii. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 150, 179-191.Google Scholar
Pulfrich, A., Parkins, C.A., Branch, G.M., Bustamante, R.H. and Velásquez, C.R. (2003). The effects of sediment deposits from Namibian diamond mines on intertidal and subtidal reefs and rock lobster populations. Aquatic Conservation:Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 13(3), 257-278.Google Scholar
PWC (2013). Review of global trends in the mining industry. http://www.pwc.com/ en_GX/gx/mining/publications/assets/pwc-mine-a-confidence-crisis.pdf. Accessed June 2014.
Radzevicius, R., Velegrakis, A.F., Bonne, W., Kortekaas, S., Garel, E., Blazauskas, N. and Asariotis, R. (2010). Marine aggregate extraction regulation in EU member states. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 51: 15-37.Google Scholar
RCS (2014). Independent JORC (2012) Technical Report and Mineral Resource Estimate on the Chatham Rise Project in New Zealand.
Rice, J., Arvanitidis, C., Borja, A., Frid, C., Hiddink, J., Krause, J., Lorance, P., Ragnarsson, S.Á., Sköld, M., Trabucco, B. (2010). Marine Strategy Framework Directive – Task Group 6 Report Seafloor integrity. EUR 24334 EN-JRC, Luxemburg, pp. 73.
Roche, C., Bice, S. (2013). Anticipating Social and Community Impacts of Deep Sea Mining, in: Baker, E., Beaudoin, Y. (Eds.), Deep Sea Minerals: Deep Sea Minerals and the Green Economy. Vol. 2, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, pp. 59-80.Google Scholar
Rona, P.A. (2005). TAG hydrothermal vent field: A key to modern and ancient seafloor hydrothermal VMS ore-forming systems, in: Mao, J., Bierlein, F.P. (Eds), Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, Vol. 1 & 2, 687-690.Google Scholar
Rona, P.A., (2008). The changing vision of marine minerals. Ore Geology Reviews, 33 (3-4) 618-666.Google Scholar
Scott, S.D., (2011). Marine minerals: their occurrences, exploration and exploitation. Oceans 2011. IEEE, pp. 1-8.
SOPAC (2007). EU EDF 8 -SOPAC Project Report 74. Reducing Vulnerability of Pacific ACP States. Samoa. Technical report on aggregate sources assessment in selected parts of Upolu and Savai'i Islands. 72pp. http://ict.sopac.org/VirLib/ER0074.pdf. Accessed June 2014.
SOPAC (2013). Annual report. http://www.sopac.org/sopac/sopac-3/SOPAC-3_2-1-4_ OIP%202013%20report.pdf Accessed June 2014.
SPC (2013a). Deep Sea Minerals and the Green Economy. Baker, E., Beaudoin, Y. (eds). vol 2 Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 210pp.
SPC (2013b). Sea-floor Massive Sulphides: A physical, biological, environmental, and technical review. Baker, E., Beaudoin, Y. (eds). vol 1A,Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 65 pp.
SPC (2013c). Manganese Nodules: A physical, biological, environmental, and technical review. Baker, E., Beaudoin, Y. (eds). Vol. 1B, Secretariat of the Pacific Community 70 pp.
SPC (2013d). Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts: A physical, biological, environmental, and technical review. Baker, E., Beaudoin, Y. (eds), Vol.1C Secretariat of the Pacific Community 60 pp.
SPC-EU (2012). ACP states regional legislative and regulatory framework for deep sea minerals exploration and exploitation. Prepared under the SPC-EU EDF10 Deep Sea Minerals Project. - 1st ed., pp70. http://www.smenet.org/docs/public/ FinalDeepSeaMineralsProjectReport.pdf Accessed March 2015.
Sutton, G., Boyd, S. (2009). Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Environment 1998 – 2004. ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 297. 180pp.
Szymelfenig, M., Kotwicki, L. & Graca, B. (2006). Benthic re-colonization in postdredging pits in the Puck Bay (Southern Baltic Sea). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 68(3), 489-498.Google Scholar
Tillin, H.M., Houghton, A.J., Saunders, J.E., Drabble, R., Hull, S.C. (2011). Direct and Indirect Impacts of Aggregate Dredging, Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (MALSF). Science Monograph Series: No. 1; MEPF 10/P144, 46pp.
TIMAH (2012). Press release. http://www.idx.co.id/Portals/0/StaticData/NewsAndAnnouncement/ ANNOUNCEMENTSTOCK/From_EREP/201303/805e679600_5ff bd03093.pdf. Accessed June 2014.
TIMAH (2014). http://www.timah.com/v2/eng/our-business/4110052012111846/tinproduct/. Accessed June 2014.
Thomsen, F., McCully, S., Wood, D., Pace, F. and White, P. (2009). A generic investigation into noise profiles of marine dredging in relation to the acoustic sensitivity of the marine fauna in UK waters with particular emphasis on aggregate dredging: phase 1 scoping and review of key issues. Cefas MEPF Ref No. MEPF/08/ P21. 59 pp.
Todd, V.L., Todd, I.B., Gardiner, J.C., Morrin, E.C., MacPherson, N.A., DiMarzio, N.A. and Thomsen, F. (2015). A review of impacts of marine dredging activities on marine mammals. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 72(2), 328-340.Google Scholar
TTR (2015) Trans Tasman Resources http://www.ttrl.co.nz/south-taranaki-bight-project/ overview/ Accessed march 2015.
UNEP (2014). Sand, rarer than one thinks. UNEP Global Environment Alert Service (GEAS). http://na.unep.net/geas/getUNEPPageWithArticleIDScript.php?article_ id=110. Accessed June 2014.
United Nations (1992a) Convention on Biological Diversity. Rio de Janeiro, 5 June 1992.
United Nations (1992b) Agenda 21. United Nations, Rio de Janeiro, 13 June 1992.
Van Rijn, L.C., Soulsby, R.L., Hoekstra, P. & Davies, A.G. (2005). SANDPIT, Sand Transport and Morphology of Offshore Mining Pits. Aqua Publications.
Velegrakis, A.F., Ballay, A., Poulos, S., Radzevičius, R., Bellec, V., Manso, F. (2010). European marine aggregates resources: Origins, usage, prospecting and dredging techniques. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 51, 1–14.Google Scholar
Walker, D.I., Hillman, K.A., Kendrick, G.A., Lavery, P. (2001). Ecological significance of seagrasses: Assessment for management of environmental impact in Western Australia. Ecological Engineering, 16(3), 323-330.Google Scholar
Wenban-Smith, F.F. (2002). Marine Aggregate Dredging and the Historic Environment: Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology on the seabed. BMAPA and EH, London.
Webb, A. (2005). Technical Report–An assessment of coastal processes, impacts, erosion mitigation options and beach mining. (Bairiki/Nanikai causeway, Tungaru Central Hospital coastline and Bonriki runway–South Tarawa, Kiribati). EUSOPACProject Report, 46.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×