Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 196
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
May 2010
Print publication year:
2005
Online ISBN:
9780511753879

Book description

This 2005 book describes in much detail both how and why franchising works. It also analyses the economic tensions that contribute to conflict in the franchisor-franchisee relationship. The treatment includes a great deal of empirical evidence on franchising, its importance in various segments of the economy, the terms of franchise contracts and what we know about how all these have evolved over time, especially in the US market. A good many myths are dispelled in the process. The economic analysis of the franchisor-franchisee relationship begins with the observation that for franchisors, franchising is a contractual alternative to vertical integration. Subsequently, the tensions that arise between a franchisor and its franchisees, who in fact are owners of independent businesses, are examined in turn. In particular the authors discuss issues related to product quality control, tying arrangements, pricing, location and territories, advertising, and termination and renewals.

Reviews

‘This superb book will become the standard reference for understanding the economics of franchising. Extending their previous research, these outstanding scholars assemble new data sets to establish basic facts and explode several pervasive myths about franchising. How fast is the already significant amount of franchising growing? Are franchisees more likely to succeed than independent businesses? What are the typical terms of a franchisee's contract and why? The authors answer these and other fascinating questions with a keen economic intuition and with precision. The book is a must reading for students of industrial organization and contracting.’

Dennis W. Carlton - University of Chicago

‘In The Economics of Franchising, Blair and Lafontaine have provided an exceptionally comprehensive and cogent treatment of franchise law and economics. They have made complex economic analysis accessible and at the same time have revealed the hidden complexity behind some of the naive misconceptions associated with franchising. But what I liked best was their ability to treat each topic with a blend of managerially relevent discussion and formal analysis. It is a book that will appeal to anyone with a business, legal or research interest in franchising.’

Patrick Kaufmann - Boston University

‘Blair and Lafontaine have produced the definitive work on franchising arrangements, a detailed theoretical and empirical analysis that provides fundamental insight not only into the economic relationship between a franchiser and its franchisees but into vertical contractual relationships more generally. The rigorous documentation of how particular terms in the franchise contract solve inherent economic tensions in the relationship is an extremely valuable contribution to our knowledge of how franchising contracts, as well as business arrangements more generally, work.’

Benjamin Klein - University of California, Los Angeles

‘A book on franchising by the experts in this field is a welcome addition. It will be extremely valuable for both teachers and researchers.’

Jeffrey M. Perloff - University of California, Berkeley

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

Articles, Books, and Other Publications
Articles, Books, and Other Publications
Achabal, Dale D., Gorr, Wilpen L., and Mahajan, Vijay. 1982. MULTILOC: A Multiple Store Location Decision Model. Journal of Retailing 58 (Summer):5–25
Ackerberg, Daniel A. and Botticini, Maristella. 2002. Endogenous Matching and the Empirical Determinants of Contractual Form. Journal of Political Economy 110:564–591
Agrawal, Deepak and Lal, Rajiv. 1995. Contractual Arrangements in Franchising: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Marketing Research 32:213–221
Akerlof, George A. 1970. The Market For ‘Lemons’: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Economics 84:488–500
Akerlof, George A. and Janet, L. Yellen. 1986. Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market. New York:Cambridge University Press
Alchian, Armen A. and Demsetz, Harold. 1972. Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization. American Economic Review 62:777–795
Allen, Douglas W. and Lueck, Dean. 1992. Contract Choice in Modern Agriculture: Cropshare versus Cash Rent. Journal of Law and Economics 35:397–426
Allen, Douglas W. and Lueck, Dean. 1995. Risk Preferences and the Economics of Contracts. American Economic Review 85:447–451
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company
Anderson, Erin and Schmittlein, David C.. 1984. Integration of the Sales Force: An Empirical Examination. RAND Journal of Economics 15:385–395
Anderson, Erin and Oliver, Richard L.. 1987. Perspectives on Behavior-Based versus Outcome-Based Salesforce-Control Systems. Journal of Marketing 51:76–88
Areeda, Phillip. 1991. Antitrust Law, vol. IX. Boston: Little, Brown
Areeda, Phillip and Herbert, Hovenkamp. 1993. Antitrust Law (Supp.), at ¶340.3 and ¶1640. Boston: Little, Brown
Areeda, Phillip and Donald, Turner. 1978. Antitrust Law, vol. II. Boston: Little, Brown
Arthur Andersen & Co. 1995. Worldwide Franchising Statistics: A Study of Worldwide Franchise Associations
Athey, Susan and Scott Stern. 1998. An Empirical Framework for Testing Theories about Complementarities in Organizational Design. NBER Working Paper 6600
Atkins, D. 1990. Affidavit in the Matter of Canterbury et al. ⅴ. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 160 Tax Decisions and Rulings K-2 (U.S. Tax Ct. 1992)
Azevedo, Paulo Furquim and Vivian Lara, Dos Santos Silva. 2001. Contractual Mix Analysis in the Brazilian Franchising. Mimeo. São Carlos, Brazil: Federal University of São Carlos, Spain
Azoulay, Pierre and Shane, Scott. 2001. Entrepreneurs, Contracts, and the Failure of Young Firms. Management Science 47:337–358
Bai, Chong-en and Tao, Zhigang. 2000. Contract Mix in Franchising. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 9(1):85–113
Barkoff, Rupert M. and Garner, W. Michael. 1994a. Encroachment: Franchising's Enigma. Franchise Update (2nd quarter):7–10
Barkoff, Rupert M. and Garner, W. Michael. 1994b. Encroachment: The Thorn in Every Successful Franchisor's Side. Annual Forum on Franchising. American Bar Association
Barron, John M. and Umbeck, John R.. 1984. The Effects of Different Contractual Arrangements: The Case of Retail Gasoline. Journal of Law and Economics 27:313–328
Bassuk, Howard. 2000. Never Mind Encroachment, We Need More Franchisees! Brave New World or Brazen New World … It's Hard to Know. ExploreBiz.net (http://explorebiz.net/articles/hb21.html)
Bates, Timothy. 1995a. A Comparison of Franchise and Independent Small Business Survival Rates. Small Business Economics 7(5):377–388
Bates, Timothy. 1995b. Analysis of Survival Rates Among Franchise and Independent Small Business Startups. Journal of Small Business Management 33(2):25–36
Bates, Timothy. 1998. Survival Patterns Among Newcomers to Franchising. Journal of Business Venturing 13:113–130
Baye, Michael R., Crocker, Keith J., and Ju, Jiandong. 1996. Divisionalization, Franchising, and Divestiture Incentives in Oligopoly. American Economic Review 86:223–236
Beales, Howard and Muris, Timothy J.. 1995. The Foundation of Franchise Regulation: Issues and Evidence. Journal of Corporate Finance: Contracting, Governance and Organization 2:157–197
Becker, Gary S. and Murphy, . 1993. A Simple Theory of Advertising as a Good or Bad. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108: 941–964
Becker, Gary S. and Stigler, George J.. 1974. Law Enforcement, Malfeasance, and Compensation of Enforcers. Journal of Legal Studies 3:1–20
Beheler, R. L. 1991. Control in Various Organizational Forms: An Empirical Study of Company-Owned and Franchisee-Owned Units' Health Inspections. In Nevin, J. R., ed., Fifth Annual Proceedings of the Society of Franchising
Bercovitz, Janet E. L. 1998a. An Analysis of Contractual Provisions in Business-Format Franchise Agreements. Mimeo, Durham, NC: Fuqua School of Business, Duke University
Bercovitz, Janet E. L. 1998b. Franchising vs. Company Ownership. Mimeo, Durham, NC: Fuqua School of Business, Duke University
Bhattacharyya, Sugato and Lafontaine, Francine. 1995. Double-Sided Moral Hazard and the Nature of Share Contracts. RAND Journal of Economics 26:761–781
Birkeland, Peter M. 2002. Franchising Dreams. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Blair, Roger D. 1988. Measuring Damages for Lost Profits in Franchise Termination Cases. Franchise Law Journal 8 (Fall):3–6, 23–27
Blair, Roger D. and Esquibel, Amanda K.. 1996. Maximum Resale Price Restraints in Franchising. Antitrust Law Journal 65:157–180
Blair, Roger D. and Fesmire, J. M.. 1986. Maximum Price Fixing and the Goals of Antitrust. Syracuse Law Review 37:43
Blair, Roger D. and Harrison, Jeffrey L.. 1989. Rethinking Antitrust Injury. Vanderbilt Law Review 42:1559–1573
Blair, Roger D. and Herndon, Jill Boylston. 1996. Restraints of Trade by Durable Good Producers. Review of Industrial Organization 11:339–353
Blair, Roger D. and Herndon, Jill Boylston. 1999. The Misapplication of Kodak in Franchise Tying Suits. Journal of Business Venturing 14:397–415
Blair, Roger D. and Kaserman, David L.. 1978. Vertical Integration, Tying, and Antitrust Policy. American Economic Review 68:397–402
Blair, Roger D. and Kaserman, David L.. 1980. Vertical Control with Variable Proportions: Ownership Integration and Contractual Equivalents. Southern Economic Journal 47:1118–1128
Blair, Roger D. and Kaserman, David L.. 1981. The Albrecht Rule and Consumer Welfare: An Economic Analysis. University of Florida Law Review 33:461
Blair, Roger D. and Kaserman, David L.. 1982. Optimal Franchising. Southern Economic Journal494–504
Blair, Roger D. and David, L. Kaserman. 1983. Law and Economics of Vertical Integration and Control. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, Inc.
Blair, Roger D. and David, L. Kaserman. 1985 Antitrust Economics. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin Publishing
Blair, Roger D. and Kaserman, David L.. 1994. A Note on Incentive Incompatibility under Franchising. Review of Industrial Organization 9:323–330
Blair, Roger D. and Kenny, Lawrence W.. 1982. Microeconomics for Managerial Decision Making. New York: McGraw-Hill
Blair, Roger D. and Lafontaine, Francine. 1999. Will Khan Foster or Hinder Franchising? An Economic Analysis of Maximum Resale Price Maintenance. Journal of Public Policy in Marketing 18:25–36
Blair, Roger D. and Lang, Gordon L.. 1991. Albrecht After ARCO; Maximum Resale Price Fixing Moves Toward the Rule of Reason. Vanderbilt Law Review 44:1007–1039
Blair, Roger D. and Lopatka, John E.. 1998. Albrecht Overruled – At Last. Antitrust Law Journal 66:537–566
Bond, Robert E. Various years. Bond's Franchise Guide. Oakland, CA: Source Book Publications
Bond, Robert E. Various years. The Source Book of Franchise Opportunities. Richard D. Irwin Publishing
Bradach, Jeffrey L. 1995. Chains Within Chains: The Role of Multi-Unit Franchisees. Journal of Marketing Channels 4:65–81
Bradach, Jeffrey L. 1997. Using the Plural Form in the Management of Restaurant Chains. Administrative Science Quarterly 42:276–303
Bradach, Jeffrey L. 1998. Franchise Organizations. Boston: Harvard Business School Press
Bradach, Jeffrey L. and Patrick, J. Kaufmann. 1988. “Franchisee or Independent Businessperson: Some Observations on the Decision Process.” In Research at the Marketing/Entrepreneurship Interface, Hills, G. E. and Laforge, W., eds. 38–48. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago
Brickley, James A. 1999. Incentive Conflicts and Contracting: Evidence from Franchising. Journal of Law and Economics 42:745–774
Brickley, James A. 2001. Evidence of Life-Cycle Pricing in Franchise Contracts. Mimeo. Rochester, NY: Simon School of Business, University of Rochester
Brickley, James A. 2002. Royalty Rates and Franchise Fees in Share Contracts: Evidence from Franchising. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization. 18:511–535
Brickley, James A., Sanjog, Misra, and Horn, R. Lawrence. 2003. Contract Duration: Evidence from Franchise Contracts. Mimeo. Rochester, NY: Simon School of Business, University of Rochester
Brickley, James A. and Dark, Frederick H.. 1987. The Choice of Organizational Form: The Case of Franchising. Journal of Financial Economics 18:401–420
Brickley, James A., Dark, Frederick H., and Weisbach, Michael S.. 1991a. An Agency Perspective on Franchising. Financial Management 20:27–35
Brickley, James A., Dark, Frederick H., and Weisbach, Michael S.. 1991b. The Economic Effects of Franchise Termination Laws. Journal of Law and Economics 34:101–132
Brown, H. 1971. Franchising – A Fiduciary Relationship. Texas Law Review 49:650–675
Brown, Paul R. 1981. Mom-and-Pop Don't Read Memos. Forbes September 28:94–96
Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Economic Accounts (http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/dn1.htm)
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Consumer Price Index, All Urban Consumers – CPI-U, U.S. City Average, All Items (ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt)
Burnstein, M. L. 1960. The Economics of Tie-In Sales. Review of Economics and Statistics 42:68–73
Carlton, Dennis W. and Jeffrey, M. Perloff. 2000. Modern Industrial Organization. Addison Wesley, 3rd edition
Lorne, Carmichael H.. 1983. The Agent-Agent's Problem: Payment by Relative Output. Journal of Labor Economics 1:50–65
Carney, Mick and Gedajlovic, Eric. 1991. Vertical Integration in Franchise Systems: Agency Theory and Resource Explanations. Strategic Management Journal 12:607–629
Caves, Richard E. and Murphy, William F.. 1976. Franchising: Firms, Markets, and Intangible Assets. Southern Economic Journal 42:572–586
Coase, Ronald H. 1937. The Nature of the Firm. Economica 4:386–405
Coase, Ronald H. 1972. Durability and Monopoly. Journal of Law and Economics 15:143–149
Cohen, Jane and Fehlig, Ryan. 2001. Encroachment: The Hannibal Lecter of Franchising. St. Louis Bar Journal (March)
Cohn, Stuart R. 1998. Deception Condoned: Pre-Contract Misrepresentations and the Parole Evidence Rule, in Francine, Lafontaine, ed., Twelfth Annual Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising
Coughlan, Anne T. 1985. Competition and Cooperation in Marketing Channel Choice: Theory and Application. Marketing Science 4:110–129
Dant, Rajiv P. and Berger, Paul D.. 1996. Modeling Cooperative Advertising Decisions in Franchising. The Journal of the Operational Research Society 47:1120–1136
Dant, Rajiv P., Kaufmann, Patrick J., and Paswan, Audhesh K.. 1992. Ownership Redirection in Franchised Channels. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 11:33–44
David B. Green, McDonald's Senior Vice President for Marketing, 1993 testimony, http://www.mcspotlight.org/people/witnesses/advertising/green.html
McKinnon, David. Chairman and CEO, Service Brands International. 2002. Panel discussion, Entrepalooza 2002, University of Michigan Business School
Dicke, Thomas S. 1992. Franchising in the America: The Development of a Business Method, 1840–1980. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press
Dienelt, John F. 1998. Fourth Circuit Reverses $390 Million Meineke Judgment. The Franchise Lawyer, 1–3
Dixit, Avinash K. and Norman, Victor. 1978. Advertising and Welfare, Bell Journal of Economics 9:1–11
Dnes, Antony W. 1992a. Franchising: A Case-Study Approach. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
Dnes, Antony W. 1992b. ‘Unfair’ Contractual Practices and Hostages in Franchise Contracts. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 148:484–504
Dnes, Antony W. 1993. A Case Study Analysis of Franchise Contracts. Journal of Legal Studies 22:367–393
Dnes, Antony W. 1996. The Economic Analysis of Franchise Contracts. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 152:297–324
Dnes, Anthony and Garoupa, Nuno. 2005. Externality and Organizational Choice in Franchising. Journal of Economics and Business forthcoming
Doctor's Associate “Subway Franchise Agreement.” Uniform Franchise Offering Circular, 2002
Dorfman, Robert and Steiner, Peter O.. 1954. Optimal Advertising and Optimal Quality. American Economics Review 44:826–836
Easterbrook, F. 1981. Maximum Price Fixing. University of Chicago Law Review 48:886
Eaton, B. Curtis and Lipsey, Richard G.. 1979. The Theory of Market Pre-emption: The Persistence of Excess Capacity and Monopoly in Growing Spatial Markets. Economica 46:149–158
Eaton, Richard. 1980. State Regulation of Franchise and Dealership Terminations: An Overview. Antitrust Law Journal 49:1331–1350
Eckard, E. W. Jr. 1985. The Effects of State Automobile Dealer Entry Regulation on New Car Prices. Economic Inquiry24:226
Elango, B. and Fried, V. H.. 1997. Franchising Research: A Literature Review and Synthesis. Journal of Small Business Management 35:68–82
Engel, Eduardo MRA, Fisher, Ronald D., and Galetovic, Alexander. 2001. Least-Present-Value-of-Revenue Auctions and Highway Franchising. Journal of Political Economy 109:993–1020
Entrepreneur. Franchise 500. Various years
Eswaran, Mukesh and Kotwal, Ashok. 1985. A Theory of Contractual Structure in Agriculture. American Economic Review 75:352–367
European Commission. 2002. Competition Policy in Europe: The Competition Rules for Supply and Distribution Agreements. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
Fédération, Française de la Franchise. 2003. Toute la Franchise: Les Textes, les Chiffres, les Réseaux. Paris: Fédération Française de la Franchise
Fieldstone, Ronald R. 1998. Franchise Encroachment Law. Franchise Law Journal (Winter)
Flaherty, Julie. 2001. By the Book: Individuality vs. Franchising. New York Times (Feb. 17)
Flohr, Eckhard. 2000. Franchise Law – The Concrete Effects of the New European Regulation on Contract Design and Contract Practice in Franchising. Düsseldorf. http://www.cgla.org/canada/documents/franchlaw.htm
Franchise Annual. Various Years. Lewiston NY: Info Franchise News Inc.
Franchise Times. 1996. Growth Forecast for 1996. Vol. 2 no. 2 p. 3 Chicago, IL: Crain Communications Inc.
Franchise Times. Various Years. Monitor 200. Roseville, MN: Franchise Times Corporation
Lorelle, Frazer. 1998. Motivations for Franchisors to Use Flat Continuing Franchise Fees. The Journal of Consumer Marketing 15:587–596
Frazer, Lorelle. 2001. Why Franchisors Discontinue Franchising but Continue Operating. International Small Business Journal 19:29–38
Gagné, Robert, Pierre Sigué, Simon, and Zaccour, Georges. 1998. Droit d'Entrée et Taux de Redevance dans les Franchises d'Exploitation au Québec. L'Actualité Economique 74:651–668
Gallini, Nancy T. and Lutz, Nancy A.. 1992. Dual Distribution and Royalty Fees in Franchising. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 8:471–501
Gal-Or, Esther. 1991. Optimal Franchising in Oligopolistic Markets with Uncertain Demand. International Journal of Industrial Organization 9:343–364
Gal-Or, Esther. 1995. Maintaining Quality Standards in Franchise Chains. Management Science 41:1774–1792
Garner, W. Michael. 2002. Franchise and Distribution Law and Practice. Thompson West
Garrod, Peter and Miklius, Walter. 1987. Accounting for Mortality of Business Firms in the Estimation of Lost Profits. Mimeo
Gertner, Robert H. and Stillman, Robert S.. 2001. Vertical Integration and Internet Strategies in the Apparel Industry. Journal of Industrial Economics 49:417–440
Gibson, Richard. 1998. McDonald's Problems in Kitchen Don't Dim the Lure of Franchises. Wall Street Journal, June 3:A1
Ghosh, Avijit and Craig, C. Samuel. 1991. FRANSYS: A Franchise Distribution Location Model. Journal of Retailing 67:466–495
Goldberg, Jeffrey D. 1983. A Transaction Costs Analysis of Franchising with Empirical Applications to the Restaurant Industry. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania
Goldstein Law Group. 2003. Arbitration Panel Finds That Block Franchisees Harmed by Block's Internet Tax Preparation Activities May Have Claims for Damages Against Block. Goldstein Law Group Press Release, January 16. www.goldlawgroup.com/release/pr011603.html
Graddy, Kathryn. 1997. Do Fast-Food Chains Price Discriminate on the Race and Income Characteristics of an Area. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 15:391–401
Greenhut, M. L. and Ohta, H.. 1979. Vertical Integration of Successive Oligopolies. American Economic Review 69:137–141
Grimes, Warren S. 1996. When Do Franchisors Have Market Power? Antitrust Remedies For Franchisor Opportunism. Antitrust Law Journal 65:105–155
Grossman, Sanford J. and Hart, Oliver D.. 1986. The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration. Journal of Political Economy 94:691–719
Gupta, Srabana and Romano, Richard. 1998. Monitoring the Principal with Multiple Agents. RAND Journal of Economics 29:427–442
Hadfield, Gillian K. 1990. Problematic Relations: Franchising and the Law of Incomplete Contracts. Stanford Law Review 42:927–992
Hadfield, Gillian K. 1991. Credible Spatial Preemption Through Franchising. RAND Journal of Economics 22:531–543
Harman, Kathryn Lea. 1998. Comment, The Good Faith Gamble in Franchise Agreements: Does Your Implied Covenant Trump My Express Term?Cumberland Law Review 28:473
Hellriegel, John E. Sr. and William Slater Vincent. 2000. The Encroachment Handbook: The Problem, the History, the Solution, in Audhesh, K. Paswan, ed., Fourteenth Annual Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising
Holmberg, C. and K. Boe Morgan. 1996. The Franchise Failure Continuum in Ann, Dugan, ed., Tenth Annual Proceedings of the Society of Franchising
Holmstrom, Bengt. 1979. Moral Hazard and Observability. Bell Journal of Economics 10:74–91
Holmstrom, Bengt. 1982. Moral Hazard in Teams. Bell Journal of Economics 13:324–340
Holmstrom, Bengt and Milgrom, Paul. 1987. Aggregation and Linearity in the Provision of Intertemporal Incentives. Econometrica 55:303–328
Holmstrom, Bengt and Milgrom, Paul 1991. Multitask Principal-Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership, and Job Design. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 7:24–51
Holmstrom, Bengt and Milgrom, Paul. 1994. The Firm as an Incentive System. American Economic Review 84:972–991
Hotelling, Harold. 1929. Stability in Competition. Economic Journal 39:41–57
Hovenkamp, Herbert. 1999. Federal Antitrust Policy: The Law of Competition and Its PracticeSt. Paul, MN: West Publishing Group
Hoy, Frank and John, Stanworth, Eds. 2002. Franchising: An International Perspective. London: Routledge
Hunt, Shelby D. 1972. The Socioeconomic Consequences of the Franchise System of Distribution. Journal of Marketing 36:32–38
Hunt, Shelby D. 1973. The Trend Toward Company-Operated Units in Franchise Chains. Journal of Retailing49:3–12
Hunt, Shelby D. and Nevin, John R.. 1974. Power in a Channel of Distribution: Sources and Consequences. Journal of Marketing Research 11:186–193
Hunt, Shelby D. and Nevin, John R.. 1975. Tying Agreements in Franchising. Journal of Marketing 39:20–26
IFA. Various years. Franchise Opportunities Guide. Washington, DC: IFA.
IFA Educational Foundation. 2002. Multi Unit Owner Study. Washington, DC: IFA.
IFA Educational Foundation and Arthur Andersen. 1992. Franchising in the Economy, 1989–1992. Washington, DC: IFA.
IFA Educational Foundation and Frandata Corp. 1998–2000. The Profile of Franchising, Volumes I, II and III. Washington, DC: IFA.
IFA Educational Foundation and Price Waterhouse Coopers 2004. Economic Impact of Franchised Businesses
John, George and Weitz, Barton A.. 1988. Forward Integration into Distribution: An Empirical Test of Transaction Cost Analysis. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 4:337–355
Johnson, Tim. 1998. Revitalization of the Mom & Pop's. Franchise Times 5(2) (February):16–17
Joskow, Paul. 1988. Asset Specificity and the Structure of Vertical Relationships: Empirical Evidence. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 4:95–117
Justis, Robert T. and Judd, Richard J.. 1998. Franchising. Houston, TX: Dame Publications
Kalnins, Arturs. 2003. Hamburger Prices and Spatial Econometrics. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 12:591–616
Kalnins, Arturs. 2004a. Development Commitments, Overestimation and Venture Performance: Evidence from International Master Franchising Contract Announcements. Mimeo, Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California
Kalnins, Arturs. 2004b. An Empirical Analysis of Territorial Encroachment within Franchised and Company-owned Branded Chains. Marketing Science 23:476–489
Kalnins, Arturs and Lafontaine, Francine. 2004. Multi-Unit Ownership in Franchising: Evidence from the Fast-Food Industry in Texas. RAND Journal of Economics, 35:
Kanouse, K. 2000. Collective Negotiation of Franchise Agreements. http://www.kanouse.com/collneg.htm
Katz, Michael L. 1989. Vertical Contractual Relations. In Schmalensee, R. and Willig, R., eds., Handbook of Industrial Organization. New York: Elsevier Science Publishers
Kaufmann, David J. 1992. An Introduction to Franchising and Franchise Law. In Franchising 1992, Business and Legal Issues, Commercial Law and Practice Course Handbook Series, no. 603, Practicing Law Institute, New York, NY.
Kaufmann, Patrick J. and Dant, Rajiv P.. 1996. Multi-Unit Franchising: Growth and Management Issues. Journal of Business Venturing 11:343–358
Kaufmann, Patrick J. and Dant, Rajiv P.. 2001. The Pricing of Franchise Rights. Journal of Retailing 77:537–545
Kaufmann, Patrick J., Donthu, Naveen, and Brooks, Charles M.. 2000. Multi-Unit Retail Site Selection Processes: Incorporating Opening Delays and Unidentified Competition. Journal of Retailing 76(1):113–127
Kaufmann, Patrick J. and Eroglu, Sevgin. 1998. Standardization and Adaptation in Business Format Franchising. Journal of Business Venturing 14:69–95
Kaufmann, Patrick J. and Hyeon Kim, Sang. 1995. Master Franchising and System Growth Rates. Journal of Marketing Channels 4:49–64
Kaufmann, Patrick J. and Lafontaine, Francine. 1994. Costs of Control: The Source of Economic Rents for McDonald's Franchisees. Journal of Law and Economics 37:417–454
Kaufmann, Patrick J. and Rangan, V. Kasturi. 1990. A Model for Managing System Conflict During Franchising Expansion. Journal of Retailing 66:155–173
Kaufmann, Patrick J. and Stanworth, John. 1995. The Decision to Purchase a Franchise: A Study of Prospective Franchisees. Journal of Small Business Management 33:22–33
Kehoe, Michael R. 1996. Franchising, Agency Problems, and the Cost of Capital. Applied Economics 28:1485–1493
Kennedy, Peter. 2003. A Guide to Econometrics fifth edition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Killion, William and Schnell, Brian B.. 1997. Franchisors as Fiduciaries in Handling Marketing Dollars: Whose Money Is It Anyway?Franchise Law Journal 17:37, 52–60
Kirby, D. A. and Watson, A.. 1999. Franchising as a Strategy for Growth: The Case of the Construction Industry. In Stanworth, J. and Purdy, D., eds., Thirteenth Annual Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising
Klein, Benjamin. 1980. Transaction Cost Determinants of ‘Unfair’ Contractual Arrangements. American Economic Review 70:356–362
Klein, Benjamin. 1995. The Economics of Franchise Contracts. Journal of Corporate Finance 2:9–37
Klein, Benjamin. 1999. Market Power in Franchise Cases in the Wake of Kodak: Applying Post Contract Hold-Up Analysis to Vertical Relationships. Antitrust Law Journal 67:283–326
Klein, Benjamin, Crawford, Robert G., and Alchian, Armen A.. 1978. Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process. Journal of Law and Economics 21:297–326
Klein, Benjamin and Leffler, Keith. 1981. The Role of Market Forces in Assuring Contractual Performance. Journal of Political Economy 89:615–641
Klein, Benjamin and Murphy, Kevin M.. 1988. Vertical Restraints as Contract Enforcement Mechanisms. Journal of Law and Economics 31:265–297
Klein, Benjamin and Saft, Lester F.. 1985. The Law and Economics of Franchise Tying Contracts. Journal of Law and Economics 28:345–361
Kmenta, Jan. 1986. Elements of Econometrics (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan
Knight, Frank. 1921. Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. Chicago: Houghton Mifflin
Knox, D. M. 1958. The Development of the Tied House System in London. Oxford Economic Papers 10:66–83
Knight, Russell M. 1986. Franchising from the Franchisor and Franchisee Points of View. Journal of Small Business Management 24:8–15
Kolton, Jeffrey E. 1992. The FranData Franchise Termination Report. Info Franchise Newsletter (August)
Krattenmaker, Thomas G., Lande, Robert H., and Salop, Steven C.. 1987. Monopoly Power and Market Power in Antitrust Law. Georgetown Law Journal 76:241–269
Kroc, Ray. 1977. Grinding It Out: The Making of McDonald's. New York: St. Martin's Press
Krueger, Alan B. 1991. Ownership, Agency and Wages: An Examination of the Fast Food Industry. Quarterly Journal of Economics 106:75–101
Lafontaine, Francine. 1992a. Agency Theory and Franchising: Some Empirical Results. RAND Journal of Economics 23:263–283
Lafontaine, Francine. 1992b. How and Why do Franchisors do What They do: A Survey Report. In Kaufmann, P. J., ed., Sixth Annual Proceedings of the Society of Franchising
Lafontaine, Francine. 1993. Contractual Arrangements as Signaling Devices: Evidence from Franchising. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 9:256–289
Lafontaine, Francine. 1995a. A Critical Look at Data Sources in Franchising. Journal of Marketing Channels 4:5–25
Lafontaine, Francine. 1995b. “Pricing Decisions in Franchised Chains: A Look at the Fast-Food Industry.” NBER Working Paper #5247
Lafontaine, Francine. 1999. Franchising vs. Corporate Ownership: The Effect on Price Dispersion. Journal of Business Venturing 14:17–34
Lafontaine, Francine and Bhattacharyya, Sugato. 1995. The Role of Risk in Franchising. Journal of Corporate Finance 2:39–74
Lafontaine, Francine and Kaufmann, Patrick J.. 1994. The Evolution of Ownership Patterns in Franchise Systems. Journal of Retailing 70:97–113
Lafontaine, Francine and Oxley, Joanne. 2004. International Franchising Practices in Mexico: Do Franchisors Customize their Contracts?Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 13:95–124
Lafontaine, Francine and Emmanuel, Raynaud. 2002. Residual Claims and Self Enforcement as Incentive Mechanisms in Franchise Contracts: Substitute or Complements. In The Economics of Contracts: Theory and Applications, Brousseau, Eric and Glachant, Jean Michel, Eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Lafontaine, Francine and Shaw, Kathryn L.. 1998. Franchising Growth and Franchisor Entry and Exit in the U.S. Market: Myth and Reality. Journal of Business Venturing 13:95–112
Lafontaine, Francine and Shaw, Kathryn L.. 1999. The Dynamics of Franchise Contracting: Evidence from Panel Data. Journal of Political Economy 107:1041–1080
Lafontaine, Francine and Shaw, Kathryn L.. Forthcoming. Targetting Managerial Control: Evidence from Franchising. RAND Journal of Economics
Lafontaine, Francine and Slade, Margaret E.. 1996. Retail Contracting and Costly Monitoring: Theory and Evidence. European Economic Review 40:923–932
Lafontaine, Francine and Slade, Margaret E.. 1997. Retail Contracting: Theory and Practice. Journal of Industrial Economics 45:1–25
Lafontaine, Francine and Margaret, E. Slade. 2001. Incentive Contracting and the Franchise Decision. In Chatterjee, K. and Samuelson, W., Eds. Game Theory and Business Applications of Game Theory, Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Press
Lal, Rajiv 1990. Improving Channel Coordination through Franchising. Marketing Science 9:299–318
Landes, William and Posner, Richard. 1981. Market Power in Antitrust Cases. Harvard Law Review 94:937–996
Lazear, Edward P. 2000. Performance Pay and Productivity. American Economic Review 90:1346–1361
Lerner, Abba. 1934. The Concept of Monopoly and the Measurement of Monopoly Power. Review of Economic Studies 1:157–175
Lewin, Shira. 1998. Autonomy, Contractibility, and the Franchise Relationship. Mimeo, University of Cambridge
Lewis, Matt. 2003. Asymmetric Price Adjustment and Consumer Search: An Examination of the Retail Gasoline Market. Mimeo. University of California, Berkeley, Dept. of Economics
Lillis, Charles M., Narayan, Chem L., and Gilman, John L.. 1976. Competitive Advantage Variation Over the Life Cycle of a Franchise. Journal of Marketing 40:77–80
LNA/Media Watch, Various Years, Ad $ Summary, New York: Competitive Media Reporting (CMR)
Love, John F. 1986. McDonald's: Behind the Arches. New York: Bantam Books, Inc.
Lowell, H. B. 1991. Multiple-Unit Franchising: The Key to Rapid System Growth, Brownstein Zeidman and Schomer, Washington, D.C.
Lutz, Nancy A. 1995. Ownership Rights and Incentives in Franchising. Journal of Corporate Finance 2:103–130
Luxenberg, Stan. 1985. Roadside Empires: How the Chains Franchised America. New York: Penguin Books
Lyons, Bruce R. 1996. Empirical Relevance of Efficient Contract Theory: Inter-Firm Contracts. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 12:27–52
Machlup, Fritz and Taber, Martha. 1960. Bilateral Monopoly, Successive Monopoly, and Vertical Integration. Economica 27:101–119
Maddocks, Tom. 2001. Buying in Bulk. Entrepreneur (September)
Makar, Scott. 1988. In Defense of Franchisors: The Law and Economics of Franchise Quality Assurance Mechanisms. Villanova Law Review 33:721–766
Maness, Robert. 1996. Incomplete Contracts and the Choice Between Vertical Integration and Franchising. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 31:101–115
Martin, Robert E. 1988. Franchising and Risk Management. American Economic Review 78:954–968
Marvel, Howard. 1995. Tying, Franchising, and Gasoline Service Stations. Journal of Corporate Finance 2:199–225
Marx, Thomas G. 1985. The Development of the Franchise Distribution System in the U.S. Automobile Industry. Business History Review 59:465–474
Masten, Scott E. 1998. Contractual Choice. Encyclopaedia of Law & Economics. Boukaert, B. and Geest, G., Eds., Edward Elgar Publishing
Mathewson, Frank and Winter, Ralph. 1985. The Economics of Franchise Contracts. Journal of Law and Economics 28:503–526
Mathewson, Frank and Winter, Ralph. 1994. Territorial Restrictions in Franchise Contracts. Economic Inquiry 32:181–192
Mazzeo, Michael J. 2002. Product Choice and Oligopoly Market Structure. RAND Journal of Economics 33:1–22
Mazzeo, Michael J. 2004. Retail Contracting and Organizational Form: Alternatives to Chain Affiliation in the Motel Industry. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 13:599–616
Preston, McAfee R. and Schwartz, Marius. 1994. Opportunism in Multilateral Vertical Contracting: Nondiscrimination, Exclusivity, and Uniformity. American Economic Review 84:210–230
McDonald's Corporation. 2003. Franchise Agreement. Uniform Franchise Offering Circular
McMakin, Tom. 2001. Bread and Butter. New York: St. Martin's Press
Mendelsohn, Martin, ed. 2003. International Encyclopaedia of Franchising Law. Richmond: Richmond Law & Tax
C, Michael Steven. 1999. Do Franchised Chains Advertise Enough?Journal of Retailing 75:461–478
C, Michael Steven. 2000a. The Effect of Organizational Form on Quality: The Case of Franchising. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 43:295–318
C, Michael Steven.. 2000b. The Extent, Motivation, and Effect of Tying in Franchise Contracts. Managerial and Decision Economics 21:191–201
Michael, Steven C. and Moore, Hollie J.. 1995. Returns to Franchising. Journal of Corporate Finance 2:133–156
Milgrom, Paul and John, Roberts. 1992. Economics, Organization and Management. Englewoods Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Minkler, Alanson. 1990. An Empirical Analysis of a Firm's Decision to Franchise. Economics Letters 34:77–82
Minkler, Alanson and Park, Timothy A.. 1994. Asset Specificity and Vertical Integration. Review of Industrial Organization 9:409–423
Muris, Timothy J., Scheffman, David T., and Spiller, Pablo T.. 1992. Strategy and Transaction Costs: The Organization of Distribution in the Carbonated Soft Drink Industry. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 1:83–128
Murphy, Lee H. 2000. Close Quarters Irk Franchisees. Crain's Chicago Business 23(25)
Naisbitt Group, The. 1989. The Future of Franchising- Looking 25 Years Ahead to the Year 2010. Washington, DC: International Franchise Association
Noll, Roger G. and Andrew, Zimbalist. 1997. Sports, Jobs, and Taxes: The Economic Impact of Sports Teams and Stadiums. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press
Noren, D. L. 1990. The Economics of the Golden Arches: A Case Study of the McDonald's System. The American Economist 34:60–64
Norton, Seth W. 1988. An Empirical Look at Franchising as an Organizational Form. Journal of Business 61:197–217
O'Donnell, Thomas. 1984. No Entrepreneurs Need Apply. Forbes 134(13):124–130
Oxenfeldt, Alfred R. and Kelly, Anthony O.. 1969. Will Successful Franchise Systems Ultimately Become Wholly-Owned Chains?Journal of Retailing 44:69–87
Ozanne, Urban B. and Shelby, D. Hunt. 1971. The Economic Effect of Franchising. Washington, DC: GPO Select Committee on Small Business (U.S. Senate, 92nd Congress)
Pashigian, B. Peter. 1961. The Distribution of Automobiles: An Economic Analysis of the Franchising System. Englewoods Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Peter, Pashigian B. and Gould, Eric D.. 1998. Internalizing Externalities: The Pricing of Space in Shopping Malls. Journal of Law and Economics 41:115–142
Pénard, Thierry, Raynaud, Emmanuel, and Saussier, Stéphane. 2003. Dual Distribution and Royalty Rates in Franchised Chains: An Empirical Exploration Using French Data. Journal of Marketing Channels 10:5–31
Perrigot, Rozenn. 2004. Le choix des réseaux de points de vente: Une approche par l'écologie des populations et les analyses de survie. Thèse doctorale, Université de Rennes 1, France
Pindyck, Robert S. and Daniel, Rubinfield. 2001. Microeconomics, 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Pitegoff, Thomas M. 1989. Franchise Relationship Laws: A Minefield for Franchisors. Business Law 45:289
Plitt, Jane R. 2000. Martha Mathilda Harper and the American Dream. New York: Syracuse University Press
Prager, Robin A. 1990. Firm Behavior in Franchise Monopoly Markets. RAND Journal of Economics 21:211–225
Prendergast, Canice. 2002. The Tenuous Trade-Off Between Risk and Incentives. Journal of Political Economy 110:1071–1102
Prewitt, Milford. 1998. Ruby Tuesday Franchise Plan Offers Buy-Back Guarantee. Nation's Restaurant News 32(9):10, 130
Prewitt, Milford. 2003. Encroachment ‘Battlefield’ Now More Peaceful. Nation's Restaurant News 37:1, 43+
Purdy, D., Stanworth, J., and Hatcliffe, M.. 1996. Franchising in Figures. Lloyds Bank Plc/IFRC Franchising in Britain Report 1(2)
Rao, Ram C. and Srinivasan, Shubashri. 1995. Why are Royalty Rates Higher in Service-Type Franchises. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 4:7–31
Reid, Joseph D. Jr. 1973. Sharecropping as an Understandable Market Response: The Post-Bellum South. Journal of Economic History 33:106–130
Rey, Patrick and Stiglitz, Joseph E.. 1995. The Role of Exclusive Territories in Producers' Competition. RAND Journal of Economics 26:431–451
Rey, Patrick and Tirole, Jean. A Primer on Foreclosure. Handbook of Industrial Organization. Forthcoming
Romano, Richard E. 1994. Double Moral Hazard and Resale Price Maintenance. RAND Journal of Economics 25:455–466
Rubin, Paul. 1978. The Theory of the Firm and the Structure of the Franchise Contract. Journal of Law and Economics 21:223–233
Rysman, Marc. 2001. How Many Franchises in a Market?International Journal of Industrial Organization, 519–542
Salvaneschi, Luigi. 1996. Location, Location, Location: How to Select the Best Site for Your Business. Portland, OR: Psi Successful Business Library, Oasis Press
Sass, Tim R. and Saurman, David S.. 1993. Mandated Exclusive Territories and Economic Efficiency: An Empirical Analysis of the Malt-Beverage Industry. Journal of Law and Economics 36:153
Sass, Tim R. and Saurman, David S.. 1996. Efficiency Effects of Exclusive Territories: Evidence from the Indiana Beer Market. Economic Inquiry 34:597
Sasser, W. Earl and Pettway, Samuel H.. 1974. Case of Big Mac's Pay Plans. Harvard Business Review 52:30–46, 156–158
Schmalensee, Richard. 1982. Product Differentiation Advantages of Pioneering Brands. American Economic Review 72:349
Schmidt, Torsten. 1994. An Analysis of Intrabrand Competition in the Franchise Industry. Review of Industrial Organization 9:293–310
Scott, Frank A. 1995. Franchising vs. Company Ownership as a Decision Variable of the Firm. Review of Industrial Organization 10:69–81
Seaton, Jonathan S. 2003. An Analysis of UK Franchise Contracting 1989–1999. Managerial and Decision Economics 24:25–34
Seid, Michael H. 1988. Letter. The Info Franchise Newsletter. 12(9):2–3
Seltz, David D. 1981. The Complete Handbook of Franchising. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
Sen, Kabir C. 1993. The Use of Initial Fees and Royalties in Business Format Franchising. Managerial and Decision Economics 14:175–190
Sen, Kabir C. 1995. Advertising Fees in the Franchised Channel. Journal of Marketing Channels 4(1–2):83–101
Shane, Scott A. 1996. Hybrid Organizational Arrangements and Their Implications for Firm Growth and Survival: A Study of New Franchisors. Academy of Management Journal 39:216–234
Shane, Scott A. 2001. Organizational Incentives and Organizational Mortality. Organization Science 12:136–160
Shapiro, Carl and Stiglitz, Joseph E.. 1984. Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device. American Economic Review 74:433–444
Shelton, John P. 1967. Allocative Efficiency vs. ‘X-Efficiency’: Comment. American Economic Review 57:1252–1258
Shepard, Andrea. 1993. Contractual Form, Retail Price, and Asset Characteristics. RAND Journal of Economics 24:58–77
Silberman, Alan H. 1996. The Myth of Franchise ‘Market Power.’Antitrust Law Journal 65:181–221
Silvester, T., Stanworth, J., Purdy, D., and Hatcliffe, M.. 1996. Secrets of Success. Lloyds Bank Plc/IFRC Franchising in Britain Report: 1(3)
Slade, Margaret E. 1996. Multitask Agency and Contract Choice: An Empirical Assessment. International Economic Review 37:465–486
Slade, Margaret E. 1998a. Beer and the Tie: Did Divestiture of Brewer-Owned Public Houses Lead to Higher Beer Prices?Economic Journal 108:1–38
Slade, Margaret E. 1998b. Strategic Motives for Vertical Separation: Evidence from Retail Gasoline. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 14:84–113
Smith, II, Richard, L. 1982. Franchise Regulation: An Economic Analysis of State Restrictions on Automobile Distribution. Journal of Law and Economics 25:125–157
Spengler, Joseph J. 1950. Vertical Integration and Antitrust Policy. Journal of Political Economy 58:347–352
Stanworth, John. 1977. A Study of Franchising in Britain: A Research Report. London: Social Science Research Council
Stanworth, John. 1996. Dispelling the Myths Surrounding Franchise Failure Rates – Some Recent Evidence from Britain. Franchising Research: An International Journal 1:25–28
Stanworth, John and Curran, James. 1999. Colas, Burgers, Shakes and Shirkers: Towards a Sociological Model of Franchising in the Market Economy. Journal of Business Venturing 14:323–344
Stanworth, John and Kaufmann, Patrick J.. 1996. Similarities and Differences in UK and U.S. Franchise Research Data: Towards a Dynamic Model of Franchisee Motivation. International Small Business Journal 14:57–70
Stanworth, John, Purdy, David, and Price, Stuart. 1997. Franchise Growth and Failure in the USA and the UK: A Troubled Dreamworld Revisited. Franchising Research: An International Journal 2:75–94
Stanworth, John, Purdy, David, Price, Stuart, and Zafiris, Nicos. 1998. Franchise Versus Conventional Small Business Failure Rates in the U.S. and UK: More Similarities than Differences. International Small Business Journal 16:56–69
Stassen, Robert and Mittelstaedt, R. A.. 1991. A Successive Monopolies Examination of Conflict in Franchise Channels. In John Nevin, Ed. Fifth Annual Proceedings of the Society of Franchising
Stassen, Robert E. and Mittelstaedt, Robert A.. 1995. Territory Encroachment in Maturing Franchise Systems. Journal of Marketing Channels 4:27–48
Stassen, Robert E. and Mittelstaedt, Robert A.. 2002. Do Franchise Systems Advertise Enough? U.S. Restaurant Expenditures and Performance 1989 to 1998. Journal of Marketing Channels 10(2):3–18
Stigler, George J. 1961. The Economics of Information. Journal of Political Economy 69:213–225
Stigler, George J. 1968a. Economies of Scale. Journal of Law and Economics 1:54–71
Stigler, George J. 1968b. Price and Nonprice Competition. Journal of Political Economy 72:149–154
Stiglitz, Joseph E. 1974. Incentives and Risk-Sharing in Sharecropping. Review of Economic Studies 41:219–255
Tannenbaum, Jeffrey A. 1997. Franchisors Push Local Marketing Efforts by Franchisees. Wall Street Journal (April 1):B2
Tannenbaum, Jeffrey A. and Mehta, Stephanie N.. 1997. Bias at Single Store Can Taint Franchise Chain's Image. Wall Street Journal (March 6):B2
Terry, Andrew. 2001. The E-Business Challenge to Franchising, in Lorelle Frazer Ed., Fifteenth Annual Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising
Trutko, James, James, John Trutko, and Kostecka, Andrew. 1993. Franchising's Growing Role in the U.S. Economy, 1975–2000. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield VA.
Thomadsen, Raphael. 2005. The Effect of Ownership Structure on Prices in Geographically Differentiated Industries. RAND Journal of Economics, forthcoming
Steve, Thompson R.. 1994. The Franchise Life Cycle and the Penrose Effect. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 24:207–218
United States General Accounting Office. 2001. Federal Trade Commission Enforcement of the Franchise Rule. Washington, DC: GAO 01–776
U.S. Census Bureau. Various years. Annual Survey of Manufacturers
U.S. Census Bureau. Monthly Retail Trade Survey
U.S. Census Bureau. 1992 Characteristics of Business Owners Survey
U.S. Census Bureau. Various years. Historical Retail Trade Services
U.S. Department of Commerce (USDOC). Various years. Franchise Opportunities Handbook, compiled by Andrew Kostecka. Washington, DC.
U.S. Department of Commerce (USDOC). Various years. Franchising in the Economy, prepared by Andrew Kostecka. Washington, DC.
Udell, G. 1972. Anatomy of a Franchise Contract. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 13:13–21
Vernon, John and Graham, Daniel. 1971. Profitability of Monopolization by Vertical Integration. Journal of Political Economy 79:924–925
Vincent, William S. 1998. Encroachment: Franchising's Nightmare (Neutralizing the Black Widow Spider). In Francine, Lafontaine Ed. Twelfth Annual Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising
Vines, Leonard D. 1996. Mergers & Acquisitions of Franchise Companies. Chicago: American Bar Association
Vogel, Mike. 1996. Little Guy Needn't Apply. Miami Daily Business Review Aug. 9, 71(44)
Walkup, Carolyn. 2001. Embers Sparks ‘Individuality’: New Franchisees May Keep Old Names. Nations Restaurant News (March 13)
Warren-Boulton, Frederick R. 1974. Vertical Control with Variable Proportions. Journal of Political Economy 82:783–802
Warren-Boulton, Frederick R. 1978. Vertical Control of Markets: Business and Labor Practices. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Co.
Wheaton, William C. 2000. Percentage Rent in Retail Leasing: The Alignment of Landlord-Tenant Interests. Real Estate Economics 28:185–204
Whinston, Michael D. 1990. Tying, Foreclosure and Exclusion. American Economic Review 80:837–859
Williams, Darrell L. 1996a. “Franchise Contract Termination: Is there Evidence of Franchisor Abuse?” In Ann, Dugan Ed., Tenth Annual Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising
Williams, Darrell L. 1996b. Incomplete Contracting and Ex-Post Opportunism: Evidence from Franchise Contract Terminations. Mimeo. UCLA, Dept. of Economics
Williams, Darrell. 1999. Why do Entrepreneurs Become Franchisees? An Empirical Analysis of Organizational Choice. Journal of Business Venturing 14:103–124
Williamson, Oliver E. 1971. The Vertical Integration of Production: Market Failure Considerations. American Economic Review 61:112–123
Williamson, Oliver E. 1979. Transaction Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations. Journal of Law and Economics 22:233–262
Williamson, Oliver E. 1983. Credible Commitments: Using Hostages to Support Exchange. American Economic Review 73:519–540
Williamson, Oliver E. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: Free Press
Wimmer, Bradley S. and Garen, John E.. 1997. Moral Hazard, Asset Specificity, Implicit Bonding, and Compensation: The Case of Franchising. Economic Inquiry 35:544–554
Windsperger, Josef. 2002. The Dual Structure of Franchising Firms, in Joyce Young, ed., 16th Annual Proceedings of the International Society of Franchising
Young, Joyce, Audhesh K. Paswan, John M. Buch, Lori Ashby, 1997. Fast-Food Franchises and Supercenters: A Tale of Two Alliances and Beyond. In Mark Spriggs (ed.) Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Society of Franchising Conference
Zarco, R. and Dienelt, J., 1994. Point Counterpoint. Franchise Update (2nd quarter): 22–25
Zeidman, Philip F. 1989. Survey of Foreign Laws and Regulations Affecting International Franchising. Chicago: American Bar Association
Zellner, Richard E., Achabal, Dale D., and Brown, Laurence A.. 1980. Market Penetration and Locational Conflict in Franchise Systems. Decision Sciences 11:58–90
Zupan, Mark A. 1989a. Cable Franchise Renewals: Do Incumbent Firms Behave Opportunistically?RAND Journal of Economics 20:473–482
Zupan, Mark A. 1989b. The Efficacy of Franchise Bidding Schemes in the Case of Cable Television: Some Systematic Evidence. Journal of Law and Economics 32:401–456

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.