Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figure, Maps, and Tables
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Part I The Logic of Corruption, Crime, and Terrorism
- 1 Crime and Corruption behind the Mass Attacks
- 2 Corruption
- 3 The Evolution of Organized Crime and Terrorism
- 4 Environments, Global Networks, and Pipelines
- Part II The Diverse Businesses of Terrorism
- Index
- References
3 - The Evolution of Organized Crime and Terrorism
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2014
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figure, Maps, and Tables
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Part I The Logic of Corruption, Crime, and Terrorism
- 1 Crime and Corruption behind the Mass Attacks
- 2 Corruption
- 3 The Evolution of Organized Crime and Terrorism
- 4 Environments, Global Networks, and Pipelines
- Part II The Diverse Businesses of Terrorism
- Index
- References
Summary
A controversy arose at the sentencing of Jose Padilla, who was convicted in 2007 of diverse offenses, including conspiracy to murder, kidnap, and maim and providing material support for terrorism. Arrested in 2002, after landing in Chicago on a flight from Pakistan, he was first accused of being a suicide bomber. He spent three years in detention as an enemy combatant and eventually came to trial, five years after his original arrest. Padilla was accused of being trained by al-Qaeda after arriving in Pakistan in 1998.
But his sentence of seventeen years was challenged, and in 2011 a federal judge handed down a decision, saying that this sentence was too mild because it did not take adequate account of his criminal background, nor of his extensive terrorist training. Mr. Padilla started out on a criminal path early in his adolescence. Even though juvenile criminal records are sealed, the following has been determined about his criminal past, according to the presentence report prepared before his initial sentencing. The judge explained, “The government stated that Padilla was a career offender based on over 17 arrests, his participation in a murder while he was a juvenile, his offense for battery on law enforcement, and his weapons possession offense.” Subsequently, the judge explicitly referred to his murder conviction.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Dirty EntanglementsCorruption, Crime, and Terrorism, pp. 97 - 131Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2014
References
, “Sentence for Terrorist Is Too Short, Court Rules,” New York Times, December 15, 2012
and , “Conceptualizing Ungoverned Spaces: Territorial Statehood, Contested Authority and Softened Sovereignty,” in Ungoverned Spaces: Alternatives to State Authority in an Era of Softened Sovereignty, ed. and (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010), 17–33Google Scholar
, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Deadly Connections: States That Sponsor Terrorism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Descent into Chaos: The U.S. and the Disaster in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia (New York: Penguin Books, 2009)Google Scholar
, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002)Google Scholar
, Inside Al-Qaeda and the Taliban: Beyond Bin Laden and 9/11 (London: Pluto Press, 2011)Google Scholar
, The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999)Google Scholar
, “How New Is the New Terrorism?,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 27, no. 5 (2004): 439–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Why Modern Terrorism? Differentiating Types and Distinguishing Ideological Motivations,” in The New Global Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, Control, ed. (New York: Prentice Hall, 2003), 106–38Google Scholar
, “What Is New about the New Terrorism and How Dangerous Is It?,” Terrorism and Political Violence 13, no. 3 (2001): 1–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “New World Disorder, New Terrorisms: New Threats for Europe and the Western World,” in The Future of Terrorism, ed. and (London: Frank Cass, 2000), 30–51Google Scholar
, “Exploding the Myths of Superterrorism,” in The Future of Terrorism, ed. and (London: Frank Cass, 2000), 133Google Scholar
, Weak Links: Fragile States, Global Threats and International Security (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 141–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Blue Helmets and Black Markets: The Business of Survival in the Siege of Sarajevo (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008)Google Scholar
, Organized Crime, Political Transitions and State Formation in Post-Soviet Eurasia (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Narco State or Failed State? Narcotics and Politics in Guinea-Bissau,” PhD diss., School of Public Policy, George Mason University, September 2011Google Scholar
, “The Twenty-First Century Expansion of the Transnational Drug Trade in Africa,” Journal of International Affairs 66, no. 1 (2012): 65–80Google Scholar
, “Fixers, Super Fixers, and Shadow Facilitators: How Networks Connect,” in Convergence: Illicit Networks and National Security in the Age of Globalization, ed. and (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 2013), 75–95Google Scholar
, “Out of Siberia: A Russian Way to Wealth,” New York Times, August 20, 2006
, Blood Diamonds: Tracing the Deadly Path of the World’s Most Precious Stones (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2002)Google Scholar
, From Pablo to Osama: Trafficking and Terrorist Networks, Government Bureaucracies, and Competitive Adaptation (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007)Google Scholar
and , “States and Illegal Practices: An Overview,” in States and Illegal Practices, ed. (Oxford: Berg, 1999), 1–24Google Scholar
, Dark Logic: Transnational Criminal Tactics and Global Security (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011), 145–61Google Scholar
on the global criminal economy in The End of Millennium, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 169–211Google Scholar
, “Transnational Organized Crime: An Imminent Threat to the Nation-State?,” Journal of International Affairs 48, no. 2 (1995): 463–89Google Scholar
, The Japanese Mafia: Yakuza, Law and the State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 45–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , Yakuza: Japan’s Criminal Underworld (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003)Google Scholar
, “Exploring OC Portfolio Investments for Rethinking Confiscation Policies,” presentation at Pan-European High Level Conference on Asset Recovery Offices, Budapest, Hungary, March 7–8, 2011
, The White Labyrinth: Cocaine and Political Power (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1990), 40Google Scholar
, Illegal Drugs, Economy and Society in the Andes (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Press, 2002)Google Scholar
, ed., The Political Economy of the Drug Industry: Latin America and the International System (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2004)
, “Cross-Border Crime and the Interface between Legal and Illegal Actors,” in Upperworld and Underworld in Cross-Border Crime, ed. , , and (Nijmegen: Wolf, 2002), 11–41Google Scholar
and , The Cult at the End of the World: The Terrifying Story of the Aum Doomsday Cult, from the Subways of Tokyo to the Nuclear Arsenals of Russia (New York: Crown, 1996)Google Scholar
, Wages of Crime: Black Markets, Illegal Finance, and the Underworld Economy, rev. ed. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004), 45Google Scholar
and , “Methods and Motives: Exploring Links between Transnational Organized Crime and International Terrorism,” Trends in Organized Crime 9, no. 2 (2005): 52–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Una Certa reciprocità di favori: Mafia e modernizzazione violenta nella Sicilia postunitaria (Milan: Franco Angeli, 1990)Google Scholar
, Mafia Allies: The True Story of America’s Secret Alliance with the Mob in World War II (Minneapolis, MN: Zenith, 2007)Google Scholar
, ed., Menace to Society: Political-Criminal Collaboration around the World (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2003)
and , “Introduction: Violence, Crime and Political Power,” in Organized Crime and States: The Hidden Face of Politics, ed. and (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 1–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Excellent Cadavers: The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic (New York: Pantheon Books, 1995)Google Scholar
, Storia del movimento antimafia Dalla lotta di classe all’impegno civile (Rome: Riuniti, 2000)Google Scholar
and , Reversible Destiny: Mafia, Antimafia, and the Struggle for Palermo (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993)Google Scholar
, Drugs and Security in the Caribbean: Sovereignty under Siege (College Park: Penn State University Press), 1997CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Drugs and Democracy in Rio de Janeiro (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 178–79Google Scholar
, Bordering on Chaos: Guerrillas, Stockbrokers, Politicians, and Mexico’s Road to Prosperity (Boston: Little, Brown, 1996)Google Scholar
, “Une maffya symbiotique: tradition et évolutions du crime organisé en Turquie,” Sécurité Globale (Hiver, 2009–10), 91–119Google Scholar
, “Impact of Drug Trade and Organized Crime on State Functioning in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan,” China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly 4, no. 1 (2006): 93–111Google Scholar
, “Is There a Culture of Violence in Colombia,” International Journal of Conflict and Violence 1, no. 1 (2007): 61–75Google Scholar
, “Entire Police Force of Mexican Town Resigns,” January 3, 2013,
, The Globalization Syndrome: Transformation and Resistance (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Weak Links: Fragile States, Global Threats and International Security (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 3–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Somalia and Somaliland: Terrorism, Political Islam and State Collapse,” in Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa, ed. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2005), 45Google Scholar
and , Crime and Error: Why We Urgently Need a New Approach to Illicit Trafficking in Fragile States, Clingendael Conflict Research Unit CRU Policy Brief 23, May 2012, 3Google Scholar
, “Central American Gangs: Changing Nature and New Partners,” Journal of International Affairs 66, no. 1 (2012): 53–67Google Scholar
and , “Actores Armados Ilegales y Sector Extractivo en Colombia,” V informe del Centro Internacional de Toledo para la Paz (CITpax) Observatorio Internacional, 2012,
, “Central America Besieged: Cartels and Maras Country Threat Analysis,” Small Wars and Insurgencies 22, no. 5 (2011): 890–913CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done about It (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007)Google Scholar
, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000)Google Scholar
, Drug War in Mexico: Confronting a Shared Threat, Council on Foreign Relations, March 2011, 7
, A Dangerous Journey through Mexico: Human Rights Violations against Migrants in Transit (Washington, DC: WOLA, December, 2010), 1Google Scholar
, Transnational Crime in Mexico and Central America: Its Evolution and Role in International Migration (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and Migration Policy Institute, November 2012)Google Scholar
, “UK Riots: One in Four Charged Rioters Had Committed over Ten Previous Offences,” Huffington Post UK, September 15, 2011
, Criminals, Militias, and Insurgents: Organized Crime in Iraq (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Seeds of Terror: How Heroin Is Bankrolling the Taliban and al Qaeda (New York: Picador, 2010Google Scholar
, Small Boats, Weak States, Dirty Money : The Challenge of Piracy (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 101–10Google Scholar
, “Mafia States,” Foreign Affairs, May/June 2012, 100–11
,, and , “Smuggling in Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region in 2003–2004,” in Organized Crime and Corruption in Georgia, ed. , , and (London: Routledge, 2007), 78–83Google Scholar
, “The Opium Trade and Patterns of Terrorism in the Provinces of Afghanistan: An Empirical Analysis, 2012,” Terrorism and Political Violence 24, no. 2 (2012): 213–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Albanian Crime Laid Bare: The Development of Albanian Organised Crime Groups in the Balkans,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 19, no. 2 (2007): 36–40Google Scholar
, “Zetas Corruption Case Could Reflect Changing Tactics,” March 15, 2012
and , “Mexico Meth Raid Yields $205 Million in U.S. Cash, Authorities Say It’s the Largest Drug Money Haul in History and Reflects a Vast Global Trade. Gang Said to Supply U.S.,” Los Angeles Times, March 17, 2007
, Lo Scambio Occulto Casi di corruzione politica in Italia (Bologna, Italy: Il Mulino, 1992), 312–28Google Scholar
, , , and , Corruption and Racketeering in the New York City Construction Industry: Final Report to Governor Mario M. Cuomo of the New York State Organized Crime Task Force (New York: New York University Press, 1990)Google Scholar
, “Transnational Organized Crime and the State,” in The Emergence of Private Global Authority in Global Governance, ed. and (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 166Google Scholar
, , and , “One Hand Washes the Other: Informal Ties among Organized Crime Groups and Law-Enforcement Agencies in Russia,” in Russia’s Battle with Crime, Corruption and Terrorism, ed. and (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2008), 76–102Google Scholar
, , , and , Measuring Governance, Corruption, and State Capture – How Firms and Bureaucrats Shape the Business Environment in Transition Economies, Policy Working Paper Series 2312 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2000Google Scholar
, , , and , La Captura y Reconfiguración Cooptada del Estado en Colombia (Bogotá: Fundación Método, Fundación Avina y Transparencia por Colombia, 2008Google Scholar
, Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002Google Scholar
, The Russian Mafia: Private Protection in a New Market Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “The Albanian and Post-Soviet Business of Trafficking Women for Prostitution: Structural Developments and Financial Modus Operandi,” European Journal of Criminology 5, no. 4 (2008): 445CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “Policing and Human Trafficking: Good and Bad Practices,” in Strategies against Human Trafficking: The Role of the Security Sector, ed. (Vienna: National Defence Academy and Austrian Ministry of Defence and Sport, 2009Google Scholar
, Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 121–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Cartel Boss Falls, but Zeta Brand Is Strong,” Washington Post, July 19, 2013
and , “A Toxic Trade,” Financial Times, August 24, 2011, 11
, , and , Drug Violence in Mexico, Data and Analysis through 2011 (San Diego, CA: Trans-Border Institute, University of San Diego, March 2012Google Scholar
, Drug War in Mexico: Confronting a Shared Threat, Council on Foreign Relations, March 2011
, The Rebellion of Criminal Networks: Organized Crime in Latin America and the Dynamics of Change, Woodrow Wilson Center Update on Latin America, March 2012
, Countering Criminal Violence in Central America (Washington, DC: Council on Foreign Relations, 2012), 10Google Scholar
and , eds., Organized Crime in Central America: The Northern Triangle, Report 29 (Washington, DC: Wilson Center, November 2011
and , Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000Google Scholar
, “Institutional Responses to Terrorism: The Italian Case,” in Western Responses to Terrorism, ed. and (London: Frank Cass, 1993), 150–70Google Scholar
, Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon’s Party of God (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2013Google Scholar
, Global Hezbollah – The Iranian National-Islamist Nebula: Secret Networks and Worldwide Strategy (Saarbrücken, Germany: Lambert, 2011Google Scholar
, “Hezbollah Finances: Funding the Party of God,” in Terrorism Finance and State Responses, ed. and (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007), 134–51Google Scholar
and , “Unholy Alliances III: Communal Militants and Criminal Networks in the Middle East, with a Case Study of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK),” paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, 2008,
, The New Age of Terrorism and the International Political System (London: I. B. Taurus, 2009)Google Scholar
, “Low Intensity and High Impact Conflict,” Terrorism and Political Violence 11, no. 4 (1999): 9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , , , and , Beyond al-Qaeda, Part II: The Outer Rings of the Terrorist Universe (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2006), 78Google Scholar
and , “Playing the ‘Green Card’: Financing the Provisional IRA, Part 1,” Terrorism and Political Violence 11, no. 2 (1999): 4–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Turkey’s Deep State: Ergenekon and the Threat to Democratisation in the Republic,” RUSI Journal: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies 153, no. 5 (2008): 54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “To Bribe or to Bomb: Do Corruption and Terrorism Go Together?,” in Corruption, Security and the Global World Order, ed. (Cambridge, MA: World Peace Foundation, Harvard Kennedy School Program on Intrastate Conflict, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2009), 175Google Scholar
and , “The Kurdish Workers Party (PKK): Funding Terrorism through Organized Crime, a Case Study,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, October 2007, 903
, Wages of Crime: Black Markets, Illegal Finance, and the Underworld Economy, rev. ed. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004), 56Google Scholar
and , The Nexus among Terrorists, Narcotics Traffickers, Weapons Proliferators and Organized Crime Networks in Western Europe (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, 2002), 5Google Scholar
, “The Terrorist Financial Network of the PKK,” Jane’s Terrorism and Security Monitor 17 (June 2002)Google Scholar
, “Surreptitious Lifelines: A Structural Analysis of the FARC and the PKK,” Terrorism and Political Violence 24, no. 2 (2012): 235–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Terrorist Financing and Resourcing (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 55–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Financier in Argentina Seized Again, Paid $1-Million Ransom First Time,” New York Times, August 1, 1975
and , Networks and Netwars: The Future of Crime Terror, Crime and Militancy (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2001)Google Scholar
, The Terrorist-Criminal Nexus: An Alliance of International Drug Cartels, Organized Crime, and Terror Groups (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2013), 41–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Deadly Connections: States That Sponsor Terrorism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 15Google Scholar
, How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, ed., The Consequences of Counterterrorism (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2010)
, “Is Islamist Terrorism More Dangerous? An Empirical Study of Group Ideology, Organization, and Goal Structure,” Terrorism and Political Violence 21 (2009): 64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Arab Police Chiefs Meet in Algiers,” December 11, 2012,
, “Transnational Threats: Falling through the Cracks?,” Low Intensity Conflict and Law Enforcement 10, no. 1 (2001): 47–67Google Scholar
, “Georgian Organized Crime,” in Organized Crime and Corruption in Georgia, ed. , , and (London: Routledge, 2007), 51Google Scholar
, “Parallels between Crime and Terrorism: A Social Psychological Perspective,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 32, no. 9 (2009): 311–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime: Tracing the Crime-Terror Nexus in South East Asia,” in Terrorism and Violence in South East Asia: Transnational Challenges to States and regional Stability, ed. (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2005), 169–87Google Scholar
, “Institutional Responses to Terrorism,” 152, in discussing right-wing terrorist groups in the 1970s and 1980s
, “Regarding the Growing Confluence of Drugs and Terror and the Face of 21st Century Global Organized Crime,” October 12, 2011, testimony before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC,
, , and , The World Heroin Market: Can Supply Be Cut? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “The Links between Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorist Crimes,” Transnational Organized Crime 2, no. 4 (1996): 40–82Google Scholar
and , Privatizing the Police State: The Case of Poland (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), 16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and , “America and the New Terrorism: An Exchange,” Survival 42 (Summer 2000): 156–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “What’s New about the New Terrorism and How Dangerous Is It?,” Terrorism and Political Violence 13 (Autumn 2001): 1–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “Research Note: Terrorist Groups as Business Firms: A New Typological Framework,” Terrorism and Political Violence 21, no. 2 (2009): 327–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, What Makes a Terrorist? Economics and the Roots of Terrorism: Lionel Robbins Lectures (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007)Google Scholar
, Radical, Religious and Violent: The New Economics of Terrorism (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009)Google Scholar
, Crime, War and Global Trafficking: Designing International Cooperation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999)Google Scholar
and , Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000)Google Scholar
, “Political Violence and Organized Crime in Serbia,” in Democratic Development and Political Terrorism: The Global Perspective, ed. (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2005), 401Google Scholar
, , and , Lawless Rule versus Rule of Law in the Balkans, Special Report of the U.S. Institute of Peace, December 2002
, , and , Smuggling through Abkhazia and Tskinvali Region of Georgia (Tbilsi: Polygraph, 2004), 5Google Scholar
, “The Narcotics Threat in Greater Central Asia: From Crime-Terror Nexus to State Infiltration?,” China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly 4, no. 1 (2006): 37–67Google Scholar
, “The Escalating Ties between Middle East Terrorist Groups and Criminal Activity,” January 19, 2010,
and , “Narco-Trafficking in Pakistan-Afghanistan Border Areas and Implications for Security,” in Narco-Jihad: Drug Trafficking and Security in Afghanistan-Pakistan, NBR Special Report 20 (December 2009), 23–41
, Paradise Poisoned: Learning about Conflict, Terrorism and Development from Sri Lanka’s Civil Wars (Colombo: International Centre for Ethnic Studies, 2005)Google Scholar
, Rol narkobiznesa v politekonomii konfliktov i terrorizma (The Role of the Illicit Drug Business in the Political Economy of Conflicts and Terrorism) (Moscow: Ves’ Mir, 2005)Google Scholar
, Termites at Work: A Report on Transnational Organized Crime and State Erosion in Kenya (New York: International Peace Institute, 2011)Google Scholar
and , “The Evolution of Jihadist Terrorism in Morocco,” Political Violence and Terrorism 19 (2007): 575CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Could Al-Qaeda Turn African in the Sahel?,” Carnegie Middle East Program, Paper 112, June 2010
and , “The Turkish Mafia and the State,” in Organised Crime in Europe: Patterns and Policies in the European Union and Beyond, ed. and (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2004), 598–99Google Scholar
and , The PKK: Financial Sources, Social and Political Dimension (Saarbrücken: VDM, 2011)Google Scholar
, “The Unholy Trinity: Transnational Crime, Corruption, and Terrorism,” Brown Journal of World Affairs 11, no. 2 (2005): 101–11Google Scholar
, “Terrorism, Crime and Transformation,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 24, no. 1 (2001): 43–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Shadow Elites: How the World’s New Power Brokers Undermine Democracy, Government, and the Free Market (New York: Free Press, 2009)Google Scholar
, “Prison and the Education of Terrorists,” World Policy Journal 21 (2004): 15–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “5 Myths about Who Becomes a Terrorist,” Washington Post, January 10, 2010
, “How to Deradicalize Terrorists,” Foreign Affairs, January/February 2010
, Crime-Terror Nexus in South Asia: States, Security and Non-state Actors (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2011)Google Scholar
, “A Deadly Symbiosis,” News International, December 23, 2010
, “The Crime-Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism,” Global Crime 6, no. 1 (2004): 129–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Demise and Decline of Terrorist Campaigns (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), 149CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Police Pin Bank Heist on IRA,” Washington Post, January 8, 2005
,” Infolaft 1, no. 4 (2009): 10–15
and , “Turkish Delight: Turkish Drug Traffickers Branch Out,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 20, no. 10 (2008): 43–48Google Scholar
, “Code of Conduct: Understanding Albanian Organised Crime,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 19, no. 8 (2007): 46–49Google Scholar
, “The Abu Sayyaf Group: A Growing Menace to Civil Society,” Terrorism and Political Violence 14, no. 4 (2002): 141CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Algerian Challenge or Global Threat?,” Carnegie Middle East Program, Paper 104, October 2009, 2
, In the Moment of Greatest Calamity: Terrorism, Grief, and a Victim’s Quest for Justice (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007)Google Scholar
, Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “Boko Haram and Nigeria’s Pervasive Violence,” December 26, 2012,
, Blood Diamonds: Tracing the Deadly Path of the World’s Most Precious Stone (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2002), 186–88Google Scholar
, “Al-Shabab,” June 23, 2013,
, “EU Organised Crime Threat Assessment,” April 28, 2011,
, “Financing of Terrorism: Sources, Methods and Channels,” Terrorism and Political Violence 15, no. 4 (2003): 59–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Transnational Terror and Organized Crime: Blurring the Lines,” SAIS Review 24, no. 1 (2004): 49–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2
- Cited by