Following O'Connell's death, the repeal movement in Ireland had disintegrated. Within ten years, constitutional nationalism had been overtaken by the militant Fenian movement, with its reliance on physical force. In the late 1860s, Ireland was in the throes of a Fenian uprising that had little in common with O'Connell's pursuit of constitutional nationalism. Despite transatlantic involvement, the rebellion was unsuccessful and the nationalist pendulum again swung back to winning independence by peaceful methods. The Home Rule movement marked a return to peaceful, parliamentary methods as a means of winning limited independence for Ireland. Those who supported it admired O'Connell's methods and were willing to work with the British government to achieve an Irish Parliament. However, by the late nineteenth century, ‘advanced’ nationalists on both sides of the Atlantic rejected the constitutional approach to gaining independence in favour of the taking up of arms. Moreover, O'Connell's pro-monarchy, pro-empire beliefs were increasingly out of line with the desire for an independent republic. The 1916 Rising and its aftermath left little room for constitutional politics of the type that O'Connell had advocated. The leaders of the Rising, including Patrick Pearse and James Connolly, did not look to O'Connell for their inspiration, preferring the more radical views of John Mitchel. As nationalists turned their back on O'Connell in Ireland, the Catholic Church appropriated his memory and refashioned him in their own conservative image.