The Crime of Aggression, Domestic Prosecutions and Complementarity

doi:10.1017/9781139058360.023

Cryer, R., Friman, H., Robinson, D. and Wilmshurst, E., An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure (Cambridge University Press, 2007).Google Scholar

Dinstein, Y., War, Aggression and Self-Defence, 4th edn (Cambridge University Press, 2005).Google Scholar

El Zeidy, M., The Principle of Complementarity in International Criminal Law: Origin, Development and Practice (Leiden: Brill, 2008).Google Scholar

Ferdinandusse, W. N., Direct Application of International Criminal Law in National Courts (Cambridge University Press, 2006).Google Scholar

Jurdi, N., The International Criminal Court and National Courts: A Contentious Relationship (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013).Google Scholar

Kemp, G., ‘Individual Criminal Liability for the International Crime of Aggression’, dissertation presented for the Degree of Doctor of Law, Stellenbosch University, 2008.Google Scholar

Kleffner, J. K., Complementarity in the Rome Statute and National Criminal Jurisdictions (Oxford University Press, 2008).Google Scholar

Macedo, S. (ed.), Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes under International Law (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004).Google Scholar

Schabas, W. A., An Introduction to the International Criminal Court, 2nd edn (Cambridge University Press, 2004).Google Scholar

Solera, O., Defining the Crime of Aggression (London: Cameron May, 2007).Google Scholar

Stahn, C. and El Zeidy, M. (eds.), The International Criminal Court and Complementarity (Cambridge University Press, 2012).Google Scholar

Stigen, J., The Relationship between the International Criminal Court and National Jurisdictions (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2008).Google Scholar

Bantekas, I., ‘Criminal Jurisdiction of States under International Law’, in Wolfrum, R. (ed.) Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford University Press, online edn), paras. 17–19.Google Scholar

Barriga, S., ‘Against the Odds: The Results of the Special Working Group on the Crime of Aggression’, in Bellelli, R. (ed.), International Criminal Justice Law and Practice from the Rome Statute to Its Review (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), 591–608.Google Scholar

Brotóns, A. R., ‘Aggression, Crime of Aggression, Crime without Punishment’, Working Paper No. 10 (Madrid: Fundación para las Relaciones Intemacionales y el Diälogo Exterior, 2005).Google Scholar

Butler, A. H., ‘The Growing Support for Universal Jurisdiction in National Legislation’, in Macedo, S. (ed.) Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes under International Law (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 67–77.Google Scholar

Carnero-Rojo, E. and Olásolo, H., ‘The Application of the Principle of Complementarity to the Decision whether to Open an Investigation: the Admissibility of “Situations”’, in Stahn, C. and El Zeidy, M. (eds.), The International Criminal Court and Complementarity (Cambridge University Press, 2012), 393–420.Google Scholar

Clark, R. S., ‘Complementarity and the Crime of Aggression’, in Stahn, C. and El Zeidy, M. (eds.), The International Criminal Court and Complementarity (Cambridge University Press, 2012), 721–44.Google Scholar

Fife, R. E., ‘Criminalizing Individuals for Acts of Aggression Committed by States’, in Bergsmo, M. (ed.), Human Rights and Criminal Justice for the Downtrodden: Essays in Honour of Asbjørn Eide (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 53–74.Google Scholar

Fox, H., ‘International Law and Restraints on the Exercise of Jurisdiction by National Courts of States’, in Evans, M. D. (ed.), International Law, 2nd edn (Oxford University Press, 2006), 361–94.Google Scholar

Gaja, G., ‘The Long Journey towards Repressing Aggression’, in Cassese, A., Gaeta, P. and Jones, J. R. W. D. (eds.), The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, vol. I (2 vols., Oxford University Press, 2002), 427–41.Google Scholar

Gordon, G. S., ‘Complementarity and Other Forms of Justice: A New Test for ICC Admissibility’, in Stahn, C. and El Zeidy, M. (eds.), The International Criminal Court and Complementarity (Cambridge University Press, 2012), 745–806.Google Scholar

Gowlland-Debbas, V., ‘The Functions of the United Nations Security Council in the International Legal System’, in Byers, M. (ed.), The Role of Law in International Politics: Essays in International Relations and International Law (Oxford University Press, 2000), 277–314.Google Scholar

Gropengießer, H. and Kreicker, H., ‘Deutschland’, in Eser, A. and Kreicker, H. (eds.), Nationale Strafverfolgung Völkerrechtlicher Verbrechen, Vol I: Deutschland (Freiburg im Breisgau: Edition Juscrim, 2003).Google Scholar

Holmes, J. T., ‘Complementarity: National Courts versus the International Criminal Court’, in Cassese, A., Gaeta, P. and Jones, J. R. W. D. (eds.), Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, vol. I (2 vols., Oxford University Press, 2002), 667–86.Google Scholar

Kirby, M., ‘Universal Jurisdiction and Judicial Reluctance: A New “Fourteen Points”’, in Macedo, S. (ed.), Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes under International Law (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 240–59.Google Scholar

Kreß, C., Barriga, S., Grover, L. and von Holtzendorff, L., ‘Negotiating the Understandings on the Crime of Aggression’, in Barriga, S. and Kreß, C. (eds.), The Travaux Préparatoires of the Crime of Aggression (Cambridge University Press, 2012), 81–97.Google Scholar

Nollkaemper, A., ‘System Criminality in International Law: Introduction’, in Nollkaemper, A. and van der Wilt, H. (eds.), System Criminality in International Law (Cambridge University Press, 2009), 1–25.Google Scholar

Rastan, R., ‘Situation and Case: Defining the Parameters’, in Stahn, C. and El Zeidy, M. (eds.), The International Criminal Court and Complementarity (Cambridge University Press, 2012), 421–59.Google Scholar

Reisinger Coracini, A., ‘National Legislation on Individual Responsibility for Conduct Amounting to Aggression’, in Bellelli, R. (ed.), International Criminal Justice: Law and Practice from the Rome Statute to its Review (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), 547–78.Google Scholar

Schabas, W. and Williams, S., ‘Article 17: Issues of Admissibility’, in Triffterer, O. (ed.), Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Observers’ Notes, Article-by-Article, 2nd edn (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2008), 605–27.Google Scholar

Shukri, M. A., ‘National Legislation on Individual Responsibility for Conduct Amounting to Aggression’, in Bellelli, R. (ed.), International Criminal Justice: Law and Practice from the Rome Statute to Its Review (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), 519–45.Google Scholar

Stegmiller, I., ‘Interpretative Gravity under the Rome Statute’, in Stahn, C. and El Zeidy, M. (eds.), The International Criminal Court and Complementarity (Cambridge University Press, 2012), 603–41.Google Scholar

Stigen, J., ‘The Admissibility Procedures’, in Stahn, C. and El Zeidy, M. (eds.), The International Criminal Court and Complementarity (Cambridge University Press, 2012), 503–57.Google Scholar

Strapatsas, N., ‘Complementarity and Aggression: A Ticking Time Bomb?’, in Stahn, C. and van den Herik, L. (eds.), Future Perspectives on International Criminal Justice (The Hague: T. M. C. Asser, 2010), 450–75.Google Scholar

Werle, G., ‘The Crime of Aggression between International and Domestic Criminal Law’, in Manacorda, S. and Nieto, A. (eds.), Criminal Law between War and Peace: Justice and Cooperation in Criminal Matters in International Military Interventions, Proceedings of the XVth International Congress on Social Defense, (Cuenca: Ed. de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 2009), 405–21.Google Scholar

Wickremasinghe, C., ‘Immunities Enjoyed by Officials of States and International Organizations’, in Evans, M. D. (ed.), International Law, 2nd edn (Oxford University Press, 2006), 395–422.Google Scholar

Wrange, P., ‘The Crime of Aggression and Complementarity’, in Bellelli, R. (ed.), International Criminal Justice: Law and Practice from the Rome Statute to its Review (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010), 591–607.Google Scholar

Akande, D., ‘International Law Immunities and the International Criminal Court’, American Journal of International Law, 98 (2004), 407–33.Google Scholar

Akande, D., ‘Prosecuting Aggression: The Consent Problem and the Role of the Security Council’, Oxford Institute for Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict Working Papers (May 2010), 1–41.Google Scholar

Bacio Terracino, J., ‘National Implementation of ICC Crimes: Impact on National Jurisdictions and the ICC’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 5 (2007), 421–40.Google Scholar

Barcroft, P. A., ‘The Slow Demise of Impunity in Argentina and Chile’, American Society of International Law, Insight, 9 (2005), available at: www.asil.org/insights.Google Scholar

Barriga, S. and Grover, L., ‘A Historic Breakthrough on the Crime of Aggression’, American Journal of International Law, 105 (2011), 517–33.Google Scholar

Bassiouni, M. C., ‘Universal Jurisdiction for International Crimes: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Practice’, Virginia Journal of International Law, 42 (2001), 81–162.Google Scholar

Blokker, N. and Kreß, C., ‘A Consensus Agreement on the Crime of Aggression: Impressions from Kampala’, Leiden Journal of International Law, 23 (2010), 889–95.Google Scholar

Bottini, G., ‘Universal Jurisdiction after the Creation of the International Criminal Court’, NYU Journal of International Law and Politics, 36 (2003), 503–62.Google Scholar

Bradley, C. A. and Helfer, L. R., ‘International Law and the U.S. Common Law of Foreign Official Immunity’, Supreme Court Review, 1 (2010), 213–73.Google Scholar

Cassese, A., ‘On Some Problematical Aspects of the Crime of Aggression’, Leiden Journal of International Law, 20 (2007), 841–49.Google Scholar

Ferencz, D., ‘Introductory Note to the United Kingdom House of Lords: R. v. Jones et al.’, International Legal Materials, 45 (July 2006), 988–1014.Google Scholar

Ferencz, D., ‘The Crime of Aggression: Some Personal Reflections on Kampala’, Leiden Journal of International Law, 23 (2010), 905–8.Google Scholar

Ferencz, D., ‘Ending Impunity for the Crime of Aggression’, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 41 (2013), 281–90.Google Scholar

Goussac, N., ‘Territoriality and the Crime of Aggression’, New Zealand Yearbook of International Law, 6 (2008), 169–82.Google Scholar

Heller, K. J., ‘Retreat from Nuremberg: The Leadership Requirement in the Special Working Group’s Definition of Aggression’, European Journal of International Law, 18 (2007), 477–97.Google Scholar

Heller, K. J., ‘The Uncertain Legal Status of the Aggression Understandings’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 10 (2012), 229–48.Google Scholar

Kaleck, W., ‘From Pinochet to Rumsfeld: Universal Jurisdiction in Europe 1998–2008’, Michigan Journal of International Law, 30 (2008–2009), 927–80.Google Scholar

Kleffner, J. K., ‘The Impact of Complementarity on National Implementation of Substantive International Criminal Law’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 1 (2003), 86–113.Google Scholar

Koivu, V., ‘Head of State Immunity v. Individual Criminal Responsibility’, Finnish Yearbook of International Law, 12 (2001), 305–30.Google Scholar

Kreß, C., ‘The Iraqi Special Tribunal and the Crime of Aggression’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 1 (2004), 347–52.Google Scholar

Kreß, C., ‘Universal Jurisdiction over International Crimes and the Institut de Droit International’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 4 (2006), 561–85.Google Scholar

McDougall, C., ‘When Law and Reality Clash – the Imperative of Compromise in the Context of the Accumulated Evil of the Whole: Conditions for the Exercise of the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction over the Crime of Aggression’, International Criminal Law Review, 7 (2007), 277–333.Google Scholar

Meyer, F., ‘Complementing Complementarity’, International Criminal Law Review, 1 (2006), 549–84.Google Scholar

Mégret, F., ‘Three Dangers for the International Criminal Court’, Finnish Yearbook of International Law, 12 (2001), 193–248.Google Scholar

Müller-Schieke, I. K., ‘Defining the Crime of Aggression under the Statute of the International Criminal Court’, Leiden Journal of International Law, 14 (2001), 409–30.Google Scholar

Newton, M., ‘The Complementarity Conundrum: Are We Watching Evolution or Evisceration?’, Santa Clara Journal of International Law, 8 (2010), 115–64.Google Scholar

Nollkaemper, N., ‘Systematic Effects of International Responsibility for International Crimes’, Santa Clara Journal of International Law, 8 (2010), 313–52.Google Scholar

Nouwen, S., ‘The Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Immunity of Taylor: The Arrest Warrant Case Continued’, Leiden Journal of International Law, 18 (2005), 645–69.Google Scholar

Perrin, B., ‘Making Sense of Complementarity: The Relationship between the International Criminal Court and National Jurisdictions’, Sri Lanka Journal of International Law, 18 (2006), 301–26.Google Scholar

Reisinger Coracini, A., ‘The International Criminal Court’s Exercise of Jurisdiction over the Crime of Aggression – at Last… in Reach… over Some’, Goettingen Journal of International Law, 2 (2010), 745–89.Google Scholar

Rygaert, C., ‘The International Criminal Court and Universal Jurisdiction: A Fraught Relationship’, New Criminal Law Review, 12 (2009), 498–512.Google Scholar

Sammons, A., ‘Universal Jurisdiction: Implications for Legitimacy on Trials of War Criminals by National Courts’, Berkeley Journal of International Law, 21 (2013), 111–43.Google Scholar

Scharf, M., ‘Universal Jurisdiction and the Crime of Aggression’, Harvard International Law Journal, 53 (2012), 357–89.Google Scholar

Sriram, C. L., ‘Universal Jurisdiction: Problems and Prospects of Externalizing Justice’, Finnish Yearbook of International Law, 12 (2001), 47–70.Google Scholar

Tladi, D., ‘Kampala, the International Criminal Court and the Adoption of a Definition of the Crime of Aggression: A Dream Deferred’, South African Yearbook of International Law, 35 (2010), 80–96.Google Scholar

Trahan, J., ‘Is Complementarity the Right Approach for the International Criminal Court’s Crime of Aggression? Considering the Problem of “Overzealous” National Court Prosecutions’, Cornell International Law Journal, 45 (2012), 569–601.Google Scholar

Van Schaack, B., ‘Par in Parem Imperium Non Habet: Complementarity and the Crime of Aggression’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 10 (2012), 133–64.Google Scholar

Villarino Villa, C., ‘The Crime of Aggression before the House of Lords: Chronicle of a Death Foretold’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 4 (2006), 866–77.Google Scholar

Wald, P., ‘Running the Trial of the Century: The Nuremberg Legacy’, Cardozo Law Review, 27 (2005–6), 1559–98.Google Scholar

Wilson, R. J., ‘Spanish Supreme Court Affirms Conviction of Argentine Former Naval Officer for Crimes Against Humanity’, American Society of International Law, Insight, 12 (2008), available at: www.asil.org/insights.Google Scholar

Wirth, S., ‘Immunities, Related Problems, and Article 98 of the Rome Statute’, Criminal Law Forum, 12 (2001), 429–58.Google Scholar

Zuppi, A. L., ‘Aggression as International Crime: Unattainable Crusade or Finally Conquering the Evil?’, Penn State International Law Review, 26 (2007), 1–36.Google Scholar

Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), ICJ Reports (2002), 3.Google Scholar

Case Concerning East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), ICJ Reports (1995), 90.Google Scholar

House of Lords, R v. Jones (Appellant) [2006] UKHL 16.Google Scholar

Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom and United States), ICJ Reports (1954), 19.Google Scholar

North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark and the Netherlands), ICJ Reports (1969), 3.Google Scholar

Permanent Court of Criminal Justice, The Case of the SS ‘Lotus’, PCIJ Series A, No. 10.Google Scholar

Prosecutor v. Katanga/Chui, Judgment on the Appeal of Mr Germain Katanga against the Oral Decision of Trial Chamber II of 12 June 2009 on the Admissibility of the Case, ICC-01/04-01/07 OA 8, 25 September 2009.Google Scholar

Prosecutor v. Lubanga Dyilo, Warrant of Arrest issued by Pre-Trial Chamber I, ICC-01/04-01/06, 10 February 2006.Google Scholar

Prosecutor v. Muthaura/Kenyatta/Ali, Decision on the Application by the Government of Kenya Challenging the Admissibility of the Case Pursuant to Article 19(2)(b) of the Statute, ICC-01/09-02/11 OA, 30 August 2011.Google Scholar

Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity (adopted 26 November 1968, entered into force 11 November 1970), 754 UNTS 73.Google Scholar

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation (adopted 23 September 1971, entered into force 26 January 1973), 974 UNTS 178.Google Scholar

European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (adopted 10 April 1959, entered into force 12 June 1962), 72 UNTS 185.Google Scholar

United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (adopted 15 November 2000, entered into force 29 September 2003), 2225 UNTS 209.Google Scholar

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (done 18 April 1961, entered into force 24 April 1964), 500 UNTS 95.Google Scholar

Rwanda, Organic Law No. 08/96 of 30 August 1996 on the Organization of Prosecutions for Offences constituting the Crime of Genocide or Crimes against Humanity committed since 1 October 1990, available at: www.preventgenocide.org/law/domestic/rwanda.htm.Google Scholar

Sweden, Penal Code (SFS 1962:700), available at: www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/108/a/1536.Google Scholar

Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001) concerning Threats to International Peace and Security Caused by Terrorist Acts, 28 September 2001, UN Doc. S/RES/1373.Google Scholar

Security Council Resolution 1422 (2002) concerning United Nations Peacekeeping, 12 June 2002, UN Doc. S/RES/1422.Google Scholar

Security Council Resolution 1487 (2003) concerning United Nations Peacekeeping, 12 June 2003, UN Doc. S/RES/1487.Google Scholar

Security Council Resolution 1497 (2003) concerning Liberia, 1 August 2003, UN Doc. S/RES/1497.Google Scholar

Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004) concerning Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, 28 April 2004, UN Doc. S/RES/1540.Google Scholar

African Union, ‘Report of the Committee of Eminent African Jurists on the Case of Hissène Habré’, available at: www.hrw.org/legacy/justice/habre/CEJA_Repor0506.pdf.Google Scholar

General Assembly, 55th Session, ‘Prevention of Armed Conflict’, Report of the Secretary-General, 7 June 2001, UN Doc. A/55/985-S/2001/574.Google Scholar

General Assembly, 66th Session, ‘The Scope and Application of the Principle of Universal Jurisdiction’, Report of the Secretary-General, 20 June 2011, UN Doc. A/66/93.Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch, ‘The Case Against Hissène Habré, an “African Pinochet”’, available at: www.hrw.org/en/habre-case.Google Scholar

Institut de Droit International, ‘Universal Criminal Jurisdiction with Regard to the Crime of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes’ (Resolution adopted 26 August 2005), available at: www.idi-iil.org.Google Scholar

International Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor, ‘Paper on Some Policy Issues before the Office of the Prosecutor’, August 2003, The Hague.Google Scholar

International Criminal Court, Office of the Prosecutor, ‘Policy Paper on Preliminary Examinations’, November 2013, The Hague.Google Scholar

ILC, ‘Summary Records of the 2378th to 2425th Meetings’, Yb ILC (1995), vol. I.Google Scholar

ILC, ‘Commentary to the Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind’, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Yb ILC (1996), vol. II(2), 15.Google Scholar

ILC, ‘Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction: Memorandum by the Secretariat’, 31 March 2008, UN Doc. A/CN.4/596.Google Scholar

ILC, ‘Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Sixty-Sixth Session’, 5 May–6 June and 7 July–8 August 2014, UN Doc. A/69/10.Google Scholar

Princeton Project on Universal Jurisdiction, ‘The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction’, available at: http://lapa.princeton.edu/hosteddocs/unive_jur.pdf.Google Scholar

Statement by Harold Hongju Koh at the Review Conference of the International Criminal Court, ICC Review Conference, 4 June 2010, available at: www.state.gov/s/l/releases/remarks/142665.htm.Google Scholar

‘The Cairo – Arusha Principles On Universal Jurisdiction in Respect of Gross Human Rights Offences: An African Perspective’ (Accra: Africa Legal Aid, 2002).Google Scholar