Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T19:12:03.609Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Article 129 - Penal Sanctions

from Section I - General provisions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 August 2021

Get access

Summary

In 1949, the system of repression contained in the Geneva Conventions(hereinafter referred to as ‘the grave breaches regime’) was a remarkableinnovation in the law regulating international armed conflict. Article 129is common to the four Conventions.

Type
Chapter
Information
Commentary on the Third Geneva Convention
Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War
, pp. 1830 - 1874
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Select bibliography

Abi-Saab, George, ‘The Concept of War Crimes’, in Yee, Sienho and Wang, Tieya (eds), International Law in the Post-Cold War World: Essays in Memory of Li Haopei, Routledge, London, 2001, pp. 99118.Google Scholar
Bassiouni, M. Cherif, ‘Universal Jurisdiction for International Crimes: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Practice’, Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 42, No. 1, Fall 2001, pp. 81162.Google Scholar
Bassiouni, M. Cherif and Wise, Edward M., Aut Dedere, Aut Judicare: The Duty to Extradite or Prosecute in International Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedi, Satya Deva, Extradition: A Treatise on the Laws Relevant to the Fugitive Offenders Within and With the Commonwealth Countries, William S. Hein & Company, Getzville, New York, 2001.Google Scholar
Best, Geoffrey, War and Law Since 1945, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994.Google Scholar
Blazeby, Leonard, ‘Implementation of International Humanitarian Law within the Commonwealth’, Commonwealth Law Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, 2008, pp. 797806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boelaert-Suominen, Sonja, ‘Grave Breaches, Universal Jurisdiction and Internal Armed Conflicts: Is Customary Law Moving Towards a Uniform Enforcement Mechanism for all Armed Conflicts?’, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, Vol. 5, No. 1, June 2000, pp. 63103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bothe, Michael, ‘The role of national law in the implementation of international humanitarian law’, in Swinarski, Christophe (ed.), Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross Principles in Honour of Jean Pictet, ICRC/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, 1984, pp. 301312.Google Scholar
Brems, Eva, ‘Universal Criminal Jurisdiction for Grave Breaches of International Humanitarian Law: The Belgian Legislation’, Singapore Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2002, pp. 909952.Google Scholar
Cassese, Antonio, International Criminal Law, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 181192 and 199–205.Google Scholar
Cohen, Amichai and Shany, Yuval, ‘Beyond the Grave Breaches Regime: The Duty to Investigate Alleged Violations of International Law Governing Armed Conflicts’, Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2011, Vol. 14, 2012, pp. 3784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cryer, Robert, Prosecuting International Crimes: Selectivity and the International Criminal Law Regime, Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danner, Allison M. and Martinez, Jenny S., ‘Guilty Associations: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Command Responsibility, and the Development of International Criminal Law’, California Law Review, Vol. 93, No. 1, 2005, pp. 75169.Google Scholar
Darcy, Shane and Powderly, Joseph (eds), Judicial Creativity at the International Criminal Tribunals, Oxford University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de La Pradelle, Paul, La Conférence diplomatique et les nouvelles Conventions de Genève du 12 août 1949, Les Éditions internationales, Paris, 1951.Google Scholar
Dörmann, Knut and Geiss, Robin, ‘The Implementation of Grave Breaches into Domestic Legal Orders’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 7, No. 4, September 2009, pp. 703721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Draper, Gerald I.A.D., ‘The Modern Pattern of War Criminality’, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Vol. 6, 1976, pp. 948.Google Scholar
Ferdinandusse, Ward, ‘The Prosecution of Grave Breaches in National Courts’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 7, No. 4, September 2009, pp. 723741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleck, Dieter, ‘Shortcomings of the Grave Breaches Regime’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 7, No. 4, September 2009, pp. 833854.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaeta, Paola, ‘Grave Breaches of the Geneva Conventions’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 615646.Google Scholar
Godinho, Jorge A.F., ‘The Surrender Agreements between the US and the ICTY and ICTR: A Critical View’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 1, No. 2, August 2003, pp. 502516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graven, Jean, ‘La répression pénale des infractions aux Conventions de Genève’, Revue internationale de criminologie et de police technique, Vol. 10, 1956, pp. 241263.Google Scholar
Green, Leslie C., ‘The Law of Armed Conflict and the Enforcement of International Criminal Law’, Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 22, 1984, pp. 325.Google Scholar
Green, Leslie C., The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict, Manchester University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Green, Leslie C., ‘Enforcement of the Law in International and Non-International Conflicts – The Way Ahead’, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 24, 1996, pp. 285320.Google Scholar
Greppi, Edoardo, ‘The evolution of individual criminal responsibility under international law’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 81, No. 835, September 1999, pp. 531553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heller, Kevin Jon, The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 203230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules, ICRC/Cambridge University Press, 2005, https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henzelin, Marc, Le principe de l’universalité en droit pénal international: Droit et obligation pour les états de poursuivre et juger selon le principe de l’universalité, Bruylant, Geneva, 2000.Google Scholar
ICRC, Database on National Implementation of International Humanitarian Law, https://www.icrc.org/ihl-nat.Google Scholar
ICRC, Advisory Service on International Humanitarian Law, National measures to repress violations of international humanitarian law (Civil law systems), Report on the Meeting of Experts, Geneva, 23–25 September 1997, ICRC, Geneva, September 2000.Google Scholar
ICRC, Advisory Service on International Humanitarian Law, The Domestic Implementation of International Humanitarian law: A Manual, ICRC, Geneva, 1st edition 2011, updated edition 2015.Google Scholar
ICRC, Advisory Service on International Humanitarian Law, Preventing and repressing international crimes: Towards an ‘integrated’ approach based on domestic practice, Report of the Third Universal Meeting of National Committees for the Implementation of International Humanitarian Law, prepared by Anne-Marie La Rosa, Vols I–II, ICRC, Geneva, February 2014.Google Scholar
Keen, Maurice H., The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1965.Google Scholar
Kreß, Claus, ‘Reflections on the Judicare Limb of the Grave Breaches Regime’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 7, No. 4, September 2009, pp. 789809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lafontaine, Fannie, ‘Universal Jurisdiction – the Realistic Utopia’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 10, No. 5, December 2012, pp. 12771302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eve, La Haye, War Crimes in Internal Armed Conflicts, Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
La Rosa, Anne-Marie, ‘Sanctions as a means of obtaining greater respect for humanitarian law: a review of their effectiveness’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 90, No. 870, June 2008, pp. 221247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Rosa, Anne-Marie and Chavez Tafur, Gabriel, ‘Where do we stand on universal jurisdiction? Proposed points for further reflection and debate’, Politorbis – Revue de politique étrangère, No. 54, No. 2, 2012, pp. 3140.Google Scholar
Lauterpacht, Hersch, ‘The Law of Nations and the Punishment of War Crimes’, British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 21, 1944, pp. 5895.Google Scholar
Levie, Howard S., ‘War Crimes’, in Schmitt, Michael N. (ed.), The Law of Military Operations: Liber Amicorum Professor Jack Grunawalt, International Law Studies, U.S. Naval War College, Vol. 72, 1998, pp. 95112.Google Scholar
Lewis, Mark, The Birth of the New Justice: The Internationalization of Crime and Punishment, 1919–1950, Oxford University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maison, Raffaëlle, ‘Les premiers cas d’application des dispositions pénales des Conventions de Genève par les juridictions internes’, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1995, pp. 260273.Google Scholar
Maogoto, Jackson N., War crimes and Realpolitik: International Justice from World War I to the 21st Century, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, Colorado, March 2004, pp. 3764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCormack, Timothy L.H., ‘From Sun Tzu to the Sixth Committee: the Evolution of an International Criminal Law Regime’, in McCormack, Timothy L.H. and Simpson, Gerry J. (eds), The Law of War Crimes: International and National Approaches, Kluwer Law International, 1997, pp. 3164. (1997a)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCormack, Timothy L.H., ‘Selective Reaction to Atrocity: War Crimes and the Development of International Criminal Law’, Albany Law Review, Vol. 60, No. 3, Spring 1997, pp. 681731. (1997b)Google Scholar
Medlong, Jesse, ‘All Other Breaches: State Practice and the Geneva Conventions’ Nebulous Class of Less Discussed Prohibitions’, Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 34, No. 4, 2013, pp. 829856.Google Scholar
Meron, Theodor, ‘Crimes and Accountability in Shakespeare’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 92, No. 1, January 1998, pp. 140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meron, Theodor, ‘Reflections on the Prosecutions of War Crimes by International Tribunals’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 100, No. 3, July 2006, pp. 551579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mettraux, Guénaël, ‘US Courts-Martial and the Armed Conflict in the Philippines (1899–1902): Their Contribution to National Case Law on War Crimes’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2003, pp. 135150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mettraux, Guénaël, International Crimes and the Ad Hoc Tribunals, Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Mettraux, Guénaël, The Law of Command Responsibility, Oxford University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moir, Lindsay, ‘Grave Breaches and Internal Armed Conflicts’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 7, No. 4, September 2009, pp. 763787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nebout, Guy, Le problème des sanctions à appliquer en cas d’infractions graves aux Conventions de Genève du 12 août 1949, Pierre Moulin, Lyon, 1954.Google Scholar
O’Keefe, Roger, ‘The Grave Breaches Regime and Universal Jurisdiction’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 7, No. 4, September 2009, pp. 811831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabinovitch, Ryan, ‘Universal Jurisdiction in Absentia’, Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2, 2004, pp. 500530.Google Scholar
Roberts, Ken, ‘The Contribution of the ICTY to the Grave Breaches Regime’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 7, No. 4, September 2009, pp. 743761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandoz, Yves, ‘Penal Aspects of International Humanitarian Law’, in Bassiouni, M. Cherif (ed.), International Criminal Law, Vol. 1, Transnational Publishers, Ardsley, New York, 1986, pp. 209232.Google Scholar
Sandoz, Yves, ‘The History of the Grave Breaches Regime’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 7, No. 4, September 2009, pp. 657682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sassòli, Marco, ‘Larrêt Yerodia: quelques remarques sur une affaire au point de collision entre les deux couches du droit international’, Revue générale de droit international public, Vol. 106, No. 4, 2002, pp. 791817.Google Scholar
Segall, Anna, Punishing Violations of International Humanitarian Law at the National Level: A Guide for Common Law States – Drawing on the proceedings of a meeting of experts (Geneva, 11–13 November 1998), ICRC, Geneva, 2001.Google Scholar
Sluiter, Göran (ed.), ‘Symposium’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 5, No. 1, March 2007, pp. 67226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Manual on Mutual Legal Assistance and Extradition, United Nations, New York, 2012.Google Scholar
UN Secretary-General, Report on the scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction, UN Doc. A/66/93, 20 June 2011.Google Scholar
UN War Crimes Commission, The History of the United Nations War Crimes Commission and the Development of the Laws of War, His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, 1948.Google Scholar
van Elst, Richard, ‘Implementing Universal Jurisdiction over Grave Breaches of the Geneva Conventions’, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 13, No. 4, December 2000, pp. 815854.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Steenberghe, Raphaël, ‘The Obligation to Extradite or Prosecute: Clarifying its Nature’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 9, No. 5, 2011, pp. 10891116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, Natalie, ‘The development of the grave breaches regime and of individual criminal responsibility by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 85, No. 850, June 2003, pp. 351383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, Donald A., War Crimes and Laws of War, 2nd edition, University Press of America, 1991.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×