This chapter discusses the forms that religion assumed in the specific urban context of the Low Countries and asks to what extent there can be talk of a ‘civic religion’. It emphasises processes of transformation between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, while attending to regional differences as well. It demonstrates that ‘civic religion’ in the Low Countries can only to a limited extent be traced back to a conscious project on the part of civic authorities, and that laicisation of religious practices was only partial. The authors argue that the agents of change were initially the religious orders (such as the mendicant orders) and semi-religious communities (such as the beguines and the followers of the Devotio Moderna), and latterly (from the last quarter of the fourteenth century onwards) urban corporations such as confraternities and guilds (in particular the chambers of rhetoric), though still with important input from the clergy. The authors also discuss the impact of the Reformation on the urban society of the Low Countries. More generally, this chapter concerns ecclesiastical structures and hierarchies, collective values and rituals, and individual beliefs and practices.