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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 January 2025
Spinoza lists Extension (extensio) as one of God’s infinite attributes: “Extension is an attribute of God, or God is an extended thing” (E2p2). In fact, Extension and Thought are the only attributes of God that Spinoza explicitly names, and the only ones he thinks humans are aware of (Ep64). Extension is, roughly speaking, the attribute through which the physical world, or matter, is expressed. For example, it is the attribute through which such standardly physical notions as motion and rest are understood (E2a1, i/114). Since attributes are independent ways of conceiving substance (E1p10), and substance is the bedrock of reality (E1p1), it follows that we can conceive of the world as being irreducibly physical (in addition to being irreducibly thinking, and so on for every attribute).
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