Socialism in India flourished in the space between communalism or the various religious nationalisms, but principally the Hindu species, and communism, and globally it would be recognizable as a variant of European social democracy or socialism located between conservatism and communism. It was a potent presence at the summit of Indian politics during the half century between the late 1920s and the late 1970s as groups clustered around Jawaharlal Nehru of the Congress, which was both a party and a movement within the larger national movement for independence, as also around others like Jayaprakash Narayan, J. B. Kripalani, Ram Manohar Lohia, and Narendra Deva. They were both within the Congress and therefore with the government after Independence in 1947 as much as in opposition.