Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T17:05:56.186Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 4 - Work and Family Issues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 July 2020

Fanny M. Cheung
Affiliation:
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Diane F. Halpern
Affiliation:
Claremont McKenna College, California
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Suggested Readings

Alvin Leung Seung-Ming is Dean of Education of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Born and raised in Hong Kong, he received his doctorate in Counseling Psychology from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and joined CUHK in 1996 after serving as a faculty member at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and the University of Houston. His research focused on career development and assessment, cross-cultural and multicultural counseling, and counseling in educational settings. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) and of the Hong Kong Professional Counselling Association. He received the Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of the Counseling Profession Award from the Society of Counseling Psychology of the APA in 2008; the 2009 Distinguished Alumni Award from the College of Education, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; the 2015 Life Time Contribution Award from the International Section of the APA Division of Counseling Psychology; the 2018 Outstanding International Psychologist Award from the APA Division of International Psychology; and the 2018 Award of Outstanding Contribution to the Profession of Chinese Career Development from the 2018 Shanghai Conference supported by NCDA. His co-edited book, International handbook of cross-cultural counseling: Cultural assumptions and practices worldwide received the 2010 Ursula Gielen Book Award from the APA Division of International Psychology. He is a member of several Hong Kong government advisory committees, including the Education Commission and Family Council. He is currently Chief Principal-Investigator of the CLAP for Youth @ JC, a large-scale career development intervention project for Hong Kong students organized by the Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust.

Rachel Gali Cinamon is Full Professor at Tel Aviv University, Israel, where she serves as head of the Career Development Lab, and the post muster career-counseling program, as well as the School of Education. Born and raised in Israel, she attended Bar Ilan University where she obtained her PhD. Her research interests focus on career development of women, minorities and at risk populations, work–family relations through the life span, future plans and perceptions, and career interventions. Her research group involves several university–community partnerships that focus on career interventions in high schools and in civic organizations.  Cinamon developed a special and unique career intervention model that emphasizes the importance of being involved in four major roles in order to increase well-being and life satisfaction: work, family, community, and leisure. Her work is driven by her deep commitment to human development and by her belief in her social responsibility for individuals’ health, well-being, and meaningful life. She is a mother of three children, a spouse, a friend, and a long-distance runner.

Gatsby Foundation (2018). Good career guidance: Reaching the Gatsby benchmarks. London: The Gatsby Foundation.Google Scholar
Richardson, M. S. (2012). Counseling for work and relationship. Counseling Psychologist, 40, 190242. doi:10.1177/0011000011406452Google Scholar
Su, R., & Rounds, J. (2015). All STEM fields are not created equal: People and things interests explain gender disparities across STEM fields. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 120. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00189Google Scholar
Walsh, W. B. & Heppner, M. J. (Eds.). (2006), Handbook of career counseling for women (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whiston, S. C., & Cinamon, R. G. (2015). The work–family interface: Integrating research and career counseling practice. Career Development Quarterly, 63(1), 4456. doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.2015.00094CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Akpinar-Sposito, C. (2013). Career barriers for women executives and the Glass Ceiling Syndrome: The case study comparison between French and Turkish women executivesProcedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences75, 488497. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.053CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al‐Yagon, M., & Cinamon, R. G. (2008). Work–family relations among mothers of children with learning disordersEuropean Journal of Special Needs Education23(2), 91107. doi:10.1080/08856250801946202CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allan, B. A., Autin, K. L., & Duffy, R. D. (2016). Self-determination and meaningful work: Exploring socioeconomic constraintsFrontiers in Psychology7, 71. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00071CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral changePsychological Review84(2), 191215. doi:10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt & Co.Google Scholar
Beaman, L., Duflo, E., Pande, R., & Topalova, P. (2012). Female leadership raises aspirations and educational attainment for girls: A policy experiment in IndiaScience, 335(6068), 582586. doi:10.1126/science.1212382Google Scholar
Betz, N. E. (2006). Basic issues and concepts in the career development and counseling of women. In Walsh, W. B. & Heppner, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of career counseling for women (2nd ed.), (pp. 4574). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Betz, N. E. (2008). Women’s career development. In Denmark, F. L. & Paludi, M. A. (Eds.), Psychology of women: A handbook of issues and theories (pp. 717752). Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2016). The gender wage gap: Extent, trends, and sources. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 789865. doi:10.3386/w21913CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blustein, D. L. (2006). The psychology of working: A new perspective for career development, counseling, and public policy. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Blustein, D. L., Olle, C., Connors-Kellgren, A., & Diamonti, A. J. (2016). Decent work: A psychological perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 4562.  doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00407Google Scholar
Burgstahler, S., & Chang, C. (2007). Gender differences in perceived value of a program to promote academic and career success for students with disabilitiesJournal of Science Education for Students with Disabilities12(1), 2. doi:10.14448/jsesd.01.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byars-Winston, A., Diestelmann, J., Savoy, J. N., & Hoyt, W. T. (2017). Unique effects and moderators of effects of sources on self-efficacy: A model-based meta-analysisJournal of Counseling Psychology64(6), 645658. doi:10.1037/cou0000219Google Scholar
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2015). Labor force surveys. old.cbs.gov.il/webpub/pub/text_page.html?publ=68Google Scholar
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2017). Household income and expenditure: Data from the household expenditure survey-general summary. www.cbs.gov.il/en/publications/Pages/2017/Household-Income-and-Expenditure.aspxGoogle Scholar
Cha, Y., & Weeden, K. A. (2014). Overwork and the slow convergence in the gender gap in wagesAmerican Sociological Review79(3), 457484. doi:10.1177/0003122414528936CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, B. Y., Park, H., Yang, E., Lee, S. K., Lee, Y., & Lee, S. M. (2012). Understanding career decision self-efficacy: A meta-analytic approachJournal of Career Development39(5), 443460. doi:10.1177/0894845311398042CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cinamon, R. G. (2006). Anticipated work–family conflict: Effects of gender, self‐efficacy, and family background. Career Development Quarterly54(3), 202215. doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.2006.tb00152.xGoogle Scholar
Cinamon, R. G. (2014). “The Synergy Project”: A group career counseling intervention to enhance work–family management. In Hartung, P. J., Savickas, M. L., & Walsh, W. B. (Eds.), APA handbook of career intervention, Vol. 2: Applications (pp. 413425). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Cinamon, R. G. (2017). Exploration process and future plans of Arabs and Jewish Israeli young adults – Implications for career interventions. In Sultana, R. & Sultana, G. (Eds.), Career guidance and livelihood across the Mediterranean (pp. 187202). Boston, MA: Sense.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cinamon, R. G. (2018). The challenge of career counseling and guidance for adolescents and young adults in areas of global migration and multicultural societies – the case of Israeli Arabs. In Nota, L. & Salvatore, S. (Eds.), Counseling and coaching in time of crisis and transitions: From research to practice (pp. 192205). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cinamon, R. G., & Hasson, I. (2009). Facing the future: Barriers and resources in work and family plans of at-risk Israeli youths. Youth and Society, 40, 502525. doi:10.1177/0044118X08328008Google Scholar
Cinamon, R. G., & Rich, Y. (2002). Gender differences in the importance of work and family roles: Implications for work–family conflictSex Roles47(11–12), 531541. doi:10.1023/A:1022021804846Google Scholar
Cinamon, R. G., & Rich, Y. (2014). Work and family plans among at-risk Israeli adolescents: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Career Development41(3), 163184. doi:10.1177/0894845313507748CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cinamon, R. G., Rich, Y., & Gross-Spector, M. (2012). What areas of life do Israeli Jewish and Arab young adults explore? Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology Association, Orlando.Google Scholar
Coogan, P. A., & Chen, C. P. (2007). Career development and counselling for women: Connecting theories to practice. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 20(2), 191204. doi:10.1080/09515070701391171Google Scholar
Cortes, P., & Pan, J. (2016). When time binds: Returns to working long hours and the gender wage gap among the highly skilled. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 9846, IZA Institute of Labor, Bonn.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cortes, P., & Pan, J. (2018). Occupation and gender. In Averett, S. L., Argys, L. M., & Hoffman, S. D. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy (pp. 424452). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190628963.013.12Google Scholar
Diemer, M. A., Rapa, L. J., Voight, A. M., & McWhirter, E. H. (2016). Critical consciousness: A developmental approach to addressing marginalization and oppression. Child Development Perspectives, 10(4), 216221. doi:10.1111/cdep.12193Google Scholar
Dodson, T. A., & Di Borders, L. A. (2006). Men in traditional and nontraditional careers: Gender role attitudes, gender role conflict, and job satisfactionCareer Development Quarterly54(4), 283296. doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.2006.tb00194.xGoogle Scholar
Duffy, R. D., Blustein, D. L., Diemer, M. A., & Autin, K. L. (2016). The psychology of working theoryJournal of Counseling Psychology63(2), 127148. doi:10.1037/cou0000140CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farmer, H. S. (2006). History of career counseling for women. In Walsh, W. B. & Heppner, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of career counseling for women (2nd ed.), pp. 144. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Ferri, B., & Connor, D. (2010). “I was the special ed. girl”: Urban working-class young women of colour. Gender and Education, 22, 105121. doi:10.1080/09540250802612688Google Scholar
Flory, J. A., Leibbrandt, A., & List, J. A. (2014). Do competitive workplaces deter female workers? A large-scale natural field experiment on job entry decisions. Review of Economic Studies82(1), 122155. doi:10.3386/w16546CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folbre, N. (2012). Should women care less? Intrinsic motivation and gender inequalityBritish Journal of Industrial Relations50(4), 597619. doi:10.1111/bjir.12000Google Scholar
Fouad, N. A., Singh, R., Fitzpatrick, M. E., & Liu, J. P. (2011). Stemming the tide: Why women leave engineering. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Final Report from NSF Award, 827553. Retrieved from: https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/NSF_Stemming%20the%20Tide%2 0Why%20Women%20Leave%20Engineering.pdfGoogle Scholar
Gadassi, R., & Gati, I. (2009). The effect of gender stereotypes on explicit and implicit career preferencesCounseling Psychologist37(6), 902922. doi:10.1177/0011000009334093Google Scholar
Ganong, L. H., Coleman, M., Thompson, A., & Goodwin-Watkins, C. (1996). African American and European American college students’ expectations for self and for future partnersJournal of Family Issues17(6), 758775. doi:10.1177/019251396017006002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gati, I., Osipow, S. H., & Givon, M. (1995). Gender differences in career decision making: The content and structure of preferencesJournal of Counseling Psychology42(2), 204216. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.42.2.204.Google Scholar
Gati, I., & Perez, M. (2014). Gender differences in career preferences from 1990 to 2010: Gaps reduced but not eliminatedJournal of Counseling Psychology61(1), 6380. doi:10.1037/a0034598Google Scholar
Gatsby Foundation (2018). Good career guidance: Reaching the Gatsby benchmarks. London: The Gatsby Foundation.Google Scholar
Ginzberg, E., Berg, I. E., Brown, C. A., Herma, J. L., Yohalem, A. M., & Gorelick, S. (1996). Life styles of educated women. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Goldin, C. (2014). A grand gender convergence: Its last chapterAmerican Economic Review104(4), 10911119. doi:10.1257/aer.104.4.1091Google Scholar
Gottfredson, L. S. (1981). Circumscription and compromise: A developmental theory of occupational aspirationsJournal of Counseling psychology28(6), 545579. doi:0022-0167/81/2806-0645$00.75Google Scholar
Gottfredson, L. S. (2005). Applying Gottfredson’s theory of circumscription and compromise in career guidance and counseling. In Brown, S. D. & Lent, R. T. (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 71100). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Grove, W. A., Hussey, A., & Jetter, M. (2011). The gender pay gap beyond human capital heterogeneity in non-cognitive skills and in labor market tastesJournal of Human Resources46(4), 827874. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2240312Google Scholar
Guichard, J. (2013). Career guidance, education, and dialogues for a fair and sustainable human development. In Proceedings of the Inaugural Conference of the UNESCO chair of Lifelong Guidance and Counselling. Poland: University of WroclawGoogle Scholar
Hackett, G., & Betz, N. E. (1981). A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18(3), 326339. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(81)90019-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakim, C. (2006). Women, careers, and work–life preferencesBritish Journal of Guidance & Counselling34(3), 279294. doi:10.1080/03069880600769118Google Scholar
Halpern, D. F., & Cheung, F. M. (2008). Women at the top: Powerful leaders tell us how to combine work and family. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hays Asia Salary Guide. (2018). Singapore: Hays Specialist Recruitment.Google Scholar
Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments (3rd ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Horne, R. M., Johnson, M. D., Galambos, N. L., & Krahn, H. J. (2018). Time, money, or gender? Predictors of the division of household labour across life stages. Sex Roles, 78(11), 731743. doi:10.1007/s11199–017-0832-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hou, A. J., & Leung, S. A. (2011). Vocational aspirations of Chinese high school students and their parents’ expectations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 349360. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.008Google Scholar
Howard, K. A. S., Carlstrom, A. H., Katz, A. D., Chew, A. Y., Yay, G. C., Laine, L., Caulum, I, D. (2011). Career aspirations of youth: Untangling race/ethnicity, SES, and gender. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 98109. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.12.002Google Scholar
International Labor Organization. (2008). Income inequalities in the age of financial globalization. www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/documents/publication/wcms_100354.pdfGoogle Scholar
International Labor Organization. (2012). Decent work indicators: Concepts and definitions. www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/--integration/documents/publication/wcms_229374.pdfGoogle Scholar
Karsten, R., Mitra, A., & Schmidt, D. (2012). Computer self-efficacy: A meta-analysisJournal of Organizational and End User Computing24(4), 5480. doi:10.1177/0149206310377113Google Scholar
Kerr, B., & Sodano, S. (2003). Career assessment with intellectually gifted studentsJournal of Career Assessment11(2), 168186. doi:10.1177/1069072702250426Google Scholar
Kim, T., Hutchoson, A., Gerstein, L., Liano, H., Cheung, R.., Cinamon, R. G., … & Mastoiammi, E. (in press). Hong Kong women’s perceptions of their futures. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling.Google Scholar
Klassen, R. M., & Usher, E. L. (2010). Self-efficacy in educational settings: Recent research and emerging directions. In  Urdan, T. C. and Karabenick, S. A. (Eds.), The decade ahead: Theoretical perspectives on motivation and achievement (pp. 133). Bingley: Emerald Group.Google Scholar
Kuhn, P., & Lozano, F. (2008). The expanding workweek? Understanding trends in long work hours among US men, 1979–2006Journal of Labor Economics26(2), 311343. doi:10.3386/w11895Google Scholar
Kulik, L. (2009). Explaining the sense of family coherence among husbands and wives: The Israeli caseJournal of Social Psychology149(6), 627647. doi:10.1080/00224540903344989Google Scholar
Kutnick, P., Chan, R. Y., Chan, C. K. Y., Good, D., Lee, B. P., & Lai, V. K. W. (2018). Aspiring to become an engineer in Hong Kong: Effects of engineering education and demographic background on secondary students’ expectation to become an engineer. European Journal of Engineering Education, 43, 828884. doi:10.1080/03043797.2018.1435629Google Scholar
Kutnick, P, Zhu, A., Chan, C., Chan, R. Y., Lee, B. P., & Lai, V. K. W. (2018). Attitudes and aspirations regarding engineering among Chinese secondary school students: Comparisons between industrialising and post-industrial geo-engineering regions of Mainland China and Hong Kong. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 48, 608629. doi:10.1080/03057925.2017.1347033.Google Scholar
Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2008). Social cognitive career theory and subjective well-being in the context of workJournal of Career Assessment16(1), 621. doi:10.1177/1069072707305769.Google Scholar
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performanceJournal of Vocational Behavior45(1), 79122. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027Google Scholar
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2002). Social cognitive career theoryCareer Choice and Development4, 255311.Google Scholar
Lent, R. W., Lopez, F. G., Brown, S. D., & Gore, P. A. Jr. (1996). Latent structure of the sources of mathematics self-efficacyJournal of Vocational Behavior49(3), 292308. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1996.0045CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leung, S. A. (2016). User Manual of the Career Interest Inventory, Hong Kong. Career and Life Adventure Project, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Leung, S. A. (2018). Dissecting the CLAP adventures: Venturing deeper with evidence and good practices. Invited plenary presentation at the annual Career and Life Adventure Planning Conference.Google Scholar
Leung, S. A., Zhou, S., Ho, E. Y., Li, X., Ho, K. P., & Tracey, T. J. G. (2014). The use of interest and competence scores to predict educational choices of Chinese high school students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84, 385394. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.02.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levanon, A., England, P., & Allison, P. (2009). Occupational feminization and pay: Assessing causal dynamics using 1950–2000 US census dataSocial Forces88(2), 865891. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0264Google Scholar
Lordan, G., & Pischke, J. S. (2016). Does Rosie like riveting? Male and female occupational choices (No. w22495). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.Google Scholar
Matsa, D. A., & Miller, A. R. (2011). Chipping away at the glass ceiling: Gender spillovers in corporate leadershipAmerican Economic Review101(3), 635639. www. aeaweb. org/articles.php? doi:10.1257/aer. 101.3.635CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michael, R., Kim, T., Hutchison, A., Cinamon, R. G., Gerstein, L. H., Park, J., … & Collins, R. (2017). US and Israeli young women’s future perceptionsInternational Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 17, 121141. doi:10.1007/s10775-015-9320-8.Google Scholar
Miranda, V. (2011). Cooking, caring and volunteering: Unpaid work around the world. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 116, OECD Publishing, Paris. doi:10.1787/5kghrjm8s142-en.Google Scholar
Morrison, A. M., & von Glinow, M. A. (1990). Women and minorities in management. American Psychologist, 45, 200208. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.45.2.200Google Scholar
O’Brien, K. M., Ganginis Del Pino, H. V., Yoo, S. K., Cinamon, R. G., & Han, Y. J. (2014). Work, family, support, and depression: Employed mothers in Israel, Korea, and the United StatesJournal of Counseling Psychology61(3), 461472. doi:10.1037/a0036339.Google Scholar
OECD. (2011). Cooking, caring and volunteering: Unpaid work around the world. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Paper No. 116. Retrieved from: www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=DELSA/ELSA/WD/SEM(2011)1&doclanguage=enGoogle Scholar
OECD. (2018a). Gender pay gaps for full-time workers and earnings differentials by educational attainment. Retrieved from: www.oecd.org/els/LMF_1_5_Gender_pay_gaps_for_full_time_workers.pdfGoogle Scholar
OECD. (2018b). OECD Labour Force Statistics 2018. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/oecd_lfs-2018-enGoogle Scholar
OECD. (2019). Gender wage gap (indicator). doi:10.1787/7cee77aa-enGoogle Scholar
Reuben, E., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2015). Taste for competition and the gender gap among young business professionals (No. w21695). National Bureau of Economic Research.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, M. S. (2012). Counseling for work and relationship. Counseling Psychologist, 40, 190242. doi:10.1177/0011000011406452.Google Scholar
SgariS.DasguptaN., & CoteN. G., (2010). When does contact with successful ingroup members change self-stereotypes? A longitudinal study comparing the effect of quantity vs. quality of contact with successful individuals. Social Psychology41202211. doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000028.Google Scholar
Shalitin, S., Hershtik, E., Phillip, M., Gavan, M. Y., & Cinamon, R. G. (2018). Impact of childhood type 1 diabetes on maternal work–family relationsJournal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism31(5), 569576. doi:10.1515/jpem-2018-0056.Google Scholar
Sitzmann, T., & Yeo, G. (2013). A meta‐analytic investigation of the within‐person self‐efficacy domain: Is self‐efficacy a product of past performance or a driver of future performance? Personnel Psychology66(3), 531568. doi:10.1111/peps.12035.Google Scholar
Su, R., & Rounds, J. (2015). All STEM fields are not created equal: People and things interests explain gender disparities across STEM fields. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 120. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00189.Google Scholar
Su, R., Rounds, J., & Armstrong, P. I. (2009). Men and things, women and people: A meta-analysis of sex differences in interests. Psychological Bulletin, 6, 859884. doi:10.1037/a0017364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Super, D. E. (1957). The psychology of careers: An introduction to vocational development. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Tracey, T. J. G. (2002). Personal Globe Inventory: Measurement of the spherical model of interests and competence beliefs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 113172. doi:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1817.Google Scholar
Walsh, W. B. & Heppner, M. J. (Eds.). (2006), Handbook of career counseling for women (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Wang, M. T., Eccles, J. S., & Kenny, S. (2013). Not lack of ability but more choices: Individual and gender differences in choice of careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. Psychological Science, 24, 770775. doi:10.1177/0956797612458937.Google Scholar
Watson, C. M., Quatman, T., & Edler, E. (2002). Career aspirations of adolescent girls: Effects of achievement level, grade, and single-sex school environment. Sex Roles, 46, 323335. doi:10.1023/A:1020228613796Google Scholar
Watts, R. J., Williams, N. C., & Jagers, R. J. (2003). Sociopolitical development. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31(1–2), 185194. doi:10.1023/A:1023091024140Google Scholar
Whiston, S. C., & Cinamon, R. G. (2015). The work–family interface: Integrating research and career counseling practiceCareer Development Quarterly63(1), 4456. doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.2015.00094.xGoogle Scholar
World Bank (2019). Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate) – Hong Kong SAR, China. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS?locations=HKGoogle Scholar
Yeshaayahu, M. & Cinamon, R. G. (2015). Children’s knowledge about the world of work – A developmental perspective. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology Association, Toronto, August.Google Scholar

Suggested Readings

Elsa T. Chan is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Management at City University of Hong Kong. Her research interests include entrepreneurship, leadership, and race and diversity. Chen was born in Hong Kong and received her undergraduate degree at the University of Hong Kong. She obtained her MSc in Occupational Psychology from University of Nottingham, UK, and her PhD in Management and Entrepreneurship from Leeds School of Business, University of Colorado at Boulder.

Pok Man Tang is currently a doctoral student in the Department of Management at Texas A&M University. His research interests include behavioral ethics, emotions, proactivity, leadership, and social entrepreneurship. He was born in Hong Kong where he studied for his BA and MPhil in Business at the Lingnan University in Hong Kong. His work has appeared in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes and The Leadership Quarterly.

Shihui Chen is a Lecturer in the School of Business, Ningbo University, China. She was born in China and obtained her PhD from Zhejiang University. During her doctoral studies, she was a visiting scholar at University of Strathclyde in Scotland for one year in 2014. Her primary research interests include female leadership, family firm heterogeneity, and entrepreneurship. Her work has appeared in Asia Pacific Journal of Management, and Science Research Management (in Chinese).

Baum, J. R., Frese, M., & Baron, R. A. (Eds.). (2007). The psychology of entrepreneurship. New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Dacin, M. T., Dacin, P. A., & Tracey, P. (2011). Social entrepreneurship: A critique and future directions. Organization Science, 22(5), 12031213. doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0620Google Scholar
Foo, M., Murnieks, C. Y., & Chan, E. T. (2014). Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in entrepreneurial cognition. In Mitchell, J. R., Mitchell, R. K., & Randolph-Seng, B. (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial cognition (pp. 154181). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Frese, M., & Gielnik, M. M. (2014). The psychology of entrepreneurship. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 413438. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091326Google Scholar
Jennings, J. E., & Brush, C. G. (2013). Research on women entrepreneurs: Challenges to (and from) the broader entrepreneurship literature? Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 663715. doi:10.1080/19416520.2013.782190Google Scholar
Shepherd, D. A. (2015). Party on! A call for entrepreneurship research that is more interactive, activity based, cognitively hot, compassionate, and prosocial. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(4), 489507. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2015.02.001Google Scholar

References

Ahl, H. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595621. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00138.xGoogle Scholar
Ahl, H. (2007). Sex business in the toy store: A narrative analysis of a teaching case. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(5), 673693. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.10.007Google Scholar
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-TGoogle Scholar
Alsos, G. A., Isaksen, E. J., & Ljunggren, E. (2006). New venture financing and subsequent business growth in men- and women-led businesses. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 667686. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00141.xGoogle Scholar
Alsos, G. A., & Ljunggren, E. (2017). The role of gender in entrepreneur–investor relationships: A signaling theory approach. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(4), 567590. doi:10.1111/etap.12226Google Scholar
Arenius, P., & Autio, E. (2006). Financing of small businesses: Are Mars and Venus more alike than different? Venture Capital, 8(2), 93107. doi:10.1080/13691060500433793CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, J., Stevenson, H., & Wei-Skillern, J. (2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or both? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(1), 122. doi:10.5700/rausp1055Google Scholar
Barasinska, N., & Schäfer, D. (2014). Is crowdfunding different? Evidence on the relation between gender and funding success from a German peer-to-peer lending platform. German Economic Review, 15(4), 436452. doi:10.1111/geer.12052Google Scholar
Baron, R. A. (2008). The role of affect in the entrepreneurial process. Academy of Management Review, 33(2), 328340. doi:10.5465/amr.2008.31193166Google Scholar
Becker-Blease, J. R., & Sohl, J. E. (2007). Do women-owned businesses have equal access to angel capital? Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 503521. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.06.003Google Scholar
Becker-Blease, J. R., & Sohl, J. E. (2011). The effect of gender diversity on angel group investment. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(4), 709733. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00391.xGoogle Scholar
Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T., & Schwienbacher, A. (2014). Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(5), 585609. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.07.003Google Scholar
Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442453. doi:10.5465/amr.1988.4306970Google Scholar
Brenner, O. C., Tomkiewicz, J., & Schein, V. E. (1989). The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics revisited. Academy of Management Journal, 32(3), 662669. doi:10.5465/256439Google Scholar
Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (2008). Gender and emotion in context. In Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J. M., & Barrett, F. L. (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 395408). New York: Guildford Press.Google Scholar
Brush, C. G., de Bruin, A., & Welter, F. (2009). A gender‐aware framework for women’s entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 824. doi:10.1108/17566260910942318Google Scholar
Burgess, D., & Borgida, E. (1999). Who women are, who women should be: Descriptive and prescriptive gender stereotyping in sex discrimination. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 5(3), 665692. doi:10.1037/1076-8971.5.3.665Google Scholar
Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiationPsychological Review106(4), 676713.Google Scholar
Buttner, E. H., & Rosen, B. (1988). Bank loan officers’ perceptions of the characteristics of men, women, and successful entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 3(3), 249258. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(88)90018-3Google Scholar
Calás, M. B., Smircich, L., & Bourne, K. A. (2009). Extending the boundaries: Reframing “entrepreneurship as social change” through feminist perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 552569. doi:10.5465/amr.2009.40633597Google Scholar
Carter, N., Brush, C., Greene, P., Gatewood, E., & Hart, M. (2003). Women entrepreneurs who break through to equity financing: The influence of human, social and financial capital. Venture Capital, 5(1), 128. doi:10.1080/1369106032000082586Google Scholar
Carter, N., Gartner, W., Shaver, K., & Gatewood, E. (2003). The career reasons of nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 1339. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00078-2Google Scholar
Carter, S., Shaw, E., Lam, W., & Wilson, F. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurship, and bank lending: The criteria and processes used by bank loan officers in assessing applications. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 427444. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00181.xGoogle Scholar
Chaganti, R. (1986). Management in women-owned enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 24(4), 1829.Google Scholar
Chen, S., Fang, H. C., MacKenzie, N. G., Carter, S., Chen, L., & Wu, B. (2018). Female leadership in contemporary Chinese family firms. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 35(1), 181211. doi:10.1007/s10490-017-9515-2Google Scholar
Chen, X.-P., & Chen, C. C. (2004). On the intricacies of the Chinese guanxi: a process model of guanxi development. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21(3), 305324. doi:10.1023/B:APJM.0000036465.19102.d5Google Scholar
Chowdhury, S. (2005). Demographic diversity for building an effective entrepreneurial team: Is it important? Journal of Business Venturing, 20(6), 727746. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.07.001Google Scholar
Chua, R. Y. J., Morris, M. W., & Ingram, P. (2009). Guanxi vs networking: Distinctive configurations of affect- and cognition-based trust in the networks of Chinese vs American managers. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(3), 490508. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400422Google Scholar
Cliff, J. E. (1998). Does one size fit all? Exploring the relationship between attitudes towards growth, gender, and business size. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(6), 523542. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00071-2Google Scholar
Coleman, S. (2000). Access to capital and terms of credit: A comparison of men- and women-owned small businesses. Journal of Small Business Management, 38(3), 3752.Google Scholar
Comings, D. E., Gonzalez, N., Wu, S., Gade, R., Muhleman, D., Saucier, G., … MacMurray, J. P. (1999). Studies of the 48 bp repeat polymorphism of the DRD4 gene in impulsive, compulsive, addictive behaviors: Tourette syndrome, ADHD, pathological gambling, and substance abuse. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 88(4), 358368. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990820)88:4<358::AID-AJMG13>3.0.CO;2-GGoogle Scholar
Constantinidis, C., Cornet, A., & Asandei, S. (2006). Financing of women-owned ventures: The impact of gender and other owner- and firm-related variables. Venture Capital, 8(2), 133157. doi:10.1080/13691060600572557Google Scholar
Dacin, M. T., Dacin, P. A., & Tracey, P. (2011). Social entrepreneurship: A critique and future directions. Organization Science, 22(5), 12031213. doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0620Google Scholar
Datta, P. B., & Gailey, R. (2012). Empowering women through social entrepreneurship: Case study of a women’s cooperative in India. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(3), 569587. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00505.xGoogle Scholar
De Bruin, A., Brush, C. G., & Welter, F. (2006). Introduction to the special issue: Towards building cumulative knowledge on women’s entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 585593. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00137.xGoogle Scholar
De Bruin, A., Brush, C. G., & Welter, F. (2007). Advancing a framework for coherent research on women’s entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 323339. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00176.xGoogle Scholar
DeMartino, R., & Barbato, R. (2003). Differences between women and men MBA entrepreneurs: Exploring family flexibility and wealth creation as career motivators. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(6), 815832. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00003-XGoogle Scholar
Eagly, A. H. (2007). Female leadership advantage and disadvantage: Resolving the contradictions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(1), 112. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00326.xGoogle Scholar
Eagly, A. H., & Johnson, B. T. (1990). Gender and leadership style: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 233256. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.2.233Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573598. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1999). The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles. American Psychologist, 54, 408423. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.6.408Google Scholar
Eddleston, K. A., Ladge, J. J., Mitteness, C., & Balachandra, L. (2016). Do you see what I see? Signaling effects of gender and firm characteristics on financing entrepreneurial ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 40(3), 489514. doi:10.1111/etap.12117Google Scholar
Eddleston, K. A., & Powell, G. N. (2012). Nurturing entrepreneurs’ work–family balance: A gendered perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(3), 513541. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00506.xGoogle Scholar
Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2003). Universals and cultural differences in recognizing emotions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(5), 159164. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.01252Google Scholar
Fagenson, E. A., & Marcus, E. C. (1991). Perceptions of the sex-role stereotypic characteristics of entrepreneurs: Women’s evaluations. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 15, 3347. doi:10.1177/104225879101500406Google Scholar
Fairlie, R. W., & Robb, A. M. J. S. B. E. (2009). Gender differences in business performance: Evidence from the characteristics of business owners survey. Small Business Economics, 33(4), 375395. doi:10.1007/s11187-009-9207-5Google Scholar
Feingold, A. (1994). Gender differences in personality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 429456. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.429Google Scholar
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. New York: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Foo, M., Murnieks, C. Y., & Chan, E. T. (2014). Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in entrepreneurial cognition. In Mitchell, J. R., Mitchell, R. K., & Randolph-Seng, B. (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial cognition (pp. 154181). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Forgas, J. P., & George, J. M. (2001). Affective influences on judgments and behavior in organizations: An information processing perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(1), 334. doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2971Google Scholar
Frijda, N. H. (1993). Moods, emotion episodes, and emotions. In Lewis, M. & Haviland, J. M. (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 381403). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Gao, X. (2009). Nu xing chuang ye jia ge ti, zu zhi ji huan jing te zheng de yan jiu zong shu [Characteristics of women entrepreneurs at the levels of individuals, organizations and environments]. Fu nu yan jiu lun cong, 94(4), 8590.Google Scholar
Ge, B., & Jiang, H. (2014). Nu xing chuang ye yi xiang yan jiu qian yan: ji yu xiang guan wen xian de tong ji fen xi [Research frontiers of women’s entrepreneurial intention: Based on the analysis of literatures]. Qing bao ke xue, 32(5), 137156.Google Scholar
Global Entrepreneurship Research Association. (2019). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2018/2019 Global Report. www.gemconsortium.org/report/50213Google Scholar
Godwin, L. N., Stevens, C. E., & Brenner, N. L. (2006). Forced to play by the rules? Theorizing how mixed-sex founding teams benefit women entrepreneurs in male-dominated contexts. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 623642. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00139.xGoogle Scholar
Gorbatai, A. D., & Nelson, L. (2015). Gender and the language of crowdfunding. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2015(1), 15785. doi:10.5465/ambpp.2015.15785abstractGoogle Scholar
Gupta, V. K., & Bhawe, N. M. (2007). The influence of proactive personality and stereotype threat on women’s entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13(4), 7385. doi:10.1177/10717919070130040901Google Scholar
Gupta, V. K., Goktan, A. B., & Gunay, G. (2014). Gender differences in evaluation of new business opportunity: A stereotype threat perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(2), 273288. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.02.002Google Scholar
Gupta, V. K., Turban, D. B., & Bhawe, N. M. (2008). The effect of gender stereotype activation on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 10531061. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.5.1053Google Scholar
Gupta, V. K., Turban, D. B., Wasti, S. A., & Sikdar, A. (2009). The role of gender stereotypes in perceptions of entrepreneurs and intentions to become an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 33(2), 397417. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00296.xGoogle Scholar
Harrison, R. T., & Mason, C. M. (2007). Does gender matter? Women business angels and the supply of entrepreneurial finance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 445472. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00182.xGoogle Scholar
Hechavarria, D. M., Ingram, A., Justo, R., & Terjesen, S. (2012). Are women more likely to pursue social and environmental entrepreneurship? In Hughes, K. D. & Jennings, J. E. (Eds.), Global women’s entrepreneurship research: Diverse settings, questions and approaches (pp. 135151). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Heilman, M. E. (1983). Sex bias in work settings: The lack of fit model. Research in Organizational Behavior, 5, 269298.Google Scholar
Heilman, M. E. (2001). Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women’s ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 657674. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00234Google Scholar
Heilman, M. E. (2012). Gender stereotypes and workplace bias. Research in Organizational Behavior, 32, 113135. doi:10.1016/j.riob.2012.11.003Google Scholar
Heilman, M. E., & Parks-Stamm, E. J. (2007). Gender stereotypes in the workplace: Obstacles to women’s career progress. In Correll, S. J. (Ed.), Social Psychology of Gender (Advances in Group Processes) (Vol. 24, pp. 4777). Bingley: Emerald Group.Google Scholar
Hisrich, R. D., & Brush, C. G. (1983). The woman entrepreneur: Implications of family, educational, and occupational experience. In Hornaday, J. A., Timmons, J. A., & Vesper, K. H. (Eds.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research (Vol. 2, pp. 255270). Wellesley, MA: Babson College.Google Scholar
Hu, H., & Xiao, J. (2007). Bu tong chuang ye dong ji xia de nu xing chuang ye mo shi yan jiu [Research on different entrepreneurial intentions in women’s entrepreneurship]. Jing ji wen ti tan suo, 8, 2439.Google Scholar
Hughes, K. D. (2003). Pushed or pulled? Women’s entry into self-employment and small business ownership. Gender, Work & Organization, 10(4), 433454. doi:10.1111/1468-0432.00205Google Scholar
Hughes, K. D., Jennings, J. E., Brush, C., Carter, S., & Welter, F. (2012). Extending women’s entrepreneurship research in new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(3), 429442. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00504.xGoogle Scholar
Hussain, J. G., Scott, J. M., Harrison, R. T., & Millman, C. (2010). “Enter the dragoness”: Firm growth, finance, guanxi, and gender in China. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 25(2), 137156. doi:10.1108/17542411011026302Google Scholar
Jennings, J. E., & Brush, C. G. (2013). Research on women entrepreneurs: Challenges to (and from) the broader entrepreneurship literature? Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 663715. doi:10.1080/19416520.2013.782190Google Scholar
Jennings, J. E., & McDougald, M. S. (2007). Work–family interface experiences and coping strategies: Implications for entrepreneurship research and practice. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 747760. doi:10.2307/20159332Google Scholar
Johnson, W. (2009). So what or so everything? Bringing behavior genetics to entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(1), 2326. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.11.002Google Scholar
Kalnins, A., & Williams, M. (2014). When do female-owned businesses out-survive male-owned businesses? A disaggregated approach by industry and geography. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(6), 822835. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.12.001Google Scholar
Kanze, D., Huang, L., Conley, M. A., & Higgins, E. T. (2018). We ask men to win and women not to lose: Closing the gender gap in startup funding. Academy of Management Journal, 61(2), 586614. doi:10.5465/amj.2016.1215Google Scholar
Kelley, D. J., Baumer, B. S., Brush, C., Greene, P. G., Mahdavi, M., Cole, M. M. M., … Association, G. E. R. (2017). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor - Women’s Entrepreneurship 2016/2017 Report. www.gemconsortium.org/Google Scholar
Kreiser, P. M., Marino, L. D., Kuratko, D. F., & Weaver, K. M. (2013). Disaggregating entrepreneurial orientation: The non-linear impact of innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking on SME performance. Small Business Economics, 40(2), 273291. doi:10.1007/s11187-012-9460-xGoogle Scholar
Krueger, N., Reilly, M., & Carsrud, A. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15, 411432. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0Google Scholar
Leung, A. S. M. (2003). Feminism in transition: Chinese culture, ideology and the development of the women’s movement in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 20(3), 359374. doi:10.1023/a:1024049516797Google Scholar
Lewis, P. (2006). The quest for invisibility: Female entrepreneurs and the masculine norm of entrepreneurship. Gender, Work & Organization, 13(5), 453469. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2006.00317.xGoogle Scholar
Liao, F. (2009). Zhong guo nu xing chuang ye tan tao [An examination of women’s entrepreneurship in China]. Zong cai, 6, 6869.Google Scholar
Liu, P., Li, L., & Wang, X. (2013). Qi ye jia jing shen de xing bie cha yi [Gender differences in entrepreneurship]. Guan li shi jie, 8, 126135.Google Scholar
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57, 705717. doi:10.1037//0003-066x.57.9.705Google Scholar
Luo, D., & Guan, P. (2008). Jing ji zhuan xing qi zhong guo nu xing chuang ye zhe she hui zi ben yu rong zi zhan lue yan jiu [Research on social capital and financing strategy of Chinese female entrepreneurs in economic transition period]. Ke ji jin bu yu dui ce, 25(11), 226229.Google Scholar
Marlow, S. (2002). Women and self-employment: A part of or apart from theoretical construct? The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 3(2), 8391. doi:10.5367/000000002101299088Google Scholar
Marlow, S., & McAdam, M. (2013). Gender and entrepreneurship: Advancing debate and challenging myths; exploring the mystery of the under‐performing female entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 19(1), 114124. doi:10.1108/13552551311299288Google Scholar
Marlow, S., & Patton, D. (2005). All credit to men? Entrepreneurship, finance, and gender. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 29(6), 717735. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00105.xGoogle Scholar
Marom, D., Robb, A., & Sade, O. (2016). Gender dynamics in crowdfunding (Kickstarter): Evidence on entrepreneurs, investors, deals and taste-based discrimination. ssrn.com/abstract=2442954. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2442954Google Scholar
Mohammadi, A., & Shafi, K. (2018). Gender differences in the contribution patterns of equity-crowdfunding investors. Small Business Economics, 50(2), 275287. doi:10.1007/s11187-016-9825-7Google Scholar
Mu, R., Liu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2017). Nu xing she hui wang luo guan xi yu chuang ye rong zi lie shi [Women’s social network and venture capital disadvantages]. Ke ji jin bu yu dui ce, 34(8), 8085.Google Scholar
Naldi, L., Nordqvist, M., Sjöberg, K., & Wiklund, J. (2007). Entrepreneurial orientation, risk taking, and performance in family firms. Family Business Review, 20(1), 3347. doi:10.1111/j.1741-6248.2007.00082.xGoogle Scholar
Nicolaou, N., & Shane, S. (2014). Biology, neuroscience, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Management Inquiry, 23(1), 98100. doi:10.1177/1056492613485914Google Scholar
Nicolaou, N., Shane, S., Cherkas, L., Hunkin, J., & Spector, T. D. (2008). Is the tendency to engage in entrepreneurship genetic? Management Science, 54(1), 167179. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1070.0761Google Scholar
Orser, B. J., Riding, A. L., & Manley, K. (2006). Women entrepreneurs and financial capital. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 643665. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00140.xGoogle Scholar
Peng, J. (2009). Nu xing chuang ye ji qi rong zi wen ti tan tao [Discussion on women’s entrepreneurship and finance]. Jing ji yan jiu dao kan, 42(4), 6465.Google Scholar
Powell, G. N., & Eddleston, K. A. (2013). Linking family-to-business enrichment and support to entrepreneurial success: Do female and male entrepreneurs experience different outcomes? Journal of Business Venturing, 28(2), 261280. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.02.007Google Scholar
Ridgeway, C. L. (2001). Gender, status, and leadership. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 637655. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00233Google Scholar
Robb, A. M., & Watson, J. (2012). Gender differences in firm performance: Evidence from new ventures in the United States. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(5), 544558. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.10.002Google Scholar
Russell, J. A., & Barrett, L. F. (1999). Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 805819. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01511.xGoogle Scholar
Saparito, P., Elam, A., & Brush, C. (2013). Bank–firm relationships: Do perceptions vary by gender? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(4), 837858. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00524.xGoogle Scholar
Schein, V. E. (1973). The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57(2), 95100. doi:10.1037/h0037128Google Scholar
Schein, V. E. (2001). A global look at psychological barriers to women’s progress in management. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 675688. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00235Google Scholar
Schlaegel, C., & Koenig, M. (2014). Determinants of entrepreneurial intent: A meta-analytic test and integration of competing models. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(2), 291332. doi:10.1111/etap.12087Google Scholar
Sexton, D. L., & Bowman-Upton, N. (1990). Female and male entrepreneurs: Psychological characteristics and their role in gender-related discrimination. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(1), 2936. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(90)90024-NGoogle Scholar
Shapero, A. (1982). Social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In Kent, C., Sexton, D., & Vesper, K. H. (Eds.), The encyclopedia of entrepreneurship (pp. 7290). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Shepherd, D. A. (2015). Party on! A call for entrepreneurship research that is more interactive, activity based, cognitively hot, compassionate, and prosocial. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(4), 489507. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2015.02.001Google Scholar
Teoh, H. Y., & Foo, S. L. (1997). Moderating effects of tolerance for ambiguity and risktaking propensity on the role conflict-perceived performance relationship: Evidence from Singaporean entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(1), 6781. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(96)00035-3Google Scholar
The Diana Project. (2018). The Diana Project. http://dianaproject.org/Google Scholar
Thébaud, S. (2015). Business as plan B: Institutional foundations of gender inequality in entrepreneurship across 24 industrialized countries. Administrative Science Quarterly, 60(4), 671711. doi:10.1177/0001839215591627Google Scholar
Vecchio, R. P. (2002). Leadership and gender advantage. Leadership Quarterly, 13(6), 643671. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00156-XGoogle Scholar
Verheul, I., & Thurik, R. (2001). Start-up capital: “Does gender matter?” Small Business Economics, 16(4), 329346. doi:10.1023/a:1011178629240CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, H. M., & Eccles, J. S. (Eds.). (2008). Gender and occupational outcomes: Longitudinal assessments of individual, social, and cultural influences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Welsh, D. H. B., Memili, E., Kaciak, E., & Ochi, M. (2014). Japanese women entrepreneurs: Implications for family firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(2), 286305. doi:10.1111/jsbm.12099Google Scholar
Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2001). The effects of stereotype activation on behavior: A review of possible mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 797826. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.127.6.797Google Scholar
Whyte, D. (1996). The heart aroused: Poetry and the preservation of the soul in corporate America. New York: Crown Business.Google Scholar
Wu, J., & Bao, L. (2008). Ji yu xin chuang qi ye de nu xing chuang ye cheng chang mo xing yan jiu – yi zhe jiang chao jie ji tuan wei li [Research on female entrepreneurial growth model – Using Zhejiang Chaojie Group as an example]. Ke yan guan li, 1, 2224.Google Scholar
Wu, J., Li, Y., & Yao, X. (2016). Nu xing chuang ye rong zi yan jiu zong shu [A review of literature on women’s entrepreneurial finance]. Fu nu yan jiu lun cong, 138(6), 118125.Google Scholar
Wu, Z., & Chua, J. H. (2012). Second-order gender effects: The case of U.S. small business borrowing cost. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(3), 443463. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00503.xGoogle Scholar
Yao, X., & Dai, Y. (2011). Guo nei nu xing chuang ye yan jiu shu ping [A review of Chinese female entrepeneurship research]. Jing ji wen ti tan suo, 1, 9498.Google Scholar
Yao, X., Qiao, S., & Long, D. (2014). Ji yu xing bie cha yi de nu xing chuang ye ji xiao yan jiu zong shu [A review of the women entrepreneurship performance research based on gender differences]. Hua dong jing ji guang li, 28(7), 157161.Google Scholar
Zhang, Z., Zyphur, M. J., Narayanan, J., Arvey, R. D., Chaturvedi, S., Avolio, B. J., … Larsson, G. (2009). The genetic basis of entrepreneurship: Effects of gender and personality. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 110(2), 93107. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.07.002Google Scholar

Suggested Readings

Rebecca J. Reichard is an Associate Professor of Organizational Behavior at Claremont Graduate University. She directs LeAD Labs, an applied research consulting group focused on leadership development. Her research and practice emphasize the development of individuals with traditionally less access to leadership opportunities, including minorities, women, and LGBT+ individuals. Reichard earned a PhD in management from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. She is an active member of the Academy of Management and the Society of Industrial/Organizational Psychology, and is the past-chair of the scholarship group for the International Leadership Association. She has published more than 40 journal articles and book chapters on leader development.

Leslie Trainor, MBA, is a doctoral student in Organizational Psychology at Claremont Graduate University and a Research Associate at LeAD Labs. Her research interests are women in leadership and toxic leadership. Trainor concurrently serves as the Deputy Director of the Riverside County Economic Development Agency where she oversees Economic Development, Workforce Development, the Office of Foreign Trade, Marketing, the Office of Film and Television, and several of the County’s nonprofit affiliates. Trainor has been involved in private-sector and public-sector business for over seventeen years and most enjoys helping others become self-empowered. Trainor’s parents were in the military, so she lived in several different countries, with the most time spent in Germany. Her favorite memories of living in Germany include all the wonderful candy at the local Trinkhalle, Volksmarching with her family, and eating freshly baked Brotchen. At her current job, she regularly hosts delegations from other countries and finds the variety of cultural norms to be completely fascinating

Krista Lynne Jensen is a doctoral student studying Positive Organizational Psychology and Women’s Studies at Claremont Graduate University. Her research focuses on taking an intersectional approach to understanding and facilitating the development of women leaders. Specifically, Jensen is interested in identifying, testing, and implementing evidence-based organizational intervention strategies to address barriers to women’s leadership development. Jensen graduated from Santa Clara University, California in 2014 with a degree in Psychology and a minor in Anthropology.

Inmaculada Macias-Alonso is a Research Fellow at the Women and Public Policy Program at Harvard Kennedy School. Her research focuses on the effects of sex and gender on the quantitative and qualitative content of feedback. Her most recent work contrasts the “think-manager-think-male” phenomenon with the “female leadership advantage” through the examination of leadership feedback provided to men and women. Macias-Alonso holds a PhD and MSc in Organizational Behavior from IE Business School (Spain), an MA in Area Studies from Leiden University, a BA in Political Science from Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, and a BA in Middle Eastern & Arabic Studies from Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. She has been a visiting lecturer at CESA School of Business in Bogota, a visiting graduate student at the Netherlands-Flemish Institute in Cairo, and an undergraduate exchange student at George Washington University in Washington, DC.

Cheung, F. M., & Halpern, D. F. (2010). Women at the top: Powerful leaders define success as work + family in a culture of gender. American Psychologist, 65, 182193. doi:10.1037/a0017309Google Scholar
Diehl, A. B., & Dzubinski, L. M. (2016). Making the invisible visible: A cross‐sector analysis of gender‐based leadership barriers. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 27, 181206. doi:10.1002/hrdq.21248Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H. & Carli, L. L. (2007). Through the Labyrinth: The truth about how women become leaders. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Ely, R. & Padavic, I. (2007). A feminist analysis of organizational research on sex differences. Academy of Management Review, 32, 11211143. doi:10.5465/amr.2007.26585842Google Scholar
Halpern, D. F., & Cheung, F. M. (2008). Women at the top: Powerful leaders tell us how to combine work and family. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781444305210Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in contextOnline Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1014Google Scholar
Sturm, S. (2001). Second generation employment discrimination: A structural approach. Columbia Law Review, 101(3), 458568. doi:10.2307/1123737Google Scholar

References

Ayman, R., & Korabik, K. (2010). Leadership: Why gender and culture matter. American Psychologist, 65, 157170. doi:10.1037/a0018806Google Scholar
Bartol, K. M., & Zhang, X. (2007). Networks and leadership development: Building linkages for capacity acquisition and capital accrual. Human Resource Management Review, 17, 388401. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.08.004Google Scholar
Bierema, L. L. (2016). Women’s leadership: Troubling notions of the “ideal” (male) leader. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 18, 119136. doi:10.1177/1523422316641398Google Scholar
Carli, L. L., & Eagly, A. H. (Eds.). (2001). Gender, hierarchy, and leadership. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 637655. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00232Google Scholar
Carnahan, S., & Greenwood, B. N. (2018). Managers’ political beliefs and gender inequality among subordinates: Does his ideology matter more than hers? Administrative Science Quarterly, 63(2), 287322. doi:10.1177/0001839217708780Google Scholar
Catalyst, . (2016). Quick take: Statistical overview of women in the workplace. New York: Catalyst. www.catalyst.org/knowledge/statistical-overview-women-workforceGoogle Scholar
Chin, J. L. (2014). Women and leadership. In Day, D. V. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of leadership and organizations (pp. 733753). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.12.004Google Scholar
Connell, R. W. (2005a). Masculinities (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Connell, R. W. (2005b). Change among gatekeepers: Men, masculinities, and gender equality in the global arena. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30, 18011825. doi:10.1086/427525Google Scholar
Cuddy, A. J. C., Wolf, E. B., Glick, P., Crotty, S., Chong, J., & Norton, M. I. (2015). Men as cultural ideals: Cultural values moderate gender stereotype content. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109, 622635. doi:10.1037/pspi0000027Google Scholar
Day, D. V. (2000). Leadership development: A review in context. Leadership Quarterly, 11, 581613. doi:10.1016/S1048–9843(00)00061-8Google Scholar
Day, D. V., & Dragoni, L. (2015). Leadership development: An outcome-oriented review based on time and levels of analyses. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2, 133156. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111328Google Scholar
Den Hartog, D. N., House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. A., Dorfman, P. W., Abdalla, I. A., … Zhou, J. (1999). Culture-specific and cross-culturally generalizable implicit leadership theories: Are attributes of charismatic/transformational leadership universally endorsed? Leadership Quarterly, 10, 219256. doi:10.1016/S1048–9843(99)00018-1Google Scholar
DeRue, D. S., & Ashford, S. J. (2010). Who will lead and who will follow? A social process of leadership identity construction in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 35, 627647. doi:10.5465/amr.35.4.zok627Google Scholar
DeRue, D. S., & Myers, C. G. (2014). Leadership development: A review and agenda for future research. In Day, D. V. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of leadership and organizations (pp. 832858). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199755615.001.0001Google Scholar
Dickson, M. W., Den Hartog, D. N., & Mitchelson, J. K. (2003). Research on leadership in a cross-cultural context: Making progress and raising new questions. Leadership Quarterly, 14, 729768. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.002Google Scholar
Diehl, A. B., & Dzubinski, L. M. (2016). Making the invisible visible: A cross‐sector analysis of gender‐based leadership barriers. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 27, 181206. doi:10.1002/hrdq.21248Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H. (2005). Achieving relational authenticity in leadership: Does gender matter? Leadership Quarterly, 16, 459474. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.007Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2007). Through the Labyrinth: The truth about how women become leaders. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573598. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573Google Scholar
Ely, R. J., Ibarra, H., & Kolb, D. M. (2011). Taking gender into account: Theory and design for women’s leadership development programs. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 11(3), 474493. doi:10.5465/amle.2010.0046Google Scholar
Ely, R. & Padavic, I. (2007). A feminist analysis of organizational research on sex differences. Academy of Management Review, 32, 11211143. doi:10.5465/amr.2007.26585842Google Scholar
Emrich, C. G., Denmark, F. L., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2004). Cross-cultural differences in gender egalitarianism: Implications for societies, organizations and leaders. In House, R. J., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., Dorfman, P., & Gupta, V. V. (Eds.), Culture, leadership, and organizations: A 62 nation GLOBE study (pp. 343394). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Erez, M., and Gati, E. (2004). A dynamic, multi-level model of culture: From the micro-level of the individual to the macro-level of a global culture. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53, 583598. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00190.xGoogle Scholar
Fine, M. G. (2003). Building successful multicultural organizations: Challenges and opportunities. In Ely, R. J., Foldy, E. G., & Scully, M. A. (Eds.), Reader in gender, work, and organization (pp. 308317). Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Fletcher, J. K. & Ely, R. J. (2003). Introducing gender: Overview. In Ely, R. J., Foldy, E. G., & Scully, M. A. (Eds.), Reader in gender, work, and organization (pp. 39). Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Geertz, C. (1993). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. London: Fontana.Google Scholar
Gerstner, C. R. & Day, D. V. (1994). Cross-cultural comparison of leadership prototypes. Leadership Quarterly, 5, 121134. doi:10.1016/1048-9843(94)90024-8Google Scholar
GLOBE Project (n.d.). Visual results of the 2004 culture and leadership study. www.globeproject.comGoogle Scholar
Halpern, D. F., & Cheung, F. M. (2008). Women at the top: Powerful leaders tell us how to combine work and family. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781444305210Google Scholar
Heilman, M. E. (2012). Gender stereotypes and workplace bias. Research in Organizational Behavior, 32, 113135. doi:10.1016/j.riob.2012.11.003Google Scholar
Higgins, M. C., & Kram, K. E. (2001). Reconceptualizing mentoring at work: A developmental network perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 264288. doi:10.5465/amr.2001.4378023Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in contextOnline Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1014Google Scholar
Hogg, M. A. (2001). A social identity theory of leadership. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 184200. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0503_1Google Scholar
House, R., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., & Dorfman, P. (2002). Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: An introduction to project GLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37, 310. doi:10.1016/S1090–9516(01)00069-4Google Scholar
House, R. J. Javidan, M., Hanges, P., Dorfman, P., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Htun, M., & Weldon, S. (2010). When do governments promote women’s rights? A framework for the comparative analysis of sex equality policy. Perspectives on Politics, 8, 207216. doi:10.1017/S1537592709992787Google Scholar
Ibarra, H., Ely, R., & Kolb, D. (2013). Women rising: The unseen barriers. Harvard Business Review, 91(9), 6066. hbr.org/2013/09/women-rising-the-unseen-barriersGoogle Scholar
Johnson, S. K., Murphy, S. E., Zewdie, S., & Reichard, R. J. (2008). The strong, sensitive type: Effects of gender stereotypes and leadership prototypes on the evaluation of male and female leaders. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 106, 3960. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.12.002Google Scholar
Johnson, S. K., Putter, S., Reichard, R. J., Hoffmeister, K., Cigularov, K. P., Gibbons, A. M., Chen, P. Y., & Rosecrance, J. C. (2018). Mastery goal orientation and performance affect the development of leader efficacy during leader development. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 25(1), 3046. doi:10.1177/1548051817713689Google Scholar
Kolb, D., Fletcher, J. K., Meyerson, D. E., Merrill-Sands, D., & Ely, R. J. (2003). Making change: A framework for promoting gender equity in organizations. In Ely, R. J., Foldy, E. G., & Scully, M. A. (Eds.), Reader in gender, work, and organization (pp. 1015). Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lord, R. G., Day, D. V., Zaccaro, S. J., Avolio, B. J., & Eagly, A. H. (2017). Leadership in applied psychology: Three waves of theory and research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102, 434451. doi:10.1037/apl0000089Google Scholar
Lord, R. G., & Hall, R. J. (2005). Identity, deep structure and the development of leadership skills. Leadership Quarterly, 16(4), 591615. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.06.003Google Scholar
Meyerson, D. E., & Fletcher, J. K. (2003). A modest manifesto for shattering the glass ceiling. In Ely, R. J., Foldy, E. G., & Scully, M. A. (Eds.), Reader in gender, work, and organization (pp. 230241). Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Morawski, J. G., & St. Martin, J. (2011). The evolving vocabulary of the social sciences: The case of “socialization.History of Psychology, 14, 125. doi:10.1037/a0021984Google Scholar
Offermann, L. R., & Hellmann, P. S. (1997). Culture’s consequences for leadership behavior: National values in action. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,28, 342351. doi:10.1177/0022022197283008Google Scholar
Post, C., & Byron, K. (2015). Women on board and firm financial performance: A meta-analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 58, 15461571. doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0319Google Scholar
Reichard, R. J., & Johnson, S. K. (2011). Leader self-development as organizational strategy. Leadership Quarterly, 22, 3342. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.005Google Scholar
Schein, V. E., Mueller, R., Lituchy, T., & Liu, J. (1996). Think manager–think male: A global phenomenon? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17, 3341. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199601)17:1<33::AID-JOB778>3.0.CO;2-FGoogle Scholar
Schwab, K., Samans, R., Zahidi, S., Leopold, T. A., Ratcheva, V., Hausmann, R., & Tyson, L. D. (2017). The global gender gap report 2017. Geneva: World Economic Forum. www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-gender-gap-report-2017/Google Scholar
Schyns, B., & Meindl, J. R. (2005). An overview of implicit leadership theories and their application in organization practice. In Schyns, B. & Meindl, J. R. (Eds.), Implicit leadership theories: Essays and explorations (pp. 1536). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.Google Scholar
Shaiq, H. M. A., Khalid, H. M. S., Akram, A., & Ali, B. (2011). Why not everybody loves Hofstede? What are the alternative approaches to study of culture? European Journal of Business and Management, 3, 101111. www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/EJBM/article/view/539Google Scholar
Smith, P. B., Peterson, M. F., & Schwartz, S. H. (2002). Cultural values, sources of guidance, and their relevance to managerial behavior a 47-nation study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 188208. doi:10.1177/0022022102033002005Google Scholar
Sturm, S. (2001). Second generation employment discrimination: A structural approach. Columbia Law Review, 101 (3), 458568. doi:10.2307/1123737Google Scholar
Terjesen, S., Aguilera, R. V., & Lorenz, R. (2015). Legislating a woman’s seat on the board: Institutional factors driving gender quotas for boards of directors. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(2), 233251. doi:10.1007/s10551–014-2083-1Google Scholar
Torchia, M., Calabrò, A., & Huse, M. (2011). Women directors on corporate boards: From tokenism to critical mass. Journal of Business Ethics, 102(2), 299317. doi:10.1007/s10551–011-0815-zGoogle Scholar
Torgrimson, B. N., & Minson, C. T. (2005). Sex and gender: What is the difference? Journal of Applied Physiology, 99(3), 785787. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00376.2005Google Scholar
van Dijk, H., van Engen, M. L., & van Knippenberg, D. (2012). Defying conventional wisdom: A meta-analytical examination of the differences between demographic and job-related diversity relationships with performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 119, 3853. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.06.003Google Scholar
Woetzel, J., Madgavkar, A., Ellingrud, K., Labile, E., Devillard, S., Kutcher, E., Manyika, J., Dobbs, R., & Krishnan, M. (2015). The power of parity: How advancing women’s equality can add $12 trillion to global growth. McKinsey Global Institute. www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/how-advancing-womens-equality-can-add-12-trillion-to-global-growthGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2013). Gender at work, a companion to the 2013 world development report on jobs. www.worldbank.org/en/topic/gender/publication/gender-at-work-companion-report-to-world-development-report-2013-jobsGoogle Scholar
Yukl, G. (2008). How leaders influence organizational effectiveness. Leadership Quarterly, 19, 708722. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.09.008Google Scholar
Zheng, W., Kark, R., & Meister, A.L. (2018). Paradox versus dilemma mindset: A theory of how women leaders navigate the tensions between agency and communion. Leadership Quarterly, 29(5), 584596. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.04.001Google Scholar

Suggested Readings

Oi-ling Siu is Chair Professor and Dean of Faculty of Social Sciences, Lingnan University, Hong Kong. She attended University of Strathclyde for her undergraduate degree, University of Hong Kong for her AdvDipEd and master’s degree, and University of Liverpool for her PhD. Her research interests include occupational stress, work–life balance and psychology of safety. She is one of the Top 25 work–family scholars in the world (Google Scholar, May 2017) and was awarded 2018 “Top 50” overall contributor to work and family research by Work and Family Researchers Network, Washington, DC. Siu is the Editor of International Journal of Stress Management and Associate Editor of Journal of Occupational Health Psychology.

Hai-Jiang Wang is an Associate Professor at the School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Born in Shandong Province, he attended Zhengzhou University for his Bachelor of Engineering Peking University for his master’s degree in Industrial and Occupational Psychology, and Eindhoven University of Technology Netherlands for his PhD. He has worked in Lingnan University in Hong Kong for two years, and visited University of Verona for a month. His research areas include job design, work stress, and leadership. He is an editorial board member of the International Journal of Stress and Management.

Milan Pagon is a Pro-Vice Chancellor at the Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB) in Dhaka. He holds an ScD in Organizational Sciences (Human Resource Management) from the University of Maribor, Slovenia where he was born and raised, and a second PhD in Business Administration (Management/Organizational Behavior) from the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, as a Fulbright Scholar. His research focus is on human resource management. Pagon has worked in Europe (Slovenia, North Cyprus, and Italy), the United States, and the United Arab Emirates, and has been living and working in Bangladesh for the last five years.

Leka, S., & Houdmont, J. (Eds.). (2010). Occupational health psychology. Malden, MA: Wiley.Google Scholar
Nelson, D. L., & Burke, R. J. (Eds.). (2002). Gender, work stress, and health. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies. (2015). Occupational safety and health in Bangladesh: National profile. http://bilsbd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/BILS-ILO-Study_OSH-Profile_Final-Report_29-June-2015.pdfGoogle Scholar
Wanberg, C. R. (Ed.). (2012). The Oxford handbook of organizational socializationOxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

References

Absar, S. S. (2003). Health hazards and labour laws in Bangladesh: A narrative-based study on women garment workers. Asian Journal of Social Science, 31(3), 452477. doi:10.1163/156853103322895342Google Scholar
Ahmad-Nia, S. (2002). Women’s work and health in Iran: A comparison of working and non-working mothers. Social Science & Medicine, 54(5), 753765. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00107-1Google Scholar
Akhter, S., Rutherford, S., & Chu, C. (2017a). What makes pregnant workers sick: Why, when, where and how? An exploratory study in the ready-made garment industry in Bangladesh. Reproductive Health, 14, 142. doi:10.1186/s12978-017-0396-0.Google Scholar
Akhter, S., Rutherford, S., Akhter Kumkum, F. A., Bromwich, D., Anwar, I., Rahman, A., & Chu, C. (2017b). Work, gender roles, and health: Neglected mental health issues among female workers in the ready-made garment industry in Bangladesh. International Journal of Women’s Health, 9, 571579. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S137250.Google Scholar
Ali, F., & Kramar, R. (2015). An exploratory study of sexual harassment in Pakistani organizations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 32(1), 229249. doi:10.1007/s10490-014-9380-1Google Scholar
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). Organizational socialization tactics: A longitudinal analysis of links to newcomers’ commitment and role orientation. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 847858. doi:10.5465/256294Google Scholar
Ashford, S. J., & Black, J. S. (1996). Proactivity during organizational entry: The role of desire for control. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 199214. doi:10.1037//0021-9010.81.2.199Google Scholar
Ashforth, B. E., Sluss, D. M., & Saks, A. M. (2007). Socialization tactics, proactive behavior, and newcomer learning: Integrating socialization models. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(3), 447462. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.02.001Google Scholar
Asnani, V., Pandey, U. D., & Sawhney, M. (2004). Social support and occupational health of working women. Journal of Health Management, 6(2), 129139. doi:10.1177/097206340400600204Google Scholar
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309328. doi:10.1108/02683940710733115Google Scholar
Bauer, T. N., Bodner, T., Erdogan, B., Truxillo, D. M., & Tucker, J. S. (2007). Newcomer adjustment during organizational socialization: A meta-analytic review of antecedents, outcomes, and methods. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 707721. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.3.707Google Scholar
Chaudhuri Zohir, S. (2001). Social impact of the growth of garment industry in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Development Studies, 27(4), 4180.Google Scholar
Choi, B. (2004). An international comparison of women’s health issues in the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Canada, Hong Kong, and Singapore: The CIDA-SEAGEP study. Scientific World Journal, 4, 9891006. doi:10.1100/tsw.2004.201Google Scholar
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499512. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499Google Scholar
Dhanabhakyam, M., & Malarvizhi, J. (2014). Work–family conflict and work stress among married working women in public and private sector organizations. International Research Journal of Business and Management, 7(10), 4652.Google Scholar
Ding, X., Li, J., & Wang, J. (2008). In pursuit of technological innovation: China’s science and technology policies and financial and fiscal incentives. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15, 816831. doi:10.1108/14626000810917889Google Scholar
Ellis, A. M., Bauer, T. N., Mansfield, L. R., Erdogan, B., Truxillo, D. M., & Simon, L. S. (2015). Navigating uncharted waters: Newcomer socialization through the lens of stress theory. Journal of Management, 41(1), 203235. doi:10.1177/0149206314557525Google Scholar
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. (2007). Expert forecast on emerging psychosocial risks related to occupational safety and health. European Communities, Luxembourg. osha.europa.eu/en/publications/reports/7807118.Google Scholar
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. (2014). Calculating the cost of work-related stress and psychosocial risks – European Risk Observatory: A literature review. Luxembourg: Publications Office of European Union. osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/publications/literature_reviews/calculating-the-cost-of-work-related-stress-and-psychosocial-risks.Google Scholar
Fei, L. K., Kuan, N. Y., Yang, F. C., Hing, L. Y., & Yaw, W. K. (2017). Occupational stress among women managers. Global Business and Management Research, 9(1s), 415427.Google Scholar
Fitch, T., Villanueva, G., Quadir, M. M., Sagiraju, H. K. R., & Alamgir, H. (2015). The prevalence and risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder among workers injured in Rana Plaza building collapse in Bangladesh. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 58(7), 756763. doi:10.1002/ajim.22471.Google Scholar
Grant, A. M., & Ashford, S. J. (2008). The dynamics of proactivity at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 28, 334. doi:10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.002Google Scholar
Hengartner, M. P., Islam, M. N., Haker, H., & Rössler, W. (2015). Mental health and functioning of female sex workers in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6, 176177. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00176.Google Scholar
Jacob, D. K. (2012). Occupational stress and job satisfaction among working women in banks. Paradigm, 16(1), 2938. doi:10.1177/0971890720120105Google Scholar
Jacoby, J. (2018). What’s changed (and what hasn’t) since the Rana Plaza nightmare. Open Society Foundations. www.opensocietyfoundations.org/ voices/what-s-changed-and-what-hasn-t-rana-plaza-nightmare.Google Scholar
Janz, B. D., Colquitt, J. A., & Noe, R. A. (1997). Knowledge worker team effectiveness: The role of autonomy, interdependence, team development, and contextual support variables. Personnel Psychology, 50, 877904. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1997.tb01486.xGoogle Scholar
Jones, G. R. (1986). Socialization tactics, self-efficacy, and newcomers’ adjustments to organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 29(2), 262279. doi:10.2307/256188Google Scholar
Kalliath, T., Brough, P., O’Driscoll, M., Manimala, M., Siu, O. L, & Parker, S. (2014). Organizational behaviour: An organizational psychology perspective for the Asia Pacific. (2nd ed.). Sydney: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Karthikeyan, J. (2017). Influencers of stress level among working women in Chennai city. Sumedha Journal of Management, 6(1), 103108.Google Scholar
Katz, K. R., McDowell, M., Johnson, L., & Aziz, S. (2016). “I won’t be able to go home being pregnant”: Sex work and pregnancy in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 18(7), 756769. doi:10.1080/13691058.2015.1124455Google Scholar
Keita, G. P. (2007 ). Psychosocial and cultural contributions to depression in women: Considerations for women midlife and beyond. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy, 13(9 Supp. A), 1215. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2007.13.9-a.12Google Scholar
Kowtha, R. (2013). Not separate but unequal: Gender and organizational socialization of newcomers. Asian Women, 29, 4777. doi:10.14431/aw.2013.03.29.1.47Google Scholar
Lindstrom-Hazel, D., Habib, M., Nahar, N., & Ullah, M. M. (2015). Work in Bangladesh. Work, 50(3), 343345. doi:10.3233/WOR-151989Google Scholar
Maakip, I., Oakman, J., & Stuckey, R. (2017). Gender, cultural influences, and coping with musculoskeletal pain at work: The experience of Malaysian female office workers. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 27(2), 228238. doi:10.1007/s10926-016-9650-5Google Scholar
Mahmud, S. (2003). Is Bangladesh experiencing a “feminization” of the labor force? Bangladesh Development Studies, 29(1/2), 137. www.jstor.org/stable/40795670Google Scholar
Messing, K., Punnett, L., Bond, M., Alexanderson, K., Pyle, J., Zahm, S., … de Grosbois, S. (2003). Be the fairest of them all: Challenges and recommendations for the treatment of gender in occupational health research. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 43(6), 618629. doi:10.1002/ajim.10225Google Scholar
Miller, K., Greyling, M., Cooper, C., Lu, L., Sparks, K., & Spector, P. E. (2000). Occupational stress and gender: A cross-cultural study. Stress and Health, 16(5), 271278. doi:10.1002/1099-1700(200010)16:5<271::AID-SMI862>3.0.CO;2-GGoogle Scholar
Mondal, N. I., Hossain, K., Islam, R., & Mian, A. B. (2008). Sexual behavior and sexually transmitted diseases in street-based female sex workers in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 12(4), 287292. doi:10.1590/S1413-86702008000400006Google Scholar
Mycos Institute. (2015). Chinese college graduates’ employment annual report 2011. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press. doi:10.1590/s1413-86702008000400006Google Scholar
Nair, A. G., Jain, P., Agarwal, A., & Jain, V. (2017). Work satisfaction, burnout and gender-based inequalities among ophthalmologists in India: A survey. Work, 56(2), 221228. doi:10.3233/wor-172488Google Scholar
Naved, R., Rahman, T., Willan, S., Jewkes, R., & Gibbs, A. (2018). Female garment workers’ experiences of violence in their homes and workplaces in Bangladesh: A qualitative study. Social Science & Medicine, 196, 150157. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.040.Google Scholar
Occupational Safety & Health Council. (2006). Work stress management DIY kit (2nd ed.). Hong Kong: OSHC.Google Scholar
Papia, M. J. & Ruma, A. (2014). Impact of occupational risk factors on the woman reproductive health in Bangladesh: A perspective. Journal of Commerce & Management Thought, 5(1), 4769. doi:10.5958/j.0976-478X.5.1.005.Google Scholar
Perez, E. F. (2016). Personality types and level of organizational stress of women managers in big four accounting firms in Vietnam. International Journal of Business and Information, 11(1), 92110.Google Scholar
Pritu, J. A. (2018). Initiative to end gender-based violence in the garments industry. Daily Star, Dhaka, August 28. www.dhakatribune.com/ business/2018/08/28/initiative-to-end-gender-based-violence-in-the-garments-industry.Google Scholar
Rani, K. J., & Muzhumathi, M. R. (2012). Examining the relationship between work–family conflict and organisational role stress among women professionals in Chennai city. European Journal of Business and Management, 4(15), 1122.Google Scholar
Rosa, H. (2013). Acceleration at work. Paper presented at the 16th Conference of the European Association of Work and Organizational Psychology, Muenster, Germany.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 7192. doi:10.1023/A:1015630930326Google Scholar
Siu, O. L., Cheung, F., & Lui, S. (2015). Linking positive emotions to work well-being and turnover intention among Hong Kong police officers: The role of psychological capital. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(2), 367380. doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9513-8Google Scholar
Siu, O. L., Cooper, C. L., & Phillips, D. R. (2014). Intervention studies on enhancing work well-being, reducing burnout, and improving recovery experiences among Hong Kong health care workers and teachers. International Journal of Stress Management, 21(1), 6984. doi:10.1037/a0033291Google Scholar
Siu, O., Lu, C. and Spector, P. E. (2007). Employees’ well‐being in Greater China: The direct and moderating effects of general self‐efficacy. Applied Psychology, 56, 288301. DOI::10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00255.xGoogle Scholar
Siu, O., Lu, C. and Spector, P. E. (2013). Direct and indirect relationship between social stressors and job performance in Greater China: The role of strain and social support. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22, 520531. doi:10.1080/1359432x.2012.665606Google Scholar
Siu, O. L., & Phillips, D. R. (2005a). Study of stress among staff in MTRCL, commissioned by MTR Corporation Limited. Unpublished Report, MTRCL.Google Scholar
Siu, O. L., & Phillips, D. R. (2005b). A consultancy study on “occupational stress in the workplace” commissioned by Occupational Safety & Health Council. Unpublished Report, OSHC.Google Scholar
Sojo, V. E., Wood, R. E., & Genat, A. E. (2016). Harmful workplace experiences and women’s occupational well-being: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(1), 1040. doi:10.1177/0361684315599346Google Scholar
Spector, P. E. (2012). Industrial and organizational psychology: Research and practice (6th ed.). Singapore: Wiley.Google Scholar
Syeda, S. S. (2003). Health hazards and labour laws in Bangladesh: A narrative-based study on women garment workers. Asian Journal of Social Science, 31(3), 452477. doi:10.1163/156853103322895342Google Scholar
Sznajder, K. K., Harlow, S. D., Burgard, S. A., Wang, Y., Han, C., & Liu, J. (2014). Gynecologic pain related to occupational stress among female factory workers in Tianjin, China. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 20(1), 3345. doi:10.1179/2049396713y.0000000053Google Scholar
Thanh, L. (2016). Relationship at work as a cause of occupational stress: The case of academic women in Vietnam. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 10(1), 4257. doi:10.1186/s13033-016-0078-2Google Scholar
Van Maanen, J., & Schein, E. H. (1979). Toward a theory of organizational socialization. Research in Organizational Behavior, 1, 209264.Google Scholar
Wahed, T., Alam, A., Sultana, S., Alam, N., & Somrongthong, R. (2017a). Sexual and reproductive health behaviors of female sex workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS One, 12(4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174540Google Scholar
Wahed, T., Alam, A., Sultana, S., Rahman, M., Alam, N., Martens, M., & Somrongthong, R. (2017b). Barriers to sexual and reproductive healthcare services as experienced by female sex workers and service providers in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. PLoS One, 12(7). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182249Google Scholar

Suggested Readings

Ujvala Rajadhyaksha is Associate Professor in the College of Business at Governors State University in the United States. She has held full-time faculty positions at Saint Mary’s College, Notre Dame, Indiana, the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay and the Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta,. Her research interests include work and family issues, gender issues and intercultural and cross-cultural issues in management. She has been a collaborator on three large-scale cross-cultural W–F studies. Her research has been published in Human Relations, Sex Roles, Journal of Business Ethics, Journal of Management Education, and Applied Psychology and Organizational Dynamics. Ujvala deeply identifies with the topic of dual-earner couples with her personal experience of juggling work and life in tandem with her husband across three countries and multiple cultures. Her doctoral dissertation was a study of the work–family conflict of dual-career couples in India across the work–family life cycle. One of her thesis publications was nominated for the Rosabeth Moss Kanter Award for Work and Family Research in 2001. Ujvala was born and raised in Mumbai. She attended college and graduate school in India. She has lived and worked in India, China, and the United States, and spent a semester in Canada on the Shastri Indo-Canadian Fellowship.

Burcin Baskurt has a PhD in Social and Organizational Psychology from Koç University, Istanbul.  She earned her BA in Sociology at Bogazici University and her MA in Comparative Studies in History and Society at Koç University. Her doctoral research concentrated on career decisions of young people in Turkey and antecedents of career change intentions of young employees. Her main areas of research include interrelations between gender, work, and education. She has been working in various national and international research projects, including career tracks of social sciences and humanities PhD graduates, success definitions of entrepreneurs, positive development of early adolescents, and fears of women and men in leadership positions.  She has journal publications, book chapters, and conference proceedings on these different topics. She received the Graduate Studies Excellence Award from Koç University and the Crosby-Spendlove Award from SPSSI in support of feminist perspective and social justice. Baskurt was born in Istanbul, where she attended college and graduate school. She spent a semester in her senior year in Michigan. She has been living in London since June 2018.

Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., Mauno, S., & Rantanen, J. (2010). Interface between work and family: A longitudinal individual and crossover perspective, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 119137. doi:10.1348/096317908X399420Google Scholar
Liu, H. M., & Cheung, F. M. (2015). Testing crossover effects in an actor–partner interdependence model among Chinese dual-earner couples. International Journal of Psychology, 50(2), 106114. doi:10.1002/ijop.12070Google Scholar
Liu, H., Ngo, H. Y., & Cheung, F. M. (2016). Work–family enrichment and marital satisfaction among Chinese couples: A crossoverspillover perspective. International Journal of Stress Management, 23(2), 209231. doi:10.1037/a0039753Google Scholar
Malach Pines, A., Neal, M. A., Hammer, L., & Icekson, T. (2011). Job burnout and couple burnout in dual-earner couples in the sandwiched generation, Social Psychology Quarterly, 74(4), 361386. doi:10.1177/0190272511422452Google Scholar
Westman, M. (2001). Stress and strain crossover. Human Relations, 54(6), 717751. doi:10.1177/0018726701546002Google Scholar

References

Amstad, F. T., Meier, L. L., Fasel, U., Elfering, A., & Semmer, N. K. (2011). A meta-analysis of work–family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(2), 151169. doi:10.1037/a0022170Google Scholar
Anafarta, N. (2011). The relationship between work–family conflict and job satisfaction: A structural equation modeling approach. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(4), 168177. doi:10.5539/ijbm.v6n4p168Google Scholar
Ashkanasy, N. M., Trevor-Roberts, E., & Earnshaw, L. (2002). The Anglo cluster: Legacy of the British empire. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 2839. doi:10.1016/S1090–9516(01)00072-4Google Scholar
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2013). The spillover–crossover model. In Grzywacz, J. G. & Demerouti, E. (Eds.), New frontiers in work and family research (pp. 5469). Hove: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Bass, B., Butler, A., Grzywacz, J., & Linney, K. (2009). Do job demands undermine parenting? A daily analysis of spillover and crossover effects. Family Relations, 58(2), 201215. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00547.xGoogle Scholar
Bhatnagar, D., & Rajadhyaksha, U. (2001). Attitudes towards work and family roles and their implications for career growth of women: A report from India. Sex Roles, 45(7–8), 549–565. doi:10.1023/A:1014814931671Google Scholar
Bolak, H. C. (1997). When wives are major providers: Culture, gender, and family work. Gender and Society, 11(4), 409433. doi:10.1177/089124397011004003Google Scholar
Bolger, N., DeLongis, A., Kessler, R. C., & Wethington, E. (1989). The contagion of stress across multiple roles. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51(1), 175183. doi:10.2307/352378Google Scholar
Brockwood, K. J., Hammer, L. B., Neal, M. B., & Colton, C. L. (2001). Effects of accommodations made at home and at work on wives’ and husbands’ family and job satisfaction. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy: An International Forum, 13(2–3), 4164. doi:10.1300/J086v13n02_04Google Scholar
Capri, B., & Gokcakan, Z. (2012). Eş tükenmişliğinin yordanmasında cinsiyet farklılıkları / Gender differences in predicting couple burnout. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 3553.Google Scholar
Carlson, D. S., Ferguson, M., Kacmar, K. M., Grzywacz, J. G., & Whitten, D. (2011). Pay it forward: The positive crossover effects of supervisor work–family enrichment. Journal of Management, 37, 770789. doi:10.1177/0149206310363613Google Scholar
Cinamon, R. G., Weisel, A., & Tzuk, K. (2007). Work–family conflict within the family: Crossover effects, perceived parent–child interaction quality, parental self-efficacy, and life role attributions. Journal of Career Development, 34, 79100. doi:10.1177/0894845307304066Google Scholar
Crossfield, S., Kinman, G., & Jones, F. (2005). Crossover of occupational stress in dual-career couples: The role of work demands and supports, job commitment and marital communication. Community, Work & Family, 8(2), 211232. doi:10.1080/13668800500049779Google Scholar
Derya, S. (2008). Crossover of work–family conflict: Antecedent and consequences of crossover process in dual-earner couples. Thesis, Koç Üniversitesi, Istanbul.Google Scholar
Desrochers, S., Sargent, L. D., & Hostetler, A. J. (2012). Boundary-spanning demands, personal mastery, and family satisfaction: Individual and crossover effects among dual-earner parents. Marriage & Family Review, 48(5), 443464. doi:10.1080/01494929.2012.677377Google Scholar
Doumas, D. M., Margolin, G., & John, R. S. (2003). The relationship between daily marital interaction, work, and health-promoting behaviors in dual-earner couples: An extension of the work–family spillover model. Journal of Family Issues, 24(1), 320. doi:10.1177/0192513X02238518Google Scholar
Eby, L. T., Casper, W. J., Lockwood, A., Bordeaux, C., & Brinley, A. (2005). Work and family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature (1980–2002). Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 124197. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2003.11.003Google Scholar
Erdamar, G., & Demirel, H. (2014). Investigation of work–family, family–work conflict of the teachers. (5th World Conference on Educational Sciences.) Procedia. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 49194924. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1050Google Scholar
Eshak, E. S., Kamal, N. N., Seedhom, A. E., & Kamal, N. N. (2018). Work–family conflict and self-rated health among dwellers in Minia, Egypt: Financial strain vs social support. Public Health, 157, 6976. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2018.01.016Google Scholar
French, K. A., & Johnson, R. C. (2016). A retrospective timeline of the evolution of work–family research. In Allen, T. D. & Eby, L. T. (Eds.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of work and family (pp. 922). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. K. (1992a). Antecedents and outcomes of work–family conflict: Testing a model of the work–family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 6578. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.77.1.65Google Scholar
Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. K. (1992b). Prevalence of work–family conflict: Are work and family boundaries asymmetrically permeable? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(7), 723729. doi:10.1002/job.4030130708Google Scholar
Geurts, S. A. E., & Demerouti, E. (2003). Work/non-work interface: A review of theories and findings. In Schabracq, M. J., Winnubst, J. A. M., & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.), Handbook of work and health psychology (pp. 279–312). Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Giray, M. D., & Ergin, C. (2006). Çift kariyerli ailelerde bireylerin yaşadıkları iş-aile ve aile-iş çatışmalarının kendini kurgulama davranışı ve Yaşam olayları ile ilişkisi / The effects of stressful life events and self-monitoring behavior on work–family conflict in dual career families. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 21(57), 83101.Google Scholar
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 7688. doi:10.2307/258214Google Scholar
Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work–family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 7292. doi:10.2307/20159186Google Scholar
Grzywacz, J. G., & Marks, N. F. (2000). Reconceptualizing the work–family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 111126. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.111Google Scholar
Hammer, L. B., Cullen, J. C., Neal, M. B., Sinclair, R. R., & Shafiro, M. V. (2005). The longitudinal effects of work–family conflict and positive spillover on depressive symptoms among dual-earner couples. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 138154. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.138Google Scholar
Ho, M. Y., Chen, X. F., Cheung, F. M., Liu, H. M., & Worthington, E. L. (2013). A dyadic model of the work–family interface: A study of dual-earner couples in China. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18, 5363. doi:10.1037/a0030885Google Scholar
Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., Mauno, S., & Rantanen, J. (2010). Interface between work and family: A longitudinal individual and crossover perspective, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 119137. doi:10.1348/096317908X399420Google Scholar
Korabik, K., McElwain, A., & Chappell, D. (2008). Integrating gender-related issues into research on work and family. In Korabik, K., Lero, D. S., & Whitehead, D. L. (Eds.), Handbook of work–family integration: Research, theory, and best practices (pp. 215232). San Diego, CA: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978–012372574-5.50015-6Google Scholar
Lagerström, M., Josephson, M., Arsalani, N., & Fallahi-Khoshknab, M. (2010). Striving for balance between family and work demands among Iranian nurses. Nursing Science Quarterly, 23(2), 166172. doi:10.1177/0894318410362543Google Scholar
Lavee, Y., & Ben-Ari, A. (2007). Relationship of dyadic closeness with work-related stress: A daily diary study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(4), 10211035. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00428.xGoogle Scholar
Liu, H. M. (2013). How work–family interface affects an intimate partner: A test of crossover effects in Chinese dual-earner couples. Doctoral thesis, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.Google Scholar
Liu, H. M., & Cheung, F. M. (2014). The moderating role of empathy in the work–family crossover process between Chinese dual-earner couples. Journal of Career Assessment, 23(3), 442458. doi:10.1177/1069072714547612Google Scholar
Liu, H. M., & Cheung, F. M. (2015). Testing crossover affects in an actor–partner interdependence model among Chinese dual-earner couples. International Journal of Psychology, 50(2), 106114. doi:10.1002/ijop.12070Google Scholar
Liu, H., Ngo, H. Y., & Cheung, F. M. (2016). Work–family enrichment and marital satisfaction among Chinese couples: A crossover–spillover perspective. International Journal of Stress Management, 23(2), 209231. doi:10.1037/a0039753Google Scholar
Malach Pines, A., Neal, M. A., Hammer, L., & Icekson, T. (2011). Job burnout and couple burnout in dual-earner couples in the sandwiched generation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 74(4), 361386. doi:10.1177/0190272511422452Google Scholar
Matias, M., Ferreira, T., Vieira, J., Cadima, J., Leal, T., & Matos, P. (2017). Work–family conflict, psychological availability, and child emotion regulation: Spillover and crossover in dual-earner families. Personal Relationships, 24, 623639. doi:10.1111/pere.12198Google Scholar
Mert, İ. S., & Bekmezci, M. (2016). İki kariyerli aile çalışanlarında iş ve yaşam tatmini. Türk Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 4354.Google Scholar
Minnotte, K. L., Stevens, D. P., Minnotte, M. C., & Kiger, G. (2007). Emotion-work performance among dual-earner couples: Testing four theoretical perspectives. Journal of Family Issues, 28(6), 773793. doi:10.1177/0192513X07299676Google Scholar
OECD. (2018). Labor force participation rate. data.oecd.org/emp/labour-force-participation-rate.htm.Google Scholar
Özbilgin, M., Beauregard, A., Tatli, A., & Bell, M. (2011). Work–life, diversity and intersectionality: A critical review and research agendaInternational Journal of Management Reviews13(2), 177198. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2010.00291.xGoogle Scholar
Pedersen, D. E., & Minnotte, K. L. (2012). Self- and spouse-reported work–family conflict and dual-earners’ job satisfaction. Marriage & Family Review, 48(3), 272292. doi:10.1080/01494929.2012.665015Google Scholar
Pleck, J. H. (1977). The work–family role system. Social Problems, 24(4), 417427, doi:10.2307/800135Google Scholar
Rajadhyaksha, U., & Bhatnagar, D. (2000). Life role salience: A study of dual-career couples in the Indian context. Human Relations, 53(4), 489511. doi:10.1177/0018726700534002Google Scholar
Rajadhyaksha, U., Korabik, K., & Aycan, Z. (2015). Gender, gender role ideology and the work–family interface: A cross-cultural analysis. In Mills, M. (Ed.), Gender and the work–family experience: An intersection of two domains (pp. 99120). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Ramadoss, K., & Rajadhyaksha, U. (2012). Gender differences in commitment to roles, work–family conflict and social support. Journal of Social Sciences, 33(2), 227233. doi:10.1080/09718923.2012.11893101Google Scholar
Rothbard, N. P. (2001). Enriching or depleting: The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 655684. doi:10.2307/3094827Google Scholar
Sampath, P., & Baral, R. (2017). Crossover of work–family experiences from supervisors to subordinates: A position paper. IIM Kozhikode Society and Management Review, 6(2), 148158.Google Scholar
Şener, E., Kocağlu, M., Baybek, H. & Kivrak, A. (2018). Sağlık Sektöründe Çift Kariyerli Eşler: Hemşire Çiftlerle Nitel Bir Çalışma, Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 21(3), 461472.Google Scholar
Shimazu, A., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Shimada, K., & Kawakami, N. (2011). Workaholism and well-being among Japanese dual-earner couples: A spillover–crossover perspective, Social Science & Medicine, 73, 399409. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.049Google Scholar
Shockley, K. M., & Allen, T. D. (2018). It’s not what I expected: The association between dual-earner couples’ met expectations for the division of paid and family labor and well-being. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 104, 240260. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.11.009Google Scholar
Shockley, K. M., Douek, J., Smith, C. R., Yu, P. P., Dumani, S., & French, K. A. (2017a). Cross-cultural work and family research: A review of the literature. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 101, 120. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.04.001Google Scholar
Shockley, K. M., Shen, W., DeNunzio, M. M., Arvan, M. L., & Knudsen, E. A. (2017b). Disentangling the relationship between gender and work–family conflict: An integration of theoretical perspectives using meta-analytic methods. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(12), 16011635. doi:10.1037/apl0000246Google Scholar
Shockley, K. M., & Singla, N. (2011). Reconsidering work–family interactions and satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 37(3), 861886. doi:10.1177/0149206310394864Google Scholar
Smoktunowicz, E., & Cieślak, R. (2018). How job and family demands impact change in perceived stress: A dyadic study. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 31(2), 199215. doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01134Google Scholar
Somech, A., & Drach-Zahavy, A. (2007). Strategies for coping with work–family conflict: The distinctive relationships of gender role ideology. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(1), 119. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.12.1.1Google Scholar
Song, Z., Foo, M., Uy, M. A., & Sun, S. (2011). Unraveling the daily stress crossover between unemployed individuals and their employed spouses. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 151168. doi:10.1037/a0021035Google Scholar
Stevens, D. E., Kiger, G., & Riley, P. J. (2006). His, hers, or ours? Work-to-family spillover, crossover, and family cohesion. Social Science Journal, 43, 425436. doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2006.04.011Google Scholar
Symoens, S., & Bracke, P. (2015). Work–family conflict and mental health in newlywed and recently cohabiting couples: A couple perspective. Health Sociology Review, 24(1), 4863. doi:10.1080/14461242.2015.1007156Google Scholar
Totenhagen, C. J., Randall, A. K., Cooper, A. N., Tao, C., & Walsh, K. J. (2017). Stress spillover and crossover in same-sex couples: Concurrent and lagged daily effects. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 13(3), 236256, doi:10.1080/1550428X.2016.1203273Google Scholar
Turkish Statistical Institute (2017). Labour force statistics (2014 and after, presented via Central Dissemination System -MEDAS). https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=72&locale=enGoogle Scholar
van Steenbergen, E. F., Kluwer, E. S., & Karney, B. R. (2011). Workload and the trajectory of marital satisfaction in newlyweds: Job satisfaction, gender, and parental status as moderators. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(3), 345355. doi:10.1037/a0023653Google Scholar
Vieira, J. M., Matias, M., Ferreira, T., Lopez, F. G., & Matos, P. M. (2016). Parents’ work–family experiences and children’s problem behaviors: The mediating role of the parent–child relationship. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(4), 419430. doi:10.1037/fam0000189Google Scholar
Wayne, J. H., Randel, A. E., & Stevens, J. (2006). The role of identity and work–family support in work–family enrichment and its work related consequences. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 69, 445461. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2006.07.002Google Scholar
Westman, M. (2001). Stress and strain crossover. Human Relations, 54(6), 717751. doi:10.1177/0018726701546002Google Scholar
Westman, M. (2005). Cross-cultural differences in work and family: An international research perspective crossover research. In Poelmans, S. (Ed.), Work and family: An international research perspective (pp. 241260). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Yucel, D., & Latshaw, B. A. (2018). Spillover and crossover effects of work–family conflict among married and cohabiting couples. Society and Mental Health. doi:10.1177/2156869318813006Google Scholar
Zhang, M., Foley, S., & Yang, B. (2013). Work–family conflict among Chinese married couples: Testing spillover and crossover effects. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(17), 32133231. doi:10.1080/09585192.2013.763849Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., Xu, S., Jin, J., & Ford, M. T. (2018). The within and cross domain effects of work–family enrichment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 104, 210227. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.11.003Google Scholar

Suggested Readings

Ahva Mozafari is a doctoral candidate in the Clinical Psychology program at Idaho State University. She received her BSc in Psychology from Boise State University and her MSc in Clinical Psychology from Eastern Washington University. Her research interests include romantic relationships, shame, attachment, and culture. A large portion of her clinical work has been in community mental health with refugees as well as with US-born adults, children, and adolescents. She has also worked with couples and families. Mozafari was born and grew up in Boise, Idaho. Her parents are immigrants from Iran, and she has spent several summers there throughout her life. She identifies as a first generation Iranian American.

Xiaomeng (Mona) Xu is an Associate Professor of Experimental Psychology at Idaho State University. She received her BA in Psychology from New York University and her MA in Psychology and PhD in Social Health Psychology from Stony Brook University, and she completed a postdoctoral Research Fellowship sponsored by the National Institutes of Health at the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and the Miriam Hospital.  Xu and her lab conduct both basic and applied research on romantic relationships, behavioral health, neuroimaging, and pedagogy. She was born in Fuling, a district of Chongqing Municipality in China and grew up in the United States. She conducted collaborative research in Bejing. She identifies as an immigrant.

Bormans, L. (Ed.). (2014). The world book of love. Tielt: Lannoo.Google Scholar
Finkel, E. J. (2017). The all-or-nothing marriage: How the best marriages work. New York: Dutton.Google Scholar
Knee, C. R., & Reis, H. T. (Eds.). (2016). Positive approaches to optimal relationship development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lehmiller, J. J. (2018). Tell me what you want: The science of sexual desire and how it can help you improve your sex life. New York: Da Capo Press.Google Scholar
Luvze.com (formerly ScienceOfRelationships.com)Google Scholar
Miller, R. S. (2017). Intimate relationships (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.Google Scholar
Society for the Psychology of Women (American Psychological Association Division 35) Newsletters. www.apadivisions.org/division-35/publications/newsletters/index.aspxGoogle Scholar

References

Acevedo, B., Xu, X., Lewandowski, G. W. Jr., & Aron, A. (2017). Love and self-expansion. In Fitzgerald, J. (Ed.), Foundations for couples’ therapy: Research for the real world (pp. 245255). New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315678610-25Google Scholar
Adams, R. D., & Baptist, J. A. (2012). Relationship maintenance behavior and adult attachment: An analysis of the actor–partner interdependence model. American Journal of Family Therapy, 40, 230244. doi:10.1080/01926187.2011.605047Google Scholar
Alexander, M. G., & Fisher, T. D. (2003). Truth and consequences: Using the bogus pipeline to examine sex differences in self-reported sexuality. Journal of Sex Research, 40, 2736. doi:10.1080/00224490309552164Google Scholar
Amato, P. R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 12691287. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01269.xGoogle Scholar
Amato, P. R., & Previti, D. (2003). People’s reasons for divorcing: Gender, social class, the life course, and adjustment. Journal of Family Issues, 24, 602626. doi:10.1177/0192513X03024005002Google Scholar
American Psychological Association. (2002). Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists. www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/policy/multicultural-guidelines.aspxGoogle Scholar
American Psychological Association. (2015). APA dictionary of psychology (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Aron, A., & Aron, E. N. (1986). Love as expansion of self: Understanding attraction and satisfaction. New York: Hemisphere.Google Scholar
Aron, A., Dutton, D. G., Aron, E. N., & Iverson, A. (1989). Experiences of falling in love. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 6, 243257. doi:10.1177/0265407589063001Google Scholar
Aron, A., Fisher, H., Mashek, D., Strong, G., Li, H., & Brown, L. L. (2005). Reward, motivation and emotion systems associated with early-stage intense romantic love. Journal of Neurophysiology, 93, 327337. doi:10.1152/jn.00838.2004Google Scholar
Aron, A., Norman, C., Aron, E., McKenna, C., & Heyman, R. (2000). Couples’ shared participation in novel and arousing activities and experienced relationship quality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 273284. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.273Google Scholar
Barr, A. B., Culatta, E., & Simons, R. L. (2013). Romantic relationships and health among African American young adults: Linking patterns of relationship quality over time to changes in physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 54, 369385. doi:10.1177/0022146513486652Google Scholar
Bartels, A., & Zeki, S. (2000). The neural basis of romantic love. NeuroReport, 11, 38293834. doi:10.1097/00001756-200011270-00046Google Scholar
Berscheid, E. (1994). Interpersonal relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 79129. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.45.020194.000455Google Scholar
Berscheid, E., & Graziano, W. (1979). The initiation of social relationships and interpersonal attraction. In Burgess, R. L. & Huston, T. L. (Eds.), Social exchange in developing relationships. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. doi:10.1016/B978–0-12-143550-9.50008-2Google Scholar
Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. H. (1978). Interpersonal attraction (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Bratter, J. L., & King, R. B. (2008). “But will it last?”: Marital instability among interracial and same-race couples. Family Relations, 57, 160171. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00491.xGoogle Scholar
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In Simpson, J. A. & Rholes, W. S. (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 4676). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Broman, C. L. (2002). Thinking of divorce, but staying married: The interplay of race and marital satisfaction. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 37, 151161. doi:10.1300/J087v37n01_09Google Scholar
Bui, K. T.PeplauL. A., & HillC. T. (1996). Testing the Rusbult model of relationship commitment and stability in a 15-year study of heterosexual couplesPersonality and Social Psychology Bulletin2212441257. doi:10.1177/01461672962212005Google Scholar
Bulanda, J. R., & Brown, S. L. (2007). Race-ethnic differences in marital quality and divorce. Social Science Research, 36, 945967. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.04.001Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 149. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00023992Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1994). Evolution of desire: Strategies for human mating. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (2006). The evolution of love. In Sternberg, R. & Weis, K. (Eds.), The new psychology of love (pp. 6586). New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M., Abbott, M., Angleitner, A., Asherian, A., Biaggio, A., Blanco-Villasenor, A., & Yang, K.-S. (1990). International preferences in selecting mates: A study of 37 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 21, 547. doi:10.1177/0022022190211001Google Scholar
Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100, 204232. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.2.204Google Scholar
Byrne, D., & Nelson, O. (1965). Attraction as a linear function of proportion of positive reinforcements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 659663. doi:10.1037/h0022073Google Scholar
Chen, J. H., Waite, L. J., & Lauderdale, D. S. (2015). Marriage, relationship quality, and sleep among U.S. older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 56, 356377. doi:10.1177/0022146515594631Google Scholar
Clark, C. L, Shaver, P. R, Abrahams, M. F. (1999). Strategic behaviors in romantic relationship initiation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 709722. doi:10.1177/0146167299025006006Google Scholar
Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59, 676684. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.676Google Scholar
Collibee, C., & Furman, W. (2015). Quality counts: Developmental shifts in associations between romantic relationship qualities and psychosocial adjustment. Child Development, 86, 16391652. doi:10.1111/cdev.12403Google Scholar
Conley, T. D., Moors, A. C., Matsick, J. L., Ziegler, A., & Valentine, B. A. (2011). Women, men, and the bedroom: Methodological and conceptual insights that narrow, reframe, and eliminate gender differences in sexuality. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 296300. doi:10.1177/0963721411418467Google Scholar
Coulter, K., & Malouff, J. M. (2013). Effects of an intervention designed to enhance romantic relationship excitement: A randomized-control trial. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 2, 3444. doi:10.1037/a0031719Google Scholar
Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349354. doi:10.1037/h0047358Google Scholar
Cunningham, M. R., Barbee, A. P., & Philhower, C. L. (2002). Dimensions of facial physical attractiveness: The intersection of biology and culture. In Rhodes, G. & Zebrowitz, L. A. (Eds.), Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary, cognitive, and social perspectives (pp. 193238). Westport, CT: Ablex.Google Scholar
Cunningham, M. R., Roberts, A. R., Barbee, A. P., Druen, P. D. & Wu, C. (1995). “Their ideas of beauty are, on the whole, the same as ours”: Consistency and variability in the cross-cultural perception of female physical attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 261279. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.261Google Scholar
Cuperman, R., & Ickes, W. (2009). Big five predictors of behavior and perceptions in initial dyadic interactions: Personality similarity helps extraverts and introverts, but hurts “disagreeables.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 667684. doi:10.1037/a0015741Google Scholar
Curtis, R. C., & Miller, K. (1986). Believing another likes or dislikes you: Behaviors making the beliefs come true. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 284290. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.2.284Google Scholar
Deci, E., LaGuardia, J., Moller, A., Scheiner, M., & Ryan, R. (2006). On the benefits of giving as well as receiving autonomy support: Mutuality in close friendships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 313327. doi:10.1177/0146167205282148Google Scholar
de Munck, V., Korotayev, A., & Khaltourina, D. (2009). A comparative study of the structure of love in the U.S. and Russia: Finding a common core of characteristics and national and gender differences. Ethnology, 48, 337357.Google Scholar
Del Giudice, M. (2011). Sex differences in romantic attachment: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 193214. doi:10.1177/0146167210392789Google Scholar
Dion, K. K., & Dion, K. L. (1993). Individualistic and collectivistic perspectives on gender and the cultural context of love and intimacy. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 5369. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01168.xGoogle Scholar
Dys-Steenbergen, O., Wright, S. C., & Aron, A. (2015). Self-expansion motivation improves cross-group interactions and enhances self-growth. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19, 6071. doi:10.1177/1368430215583517Google Scholar
Eastwick, P. W., Luchies, L. B., Finkel, E. J., & Hunt, L. L. (2014). The predictive validity of ideal partner preferences: A review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 623665. doi:10.1037/a0032432Google Scholar
Esch, T., & Stefano, G. B. (2005). Love promotes health. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 26, 264267.Google Scholar
Fink, B., Neave, N., Manning, J. T., & Grammer, K. (2006). Facial symmetry and judgments of attractiveness, health and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 491499. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.01.017Google Scholar
Fisher, H. E., Aron, A., & Brown, L. L. (2006). Romantic love: A mammalian brain system for mate choice. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 361(1476), 21732186. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1938Google Scholar
Fletcher, G. J. O., Simpson, J. A., Campbell, L., & Overall, N. C. (2015). Pair-bonding, romantic love, and evolution: The curious case of Homo sapiens. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10, 2036. doi:10.1177/1745691614561683Google Scholar
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 350365. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350Google Scholar
Freese, J., & Meland, S. (2010). Seven tenths incorrect: Heterogeneity and change in the waist-to-hip ratios of Playboy centerfold models and Miss America pageant winners. Journal of Sex Research, 39, 133138. doi:10.1080/00224490209552132Google Scholar
Gao, G. (2001). Intimacy, passion and commitment in Chinese and US American romantic relationships. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, 329342. doi:10.1016/S0147–1767(01)00007-4Google Scholar
Glasser, C. I., Robnett, B., & Feliciano, C. (2009). Internet daters’ body type preferences: Race-ethnic and gender differences. Sex Roles, 61, 1433. doi:10.1007/s11199–009-9604-xGoogle Scholar
Greer, A. E., & Buss, D. M. (1994). Tactics for promoting sexual encounters. Journal of Sex Research, 31, 185201. doi:10.1080/00224499409551752Google Scholar
Harasymchuck, C., & Fehr, B. (2010). A script analysis of relationship boredom: Causes, feelings, and coping strategies. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29, 9881019. doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.9.988Google Scholar
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 62135. doi:10.1017/S0140525X0999152XGoogle Scholar
Hitsch, G. J., Hortacsu, A., & Ariely, D. (2010). What makes you click? Mate preferences in online dating. Quantitative Marketing and Economics, 8, 393427. doi:10.1007/s11129–010-9088-6Google Scholar
Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesisAmerican Psychologist60(6), 581-592doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.581Google Scholar
Jackson, J. B., Miller, R. B., Oka, M., & Henry, R. G. (2014). Gender differences in marital satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marriage & Family, 76, 105129. doi:10.1111/jomf.12077Google Scholar
Jackson, T., Chen, H., Guo, C., & Gao, X. (2006). Stories we love by: Conceptions of love among couples from the People’s Republic of China and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 446464. doi:10.1177/0022022106288480Google Scholar
Jankowiak, W. R., & Fischer, E. F. (1992). A cross-cultural perspective on romantic love. Ethnology 31, 149155. doi:10.2307/3773618Google Scholar
Jasienska, G., Lipson, S. F., Ellison, P. T., Thune, I., & Ziomkiewicz, A. (2006). Symmetrical women have higher potential fertility. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27, 390400. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.01.001Google Scholar
Jasienska, G., Ziomkiewicz, A., Ellison, P. T., Lipson, S. F., & Thune, I. (2004). Large breasts and narrow waists indicate high reproductive potential in women. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences, 271, 12131217. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2712Google Scholar
Jenkins, J. M., Rasbash, J., & O’Connor, T. G. (2003). The role of the shared family context in differential parenting. Developmental Psychology, 39, 99113. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.1.99Google Scholar
Jonason, P. K., & Balzarini, R. N. (2016). Unweaving the rainbow of human sexuality: A review of one-night stands, serious romantic relationships, and the relationship space in between. In Aumer, K. (Ed.), The psychology of love and hate in intimate relationships (pp. 1328). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39277-6_2Google Scholar
Katzmarzyk, P. T., & Davis, C. (2001). Thinness and body shape of Playboy centerfolds from 1978 to 1998. International Journal of Obesity, 25, 590592. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801571Google Scholar
Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. W. (1978). lnterpersonal relations: A theory of interdependence. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Kito, M. (2005). Self-disclosure in romantic relationships and friendships among American and Japanese college students. Journal of Social Psychology, 145, 127140. doi:10.3200/SOCP.145.2.127-140Google Scholar
Knee, C. R., & Canevello, A. (2006). Implicit theories of relationships and coping in romantic relationships. In Vohs, K. D. & Finkel, E. J. (Eds.), Self and relationships: Connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes (pp. 160176). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Komisaruk, B. R., Wise, N., Frangos, E., Liu, W. C., Allen, K., & Brody, S. (2011). Women’s clitoris, vagina, and cervix mapped onto the sensory cortex: fMRI evidence. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8, 28222830. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02388.xGoogle Scholar
Le, B., & Agnew, C. R. (2003). Commitment and its theorized determinants: A meta-analysis of the investment model. Personal Relationships, 10, 3757. doi:10.1111/1475-6811.00035Google Scholar
Le, B., Dove, N. L., Agnew, C. R., Korn, M. S., & Mutso, A. A. (2010). Predicting nonmarital romantic relationship dissolution: A meta-analytic synthesis. Personal Relationships, 17, 377390. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01285.xGoogle Scholar
Ledbetter, A. M. (2013). Relational maintenance and inclusion of other in the self: Measure development and dyadic test of a self-expansion theory approach. Southern Communication Journal, 78, 289310. doi:10.1080/1041794X.2013.815265Google Scholar
Lemay, E. P. Jr., Clark, M. S., & Greenberg, A. (2010). What is beautiful is good because what is beautiful is desired: Physical attractiveness stereotyping as projection of interpersonal goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 339353. doi:10.1177/0146167209359700Google Scholar
Lewandowski, G. W. Jr., & Ackerman, R. A. (2006). Something’s missing: Need fulfillment and self-expansion as predictors of susceptibility to infidelity. Journal of Social Psychology, 146, 389403. doi:10.3200/SOCP.146.4.389-403Google Scholar
Lewandowski, G. W. Jr., Aron, A., Bassis, S., & Kunak, J. (2006). Losing a self-expanding relationship: Implications for the self-concept. Personal Relationships, 13(3), 317331. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00120.xGoogle Scholar
Lewandowski, G.W. Jr., & Bizzoco, N. (2007). Addition through subtraction: Growth following the dissolution of a low quality relationship. Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(1), 4054. doi:10.1080/17439760601069234Google Scholar
Little, A. C., Penton-Voak., I. S., Burt, D. M., & Perrett, D. I. (2002). Evolution and individual differences in the perception of attractiveness: How cyclic hormonal changes and self-perceived attractiveness influence female preferences for male faces. In Rhodes, G. & Zebrowitz, L. A. (Eds.), Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary, cognitive, and social perspectives (pp. 5990). Westport, CT: Ablex.Google Scholar
Luo, S., & Zhang, G. (2009). What leads to romantic attraction: Similarity, reciprocity, security, or beauty? Evidence from a speed-dating study. Journal of Personality, 77, 933964. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00570.xGoogle Scholar
Luxen, M. F., & Buunk, B. P. (2006). Human intelligence, fluctuating asymmetry and the peacock’s tail: General intelligence (g) as an honest signal of fitness. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 897902. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.015Google Scholar
Manzoli, L., Villari, P., Pirone, G. M., & Boccia, A. (2007). Marital status and mortality in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Sciences & Medicine, 64, 7794. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.031Google Scholar
Marcus, O. K., & Miller, R. S. (2003). Sex differences in judgments of physical attractiveness: A social relations analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 325335. doi:10.1177/0146167202250193Google Scholar
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224253. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224Google Scholar
Mattingly, B. A., McIntyre, K. P., & Lewandowski, G. W. Jr. (2012). Approach motivation and the expansion of self in close relationships. Personal Relationships, 19, 113127. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01343.xGoogle Scholar
McKenry, P. C., & Price, S. J. (1995). Divorce: A comparative perspective. In Ingoldsby, B. & Smith, S. (Eds.), Families in multicultural perspective: Perspectives on marriage and the family (pp. 187212). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Mehl, M. R., & Robbins, M. L. (2012). Naturalistic observation sampling: The Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR). In Mehl, M. R. & Conner, T. S. (Eds.), Handbook of research methods for studying daily life (pp. 176192). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2012). An attachment perspective on psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 11, 1115. doi:10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.01.003Google Scholar
Miller, R. S. (2012). Intimate relationships. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Mitnick, D. M., Heyman, R. E., & Smith Slep, A. M. (2009). Changes in relationship satisfaction across the transition to parenthood: A meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 848852. doi:10.1037/a0017004Google Scholar
Monroe, S., Rohde, P., Seeley, J., & Lewinsohn, P. (1999). Life events and depression in adolescence: Relationship loss as a prospective risk factor for first onset of major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108(4), 606614. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.108.4.606Google Scholar
Moors, A. C., Matsick, J. L., & Schechinger, H. A. (2017). Unique and shared relationship benefits of consensually non-monogamous and monogamous relationships: A review and insights for moving forward. European Psychologist, 22(1), 5571. doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000278Google Scholar
Nelson, L. O., & Morrison, E. L. (2005). The symptoms of resource scarcity: Judgments of food and finances influence preferences for potential partners. Psychological Science, 16, 167173. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00798.xGoogle Scholar
O’Leary, K. D., Acevedo, B. P., Aron, A., Huddy, L., & Mashek, D. (2012). Is long-term love more than a rare phenomenon? If so, what are its correlates? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 241249. doi:10.1177/1948550611417015Google Scholar
Orbuch, T. L., Veroff, J., Hassan, H., & Horrocks, J. (2002). Who will divorce: A 14-year longitudinal study of Black couples and White couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 19(2), 179202. doi:10.1177/0265407502192002Google Scholar
Owen, P.R., & Laurel-Seller, E. (2006). Weight and shape ideals: Thin is dangerously in. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 979990. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02506.xGoogle Scholar
Perilloux, H. K., Webster, G. D., & Gaulin, S. J. C. (2010). Signals of genetic quality and maternal investment capacity: The dynamic effects of fluctuating asymmetry and waist-to-hip ratio on men’s ratings of women’s attractiveness. Social Psychology and Personality Science, 1, 3442. doi:10.1177/1948550609349514Google Scholar
Petersen, J. L., & Hyde, J. S. (2010). A meta-analytic review of research on gender differences in sexuality, 1993–2007. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 2138. doi:10.1037/a0017504Google Scholar
Pettijohn, T. F., & Jungeberg, B. J. (2004). Playboy playmate curves: Changes in facial and body feature preferences across social and economic conditionsPersonality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(9), 11861197. doi:10.1177/0146167204264078Google Scholar
Proulx, C. M., Helms, H. M., & Buehler, C. (2007). Marital quality and personal well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 576593. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00393.xGoogle Scholar
Raley, R. K., Crissey, S. R., & Muller, C. (2007). Of sex and romance: Late adolescent relationships and young adult union formation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 12101226. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00442.xGoogle Scholar
ReisH. T., & ShaverP. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In Duck, S.Hay, D. F.Hobfoll, S. E.Icfces, W., & Montgomery, B. M. (Eds.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research and interventions (pp. 367389). Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Reis, H. T., & Sprecher, S. (Eds.). (2009). Encyclopedia of human relationships. New York: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781412958479Google Scholar
Rhatigan, D. L., & Axsom, D. K. (2006). Using the investment model to understand battered women’s commitment to abusive relationships. Journal of Family Violence, 21, 153162. doi:10.1007/s10896–005-9013-zGoogle Scholar
Rhoades, G. K., Kamp Dush, C. M., Atkins, D. C., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2011). Breaking up is hard to do: The impact of unmarried relationship dissolution on mental health and life satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 366374. doi:10.1037/a0023627Google Scholar
Rhodes, G., Harwood, K., Yoshikawa, S., Nishitani, M., & Maclean, I. (2002). The attractiveness of average faces: Cross-cultural evidence and possible biological basis. In Rhodes, G. & Zebrowitz, L. A. (Eds.), Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary, cognitive, and social perspectives (pp. 3558). Westport, CT: Ablex.Google Scholar
Riela, S., Bajoghli, H., Xu, X., Farnia, V., Golshani, S., & Shakeri, J. (2017). Falling in love and passionate love in an Iranian sample. Interpersona, 11(2), 141155. doi:10.5964/ijpr.v11i2.272Google Scholar
Riela, S., Rodriguez, G., Aron, A., Xu, X., & Acevedo, B. P. (2010). Experiences of falling in love: Similarities and differences in culture, ethnicity, gender, and speed. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(4), 473493. doi:10.1177/0265407510363508Google Scholar
Rodrigues, A. E., Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2006). What predicts divorce and relationship dissolution? In Fine, M. A. & Harvey, J. H. (Eds.), Handbook of divorce and relationship dissolution (pp. 85112). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 638641. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638Google Scholar
Rubenstein, A. J., Langlois, J. H., & Roggman, L. A. (2002). What makes a face attractive and why: The role of averageness in defining facial beauty. In Rhodes, G. & Zebrowitz, L. A. (Eds.), Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary, cognitive and social perspectives (pp. 133). Westport, CT: Ablex.Google Scholar
Rusbult, C. E. (1980). Commitment and satisfaction in romantic associations: A test of the investment model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 172186. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(80)90007-4Google Scholar
Rusbult, C. E. (1983). A longitudinal test of the investment model: The development (and deterioration) of satisfaction and commitment in heterosexual involvements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 101117. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.1.101Google Scholar
Rusbult, C. E., & Martz, J. M. (1995). Remaining in an abusive relationship: An investment model analysis of nonvoluntary dependence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 558571. doi:10.1177/0146167295216002Google Scholar
Rusbult, C. E., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2003). Interdependence, interaction, and relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 351375. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145059Google Scholar
Sears, D. O. (1986). College sophomores in the lab: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology’s view of human nature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 515530. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.3.515Google Scholar
Shin, L. M., & Liberzon, I. (2010). The neurocircuitry of fear, stress, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 169191. doi:10.1038/npp.2009.83Google Scholar
Singh, O., & Luis, S. (1995). Ethnic and gender consensus for the effect of waist-to-hip ratio on judgment of women’s attractiveness. Human Nature, 6, 5165. doi:10.1007/BF02734135Google Scholar
Slater, A., Brenner, G., Johnson, S. P., Sherwood, P., Hayes, R., & Brown, E. (2000). Newborn infants’ preference for attractive faces: The role of internal and external facial features. Infancy, 1, 265274. doi:10.1207/S15327078IN0102_8Google Scholar
Soller, B. (2014). Caught in a bad romance: Adolescent romantic relationships and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 55, 5672. doi:10.1177/0022146513520432Google Scholar
Sprecher, S., Aron, A., Hatfield, E., Cortese, A., Potapova, E., & Levitskaya, A. (1994). Love: American style, Russian style, and Japanese style. Personal Relationships, 1, 349369. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.1994.tb00070.xGoogle Scholar
Sprecher, S., Regan, P., & Orbuch, T. (2016). Who does the work? Partner perceptions of the initiation and maintenance of romantic relationships. Interpersona, 10, 1327. doi:10.5964/ijpr.v10i1.191Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M., Rhoades, G. K., & Markman, H. J. (2006). Sliding vs. deciding: Inertia and the premarital cohabitation effect. Family Relations, 55, 499509. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2006.00418.xGoogle Scholar
Stöber, J. (2001). The Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17): Convergent validity, discriminant validity, and relationship with age. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17, 222232. doi:10.1027//1015-5759.17.3.222Google Scholar
Swami, V., & IBP Project Members. (2010). The attractive female body weight and female body dissatisfaction in 26 countries across 10 world regions: Results of the International Body Project 1. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 309325. doi:10.1177/0146167209359702Google Scholar
Tart-Zelvin, A., & Xu, X. (2016). Sexuality research within neuroimaging: A review of progress toward greater gender equality and sex positivity. Journal of Positive Sexuality, 2, 2731.Google Scholar
Teachman, J. (2010). Wives’ economic resources and risk of divorce. Journal of Family Issues, 31, 13051323. doi:10.1177/0192513X10370108Google Scholar
Tsai, J. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1997). Cultural influences on emotional responding: Chinese American and European American dating couples during interpersonal conflict. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 600625. doi:10.1177/0022022197285006Google Scholar
Tsapelas, I., Aron, A., & Orbuch, T. (2009). Marital boredom now predicts less satisfaction 9 years later. Psychological Science, 20, 543545. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02332.xGoogle Scholar
Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Foster, C. A. (2003). Parenthood and marital satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 574583. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00574.xGoogle Scholar
VanderDrift, L. E., Lewandowski, G. W. Jr., & Agnew, C. R. (2011). Reduced self-expansion in current romance and interest in relationship alternatives. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28, 356373. doi:10.1177/0265407510382321Google Scholar
Wagner, M., & Weiß, B. (2006). On the variation of divorce risks in Europe: Findings from a meta-analysis of European longitudinal studies. European Sociological Review, 22, 483500. doi:10.1093/esr/jcl014Google Scholar
Xu, X., Aron, A., Brown, L., Cao, G., Feng, T., & Weng, X. (2011). Reward and motivation systems: A brain mapping study of early-stage intense romantic love in Chinese participants. Human Brain Mapping, 32(2), 249257. doi:10.1002/hbm.21017Google Scholar
Xu, X., Lewandowski, G. W. Jr., & Aron, A. (2016). The self-expansion model and optimal relationship development. In Knee, C. R. & Reis, H. T. (Eds.), Positive approaches to optimal relationship development (pp. 79100). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316212653.005Google Scholar
Xu, X., Weng, X., & Aron, A. (2015). The mesolimbic dopamine pathway and romantic love. In Toga, A. W., Mesulam, M. M., & Kastner, S. (Eds.), Brain mapping: An encyclopedic reference (pp. 631635). Oxford: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978–0-12-397025-1.00057-9Google Scholar
Zajonc, R. B. (2001). Mere exposure: A gateway to the subliminal. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 224228. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00154Google Scholar
Zeki, S. (2007). The neurobiology of love. FEBS Letters, 581, 25752579. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2007.03.094Google Scholar
Zeki, S., & Romaya, J. P. (2010). The brain reaction to viewing faces of opposite- and same-sex romantic partners. PLoS One, 5, e15802. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015802Google Scholar

Suggested Readings

Mzikazi Nduna’s career began in 1995 as an educator and she has since worked as a trainer, advocate, and researcher of sexual and reproductive health and rights for women and young people. She currently works as an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of the Witwatersrand. Nduna’s work covers the global South from Nicaragua to Fiji and the Solomon Islands outside the African continent and includes a research study on parenting practices in Bangladesh. She has worked in different countries across sub-Saharan Africa. Her research outputs include 60 peer-reviewed journal articles, three special issues, six book chapters, one edited book, and a number of research reports. On Google Scholar, Nduna has 4,661 citations and an H-index of 25. She also communicates her research findings through non-academic platforms such as mainstream and social media and uses her research knowledge to contribute to workshop interventions and training manuals.

Sibusiso Mkwananzi is a Senior Researcher at the Centre for Social Development in Africa, University of Johannesburg. Mkwananzi hails from a mixed ethnic background of Ndebele, Xhosa, and Sotho. She was born and spent her childhood in Zimbabwe, before relocating to South Africa. Mkwananzi’s qualifications span a PhD in Demography, a master’s in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, postgraduate qualifications in public policy and analysis, project management, marketing management, and employee health and wellness, as well as an undergraduate degree in Dentistry. As a methodologist, her research interests lie in the application of quantitative research methods to contextual analysis of phenomena as well as traditionally qualitatively approached research on gender, intersectionality, sexual and reproductive health and rights, race, youth studies, and the nexus of social and health occurrences. Mkwananzi was a recipient of the National Research Foundation Innovation and Scarce Skills Fellowship, the Oppenheimer Memorial Trust Foundation Scholarship, and the South African Humanities Deans’ Association Fellowship. She is currently involved in international collaborative research projects encompassing adolescent risk perception as well as the contextual appraisal of gender-based violence and sexual and reproductive health and rights.

Naomi Netsayi Wekwete is a Senior Lecturer at the Centre for Population Studies, University of Zimbabwe. She has a PhD in Applied Population Research from the University of Exeter, and an MSc in Population Studies and a BSc in Economics from the University of Zimbabwe. She has won several research awards and has vast experience in conducting policy-oriented research. Her key research areas are adolescent sexual and reproductive health, and gender and population. Wekwete has been actively involved in gender advocacy activities with the Zimbabwe Gender Budgeting Network. She is the UZ coordinator of the Young Women Leadership in Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights project since 2010, a project within seven southern African universities with the aim of empowering female students with research and leadership skills and improving their sexual and reproductive health lives. She has various publications in her area of expertise, including “The association between spousal gender based violence and women’s empowerment among currently married women aged 15–49 in Zimbabwe: Evidence from the 2010–11 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey.”

Matamela F. B Makongoza is a PhD student and a teaching assistant and holds a master’s degree in Research Psychology from the University of the Witwatersrand. Matamela’s research interests are in sexual and reproductive health and rights, gender and gender-based violence, and HIV/AIDS. She is part of the WITSIE (Women Intellectuals Transforming Scholarship in Education) research team at WITS University. The research team empowers young woman through research skills to conduct scientific research and publications. This research team is comprised of academics, mentors, and postgraduate students of WITS. She has co-authored six peer-reviewed journal articles and one media article, and has presented in local and international conferences.

Graaff, K., & Heinecken, L. (2017). Masculinities and gender-based violence in South Africa: A study of a masculinities-focused intervention programme. Development Southern Africa, 34(5), 622634.Google Scholar
Hughes, C., Bolis, M., Fries, R., & Finigan, S. (2015). Women’s economic inequality and domestic violence: Exploring the links and empowering women. Gender and Development, 23(2), 279297. doi:10.1080/13552074.2015.1053216Google Scholar
McCloskey, L., Boonzaier, F., Steinbrenner, S., & Hunter, T. (2016). Determinants of intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa: A review of prevention and intervention programs. Partner Abuse, 7(3), 277315. doi:10.1891/1946-6560.7.3.277Google Scholar
Makongoza, M., & Nduna, M. (2017). Awareness and rejection accounts of intimate partner violence by young women in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi:10.1177/0886260517726413Google Scholar
Sardinha, L. M. & Catalán, H. N. (2018). Attitudes towards domestic violence in 49 low- and middle-income countries: A gendered analysis of prevalence and country-level correlatesPLoS One, 13(10), e0206101. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206101Google Scholar

References

Adjiwanou, V., & N’Bouke, A. (2015). Exploring the paradox of intimate partner violence and increased contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 46(2), 127142. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2015.00020.xGoogle Scholar
Beydoun, H., Beydoun, M., Kaufman, J., Lo, B., & Zonderman, A. (2012). Intimate partner violence against adult women and its association with major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms and postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 75(6), 959975. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.025Google Scholar
Bishwajit, G., Sarker, S., & Yaya, S. (2016). Socio-cultural aspects of gender-based violence and its impacts on women’s health in South Asia. F1000Research5.Google Scholar
Boender, C., Santana, D., Santillán, D., Hardee, K., Green, M. E., & Schuler, S. (2004). The “so what?” report: A look at whether integrating a gender focus into programmes makes a difference to outcomes. Washington, DC: Interagency Gender Working Group.Google Scholar
Boerma, T., Mathers, C., Abou Zahr, C., Chatterji, S., Hogan, D., & Stevens, G. (2015). Health in 2015: From MDGs, millennium development goals to SDGs, sustainable development goals. New York: World Health Organization,.Google Scholar
Brown, S., & Bulanda, J. (2008). Relationship violence in young adulthood: A comparison of daters, cohabitors, and marrieds. Social Science Research, 37, 7387.Google Scholar
Brownridge, D. (2010). Does the situational couple violence–intimate terrorism typology explain cohabitors’ high risk of intimate partner violence? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(7), 12641283.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. (2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. The Lancet, 359(9314), 13311336.Google Scholar
Capaldi, D., Knoble, N., Shortt, J., & Kim, H. (2012). A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 231280.Google Scholar
Chang, J. J., Theodore, A. D., Martin, S. L., & Runyan, D. K. (2008). Psychological abuse between parents: Associations with child maltreatment from a population-based sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(8), 819829. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.11.003Google Scholar
Clark, C., Ferguson, G., Shrestha, B., Shrestha, P., Oakes, J., Gupta, J., … Yount, K. (2018). Social norms and women’s risk of intimate partner violence in Nepal. Social Science & Medicine, 202, 162169.Google Scholar
Corsi, D., Neuman, M., Finlay, J., & Subramanian, S. (2012). Demographic and health surveys: A profile. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41(6), 16021613.Google Scholar
Croft, T., Aileen, M., Marshall, C., & Allen, C. K. (2018). Guide to DHS statistics. Rockville, MD: Inner City Fund.Google Scholar
Dalal, K., & Dawad, S. (2011). Economic costs of domestic violence: A community study in South Africa. HealthMED, 5(1), 19311940.Google Scholar
De Wet, N., & Gumbo, J. (2016). “Lets live togther first”: A longitudinal investigation into whether cohabitation is a precursor to marriage among young urban Africans. African Population Studies, 30(2), 26532663.Google Scholar
Flury, M., & Nyberg, E. (2010). Domestic violence against women: Definitions, epidemiology, risk factors and consequences. Swiss Medical Weekly, 140(3536). doi:10.4414/smw.2010.13099Google Scholar
Fox, V. C. (2002). Historical perspectives on violence against women. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 4(1), 1534.Google Scholar
García-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & Watts, C. H. (2006). Prevalence of intimate partner violence: Findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. The Lancet, 368(9543), 12601269.Google Scholar
García-Moreno, C., Pallitto, C., Devries, K., Stöckl, H., Watts, C., & Abrahams, N. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence: Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Gelles, R., & Straus, M. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family (Vol. 5). New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Gqola, P. D. (2015). Rape: A South African nightmare. Johannesberg: Jacana Media.Google Scholar
Graaff, K., & Heinecken, L. (2017). Masculinities and gender-based violence in South Africa: A study of a masculinities-focused intervention programme. Development Southern Africa, 34(5), 622634.Google Scholar
Gray, K., & Gills, B. (2016). South–South cooperation and the rise of the global South. Third World Quarterly, 37(4), 557574. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1128817Google Scholar
Henderson, L., Zerai, A., & Morrow, R. L. (2017). Intimate partner violence and HIV status among ever-married and cohabiting Zimbabwean women: An examination of partners’ traits. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 21(4), 4554.Google Scholar
Her Rights Initiative. (nd). Gender-based violence and women living with HIV: Policy brief.Google Scholar
Heyman, G., & Giles, J. (2006). Gender and psychological essentialism. Enfance, 58(3), 293310.Google Scholar
Hindin, M., Kishor, S., & Ansara, D. (2008). Intimate partner violence among couples in 10 DHS countries: Predictors and health outcomes. DHS Analytical Studies 18. Calverton, MD: Macro International.Google Scholar
Houskamp, B., & Foy, D. (1991). The assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in battered women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6(3), 367375.Google Scholar
Howland, R., & Koenen, A. (2014). Divorce and polygamy in Tanzania. Social Justice, 15, 140.Google Scholar
Hughes, C., Bolis, M., Fries, R., & Finigan, S. (2015). Women’s economic inequality and domestic violence: Exploring the links and empowering women. Gender & Development, 23(2), 279297. doi:10.1080/13552074.2015.1053216Google Scholar
Inner City Fund. (2004–2017). Demographic and health surveys [various]. Rockville, MD: ICF International.Google Scholar
Izugbara, C. (2018). Spousal age differences and violence against women in Nigeria and Tanzania. Health Care for Women International, 39(8), 872887.Google Scholar
Jewkes, R., & Abrahams, N. (2002). The epidemiology of rape and sexual coercion in South Africa: An overview. Social Science & Medicine, 55(7), 12311244. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00242-8Google Scholar
Jewkes, R., Sikweyiya, Y., Morrell, R., & Dunkle, K. (2011). The relationship between intimate partner violence, rape and HIV amongst South African men: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 6(9), e24256.Google Scholar
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. (2015). Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Nairobi.Google Scholar
Kerr, D., & Capaldi, D. (2011). Young men’s intimate partner violence and relationship functioning: Long-term outcomes associated with suicide attempt and aggression in adolescence. Psychological Medicine, 41(4), 759769.Google Scholar
Khumalo, B., Msimang, S., & Bollbach, K. (2014). Too costly to ignore: The economic impact of gender-based violence in South Africa. Johannesburg:  KPMG Human and Social Services.Google Scholar
Kidman, R. (2016). Child marriage and intimate partner violence: A comparative study of 34 countries. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(2), 662675.Google Scholar
Kiguwa, P. (2006). Narratives of gender and identity constructs. In Shefer, T., Boonzaaier, F., & Kiguwa, P. (Eds.), The gender of psychology (pp. 1228). Cape Town: UCT Press.Google Scholar
Kiguwa, P. (2015). “I provide the pleasure, I control it”: Sexual pleasure and “bottom” identity constructs amongst gay youth in a Stepping Stones workshop. Reproductive Health Matters, 23(46), 117126. doi:10.1016/j.rhm.2015.11.016Google Scholar
Kilroe, M. (2009). An exploration of young women and men’s perceptions of gender roles and their impact on relationships. Master’s thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/8162Google Scholar
Kingj123 (Cartographer). (2007). World map showing a traditional definition of the North–South divide. commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6603483Google Scholar
Klump, M. (2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder and sexual assault in women. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 21(2), 6783. doi:10.1300/J035v21n02_07Google Scholar
le Roux, E. (2015). A scoping study on the role of faith communities and organisations in prevention and response to sexual and gender-based violence: Implications for policy and practice. London: Department for International Development.Google Scholar
Lee, B., Kjaerulf, F., Turner, S., Cohen, L., Donnelly, P., Muggah, R., … MacGregor, L. (2016). Transforming our world: Implementing the 2030 agenda through sustainable development goal indicators. Journal of Public Health Policy, 37(1), 1331.Google Scholar
Leisring, P. (2013). Physical and emotional abuse in romantic relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(7), 14371454. doi:10.1177/0886260512468236Google Scholar
Makongoza, M., & Nduna, M. (2017). Awareness and rejection accounts of intimate partner violence by young women in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. doi:10.1177/0886260517726413Google Scholar
Manning, W., Longmore, M., & Giordano, P. (2017). Cohabitation and intimate partner violence during emerging adulthood: High constraints and low commitment. Journal of Family Issues, 39(4) 10301055.Google Scholar
Marie, D., Fergusson, D., & Boden, J. (2008). Ethnic identity and intimate partner violence in a New Zealand birth cohort. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 33, 126145.Google Scholar
McCloskey, L., Boonzaier, F., Steinbrenner, S., & Hunter, T. (2016). Determinants of intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa: A review of prevention and intervention programs. Partner Abuse, 7(3), 277315. doi:10.1891/1946-6560.7.3.277Google Scholar
Miller, T., Cohen, M., & Rossman, S. (1993). Victim costs of violent crime and resulting injuries. Health Affairs, 12(4), 186197. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.12.4.186Google Scholar
Moore, A. M., Frohwirth, L., & Miller, E. (2010). Male reproductive control of women who have experienced intimate partner violence in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 70(11), 17371744. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.009Google Scholar
Motlafi, N. (2018). The coloniality of the gaze on sexual violence: A stalled attempt at a South Africa–Rwanda dialogue? International Feminist Journal of Politics, 20(1), 923.Google Scholar
Murambadoro, R. (2018). Creating social harmony: Justice on the ground in Mudzi district, Zimbabwe. In Wielenga, C. (Ed.), Women in the context of justice: Continuities and discontinuities in Southern Africa (pp. 4461). Pretoria,: CSA&G Press.Google Scholar
Najdowski, C., & Ullman, S. (2011). The effects of revictimization on coping and depression in female sexual assault victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(2), 218221. doi:10.1002/jts.20610Google Scholar
Nduna, M. (forthcoming). It is ‘unAfrican’, it is ‘Western’, it is ‘urban’, it is ‘learnt’ it is ‘fashion’ it is a ‘lifestyle’: The silencing discourses of Africanism. In Kiguwa, P., Nduna, M., Mavhandu-Mudzusi, A., Bandawe, C., & Mooketsane, K. (Eds.), (Un)silence LGBTI experiences and identities in Institutions of higher learning in Southern Africa.Google Scholar
Niekerk, T. J. Van & Boonzaier, F. A. (2016). “The only solution there is to fight”: Discourses of masculinity Among South African domestically violent men. Violence Against Women, 22(3), 271291.Google Scholar
Ogum-Alangea, D., Addo-Lartey, A., Sikweyiya, Y., Chirwa, E., Coker-Appiah, D., Jewkes, R., & Adanu, R. (2018). Prevalence and risk factors of intimate partner violence among women in four districts of the central region of Ghana: Baseline findings from a cluster randomised controlled trial. PloS One, 13(7), e0200874.Google Scholar
Oxfam, . (2018). Let’s stop thinking it’s normal: Identifying patterns in social norms contributing to violence against women and girls across Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean and the Pacific. Oxfam Research Reports, Oxfam International. www.oxfam.orgGoogle Scholar
Pillay, J. (2016). Children’s rights in South African families. In Makiwane, M., Nduna, M., & Khalema, E. (Eds.), Life and times of children in South African Families (pp. 121). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
Pitpitan, E., Kalichman, S., Eaton, L., Cain, D., Sikkema, K., Skinner, D., … Pieterse, D. (2013). Gender-based violence, alcohol use, and sexual risk among female patrons of drinking venues in Cape Town, South Africa. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 36(3), 295304.Google Scholar
Population Council (Producer). (2018). Sexual and gender-based violence. www.popcouncil.org/research/sexual-and-gender-based-violence22 February 2019Google Scholar
Pui-Lan, K. (2004). Mercy Amba Oduyoye and African women’s theology. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, 20(1), 722.Google Scholar
Puri, M., Tamang, J., & Shah, I. (2011). Suffering in silence: Consequences of sexual violence within marriage among young women in Nepal. BMC Public Health, 11(1), Article 29.Google Scholar
Raditloaneng, W. L. (2013). An analysis of gender-based domestic violence and reactions in southern Africa. Wudpecker Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 1(5), 6071.Google Scholar
Ratner, P. (1993). The incidence of wife abuse and mental health status in abused wives in Edmonton, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Public Health / Revue Canadienne de Santé Publique, 84(4), 246249.Google Scholar
Roberts, C., & Connell, R. (2016). Feminist theory and the global South. Feminist Theory, 17(2), 135140. doi:10.1177/1464700116645874Google Scholar
Saffitz, J. (2011). Understanding gender-based violence: Evidence from Kilimanjaro assessment of Rombo and Moshi Rural. African Sociological Review / Revue Africaine de Sociologie, 14(1), 84101.Google Scholar
Sardinha, L., & Catalán, H. N. (2018). Attitudes towards domestic violence in 49 low- and middle-income countries: A gendered analysis of prevalence and country-level correlates. PloS One, 13(10), e0206101.Google Scholar
Satterthwaite, D., & Mitlin, D. (2012). Urban poverty in the global South: Scale and nature. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Shamu, S., Abrahams, N., Temmerman, M., Musekiwa, A., & Zarowsky, C. (2011). A systematic review of African studies on intimate partner violence against pregnant women: Prevalence and risk factors. PloS One, 6(3), e17591.Google Scholar
Shefer, T., Stevens, G., & Clowes, L. (2010). Men in Africa: Masculinities, materiality and meaning. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 20(4), 511517.Google Scholar
Sirleaf, E. J. (2009). This child will be great: Memoir of a remarkable life by Africa’s first woman President. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Silverman, J., Gupta, J., Decker, M., Kapur, N., & Raj, A. (2007). Intimate partner violence and unwanted pregnancy, miscarriage, induced abortion, and stillbirth among a national sample of Bangladeshi women. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 114(10), 12461252.Google Scholar
Solanke, B. (2014). Association between intimate partner violence and utilisation of maternal health services in Nigeria. African Population Studies, 28, 933945.Google Scholar
South Africa Demographic and Health Survey. (2016). Key Indicator Report. Pretoria: National Department of Health.Google Scholar
Stanley, S., Rhoades, G., & Fincham, F. (2011). Understanding romantic relationships among emerging adults: The significant roles of cohabitation and ambiguity. In Fincham, F. & Cui, M. (Eds.), Romantic relationships in emerging adulthood (pp. 234251). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stark, L., Asghar, K., Yu, G., Bora, C., Baysa, A., & Falb, K. (2017). Prevalence and associated risk factors of violence against conflict-affected female adolescents: A multi-country, cross–sectional study. Journal of Global Health, 7(1), 111.Google Scholar
Stöckl, H., March, L., Pallitto, C., & García-Moreno, C. (2014). Intimate partner violence among adolescents and young women: Prevalence and associated factors in nine countries: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 751765.Google Scholar
Summers, L. H. (2005). Remarks at NBER conference on diversifying the science and engineering workforce. www.harvard.edu/president/speeches/summers_2005/nber.phpGoogle Scholar
Tavares, P., & Wodon, Q. (2018). Ending violence against women and girls: Global and regional trends in women’s legal protection against domestic violence and sexual harassment. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
Tran, T., Nguyen, H., & Fisher, J. (2016). Attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women among women and men in 39 low- and middle-income countries. PloS One, 11(11), e0167438.Google Scholar
Trevillion, K., Oram, S., Feder, G., & Howard, L. (2012). Experiences of domestic violence and mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 7(12), e51740.Google Scholar
Ulman, S. (2004). Sexual assault victimization and suicidal behavior in women: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9(4), 331351. doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00019-3Google Scholar
UNICEF. (2000). Domestic violence against women and girls. Florence: Innocenti.Google Scholar
van der Merwe, L. A., Graves, N., & Nduna, M. (2017). Xhosa manhood initiation and the identity nexus for male-to-female transgender women in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. East London: SHE.Google Scholar
van Niekerk, T., & Boonzaier, F. (2016). “The only solution there is to fight”: Discourses of masculinity among South African domestically violent men. Violence Against Women, 22(3), 271291.Google Scholar
van Veen, S., Cansfield, B., & Nuir-Bouchard, S. (2018). Let’s stop thinking it’s normal: Identifying patterns in social norms contributing to violence against women and girls across Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean and the Pacific. Oxford: Oxfam Research Reports.Google Scholar
Wekwete, N., Sanhokwe, H., Murenjekwa, W., Takavarasha, F., & Madzingira, N. (2014). The association between spousal gender based violence and women’s empowerment among currently married women aged 15–49 in Zimbabwe: Evidence from the 2010–11 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey. African Population Studies, 28(3), 14131431.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, J., & Bowyer, S. (2017). The impacts of abuse and neglect on children and comparison of different placement options: Evidence. Sheffield: Department of Education.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2005). WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women: Summary report of initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women’s responsesGeneva, World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2018). Violence against women and girls. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization, & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (2010). Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence. Geneva: : World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, ZIMSTAT, & ICF International. (2016). Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 2015: Final report. Rockville, MD: Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) and ICF International.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×