Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T04:01:04.988Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - Public Health

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 September 2018

Margaret Chon
Affiliation:
Seattle University School of Law
Pedro Roffe
Affiliation:
International Center for Trade and Sustainable Development
Ahmed Abdel-Latif
Affiliation:
International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi
Get access
Type
Chapter

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

10 Corporate Tax Dodgers You Should Know About, Moyers & Company (May 29, 2014), http://billmoyers.com/2014/05/29/10-companies-that-dodge-corporate-taxes/ (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Abbott, Frederick M. and Dukes, Graham, Global Pharmaceutical Policy 16–85 (Elgar, Edward 2009).Google Scholar
Abbott, Frederick M., Excessive Pharmaceutical Prices and Competition Law: Doctrinal Development to Protect Public Health, 6 U.C. Irvine L. Rev. 281 (2016).Google Scholar
Abbott, Frederick M., Protecting First World Assets in the Third World: Intellectual Property Negotiations in the GATT Multilateral Framework, 22 Vand. J. Transnat’l L. 689, 697–700 (1989).Google Scholar
Abbott, Ryan, Opinion, Inside Views: Potential Elements of the WHO Global R&D Treaty: Tailoring Solutions for Disparate Contexts, Intellectual Property Watch (Jan. 29, 2013), www.ip-watch.org/2013/01/29/potential-elements-of-the-who-global-rd-treaty-tailoring-solutions-for-disparate-contexts/ (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Access and Delivery Partnership [ADP], Issue Brief: An Integrated Approach to the Discovery, Development and Delivery of New Health Technologies for Malaria, Tuberculosis, and Neglected Tropical Diseases: Tanzania (2016), http://adphealth.org/upload/resource/Issue_brief_case_study_of_Tanzania.pdf (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
AMC Secretariat of Gavi, Advance Market Commitment for Pneumococcal Vaccines Annual Report 1 January–31 December 2015.Google Scholar
Arora, Ashish, Cohen, Wesley M., and Walsh, John P., The Acquisition and Commercialization of Invention in American Manufacturing: Incidence and Impact, 45 Res. Pol’y 1113 (2016), www.nber.org/papers/w20264 (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Associated Press, Pfizer’s Ex-Chief to Get Full Retirement Package, N.Y. Times, Dec. 22, 2006, at C2.Google Scholar
Block, Fred and Keller, Matthew R., Where Do Innovations Come From? Transformations in the U.S. National Innovation System, 1970–2006, The Info. Tech. & Innovation Found. [ITIF] (Jul. 9, 2008), www.itif.org/files/Where_do_innovations_come_from.pdf.Google Scholar
Carb-X, , www.carb-x.org/ (last visited Jul. 16, 2017).Google Scholar
Cents. for Medicare and Medicaid Servs., National Health Expenditure Data (2016), https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/NationalHealthExpendData/NHE-Fact-Sheet.html (last visited June 12, 2018).Google Scholar
Childs, Michelle, Director Policy Advocacy, Medicines Sans Frontieres [MSF], The de-linkage of the cost of research and development and the price of health products, Powerpoint presented at meeting of WHO Committee of Experts Working Group: Financing and Coordination (Nov. 16–19, 2011).Google Scholar
DNDi, DNDi Business Plan 2015–2023 (2015), www.dndi.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/DNDi_Business_Plan_2015-2023.pdf (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
DNDi, From Neglected Diseases to Neglected Patients and Populations (2015), www.dndi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/DNDi_AR_2015.pdf (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Email from Outterson, Kevin, Executive Director, CARB-X, to author (Oct. 31, 2016) (on file with author).Google Scholar
Erfe, Jeffrey Mark, Reducing Outbreaks: Using International Governmental Risk Pools to Fund Research and Development of Infectious Disease Medicines and Vaccines, 87 Yale J. Biol. Med. 473, 473479, (2014) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4257034/ (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
FIND, Business Model, www.finddx.org/business-model/ (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
FIND Negotiated Product Pricing, www.finddx.org/find-negotiated-product-pricing/ (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Gauchi, Richard, Powerpoint presentation, Prescription Drugs: Overview and Update (Nov. 2, 2015).Google Scholar
GAVI, www.gavi.org (last visited Jul. 16, 2017).Google Scholar
GHIT Access Pol’y, www.ghitfund.org/afag/policies (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Global Health Innovative Tech. Fund [GHIT], www.ghitfund.org (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Int’l Fed’n of Pharm. Mfrs. & Ass’n [IFPMA], Industry Roadmap for Progress on Combating Antimicrobial Resistance – September 2016, www.ifpma.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Roadmap-for-Progress-on-AMR-FINAL.pdf (last visited Jul 16, 2017).Google Scholar
Lasswell, Harold and Kaplan, Abraham, Power and Society: A Framework for Political Inquiry (Yale University Press 1950; New Haven Press (as assignee)).Google Scholar
Medicines. for Malaria Venture, www.mmv.org/ (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Medicines for Malaria Venture, Socially Responsible Agreements, MMV, www.mmv.org/partnering/socially-responsible-agreements (last visited Nov. 5, 2016).Google Scholar
Org. for Econ. Cooperation and Dev, Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Sector (2015), www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/8115071ec070.pdf?expires=1478360602&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=9DC067062F87B1CE6B0D0F72453F580F (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Pecoul, Bernard, et al., Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative [DNDi], U.N. High-Level Panel On Access to Meds. (Feb. 27, 2016), www.unsgaccessmeds.org/inbox/2016/2/27/bernard-pecoul (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Pharmaceuticals: Facts, Policies, and NCSL Resources, National Conference of State Legislatures [NCLS] (Jul. 2, 2017), www.ncsl.org/research/health/pharmaceuticals-facts-policies-and-ncsl-resources.aspx (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Pharm. Res. and Mfrs. Of Am. [PhRMA], 2015 Profile Biopharmaceutical Research Industry (2015), www.phrma.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2015_phrma_profile.pdf (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Press Release, DNDi, GHIT Fund Reinforces Its Support to DNDi Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease Projects (Mar. 30, 2017), www.dndi.org/2017/media-centre/news-views-stories/news/ghit-reinforces-support-to-dndi-for-leish-and-chagas/ (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Report of the United Nations Secretary General’s High Level Panel on Access to Medicines 29 (2016).Google Scholar
Rev. on Antimicrobial Resistance [AMR], Declaration by the Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology and Diagnostics Industries on Combating Antimicrobial Resistance (Jan. 2016 https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/Declaration_of_Support_for_Combating_AMR_Jan_2016.pdf (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
Ro, Sam, Here’s Who Owns the Stock Market, Bus. Insider (Mar. 13, 2013), www.businessinsider.com/chart-stock-market-ownership-2013-3 (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
S. Comm. on Fin., 114th Cong., The Price of Sovaldi and its impact on the U.S. Health Care System, 106–10 (Comm. Print 2015).Google Scholar
Stone, Chad, Reality Check on Corporate Income Tax Rates, U.S. News (Nov. 13, 2015)www.usnews.com/opinion/economic-intelligence/2015/11/13/reality-check-on-corporate-income-tax-rates (last visited Nov. 17, 2017).Google Scholar
World Health Organization – Special Programme for Res. and Training on Tropical Diseases, Health product research and development fund: a proposal for financing and operation, at, e.g., vii, 1 (2016).Google Scholar

References

Barnes, Jeffrey, Designing Public–Private Partnerships in Health, SHOPS (2011), www.abtassociates.com/reports/PPP_Primer.pdf.Google Scholar
BIO Ventures for Global Health, 2015 Partnership Hub Mid-Year Report: Catalyzing Partnerships for Global Health (2015), www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/research/en/docs/bvgh_midyear_research_report_2015.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
BIO Ventures for Global Health, Partnership Hub Mid-Year Report 2017, https://bvgh.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/2017-BVGH-Partnership-Hub-Mid-Year-Report.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Bombelles, Thomas (Interview by Coaker, Hannah), Neglected Tropical Disease Research: Rethinking the Drug Discovery Model, 7 Future Medicinal Chemistry 7 (2015).Google Scholar
Bombelles, Thomas, Dent, Jennifer, Sharafudeen, Meghana, Stevens, Philip, Graef, Katy M., and Krattiger, Anatole, WIPO Re:Search: Sharing Innovation in the Fight Against Neglected Tropical Diseases (2015), www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gc_8.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Brant, Jennifer and Parthasarathy, Balaji, The Dynamics of Global Technology and Knowledge Flows, (Innovation and Intellectual Prop. Series, Research Paper No. 4, 2015).Google Scholar
Cashwell, Amber, Tantri, Anupama, Schmidt, Ashley, Simona, Greg, and Mistrya, Neeraj. BRICS in the Response to Neglected Tropical Diseases, 92 Bulletin of the World Health Org. (2014).Google Scholar
Cookson, Clive, Studies Fuel Criticism of High Drug Development Costs, Fin. Times, April 9, 2015, www.ft.com/content/6a57fcd4-bdcd-11e4-8cf3-00144feab7de?mhq5j=e5.Google Scholar
Dent, Jennifer, Graef, Katy M., and Shivanand, Paddy, Open Innovation to Bolster Research and Development for Neglected and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 1 J. Med. Dev. (2015) Available at http://ojs.whioce.com/index.php/jmds/article/view/119/99 (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Deloitte Centre for Health Solutions, Measuring the Return from Pharmaceutical Innovation 2014, Deloitte (2014) https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/life-sciences-and-healthcare/articles/measuring-the-return-from-pharmaceutical-innovation-2014.html (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, An Innovative Approach to R&D for Neglected Patients: Ten Years of Experience & Lessons Learned by DNDi (2014) www.dndi.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/DNDi_Modelpaper_2013.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Farlow, Andrew, The Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise, Malaria Vaccines, and Purchase Commitments: What is the Fit? (2005) www.who.int/intellectualproperty/submissions/Farlow.pdf. note 14.Google Scholar
Grace, Cheri, Product Development Partnerships (PDPs): Lessons from PDPs Established to Develop New Health Technologies for Neglected Diseases, Human Dev. Res. Ctr. (2010).Google Scholar
Hotez, Peter J., The Neglected Tropical Diseases and the Neglected Infections of Poverty: Overview of Their Common Features, Global Disease Burden and Distribution, New Control Tools, and Prospects for Disease Elimination, in The Causes and Impacts of Neglected Tropical and Zoonotic Diseases: Opportunities for Integrated Intervention Strategies (Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats ed., 2011).Google Scholar
House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, Building Scientific Capacity for Development, 2012–13, HC 377 (UK).Google Scholar
Idris, Kamil, and Arai, Hisamitsu, The Intellectual Property-Conscious Nation: Mapping the Path from Developing to Developed (2006).Google Scholar
Jedrusik, Ania, Sharing Innovation and Building Capacity to Fight Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Selection of WIPO Re:Search Fellowship Stories, Global Challenges Rep. (2016), www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gc_11.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Jewell, Cathy, Harnessing the Power of the Private Sector – An Interview with Francis Gurry, 5 WIPO Mag., Oct. 2015.Google Scholar
Krattiger, Anatole, Mahoney, Richard T., Nelsen, Lita, Thomson, Jennifer A., Bennett, Alan B., Satyanarayana, Kanikaram, Graff, Gregory D., Fernandez, Carlos, and Kowalski, Stanle P. (eds.), Intellectual Property Management of Health and Agricultural Innovation: A handbook of Best Practices (2007).Google Scholar
Lansang, Mary Ann, and Dennis, Rodolfo, Building Capacity in Health Research in the Developing World, 82 Bulletin of the World Health Org. (2004).Google Scholar
Mahoney, Richard, Product Development Partnerships: Case Studies of a New Mechanism for Health Technology Innovation, 9 Health Res. Pol’y and Sys. (2011).Google Scholar
Mahoney, Richard, Strategic Review of WIPO Re:Search, Global Challenges Rep. (2015), www.ip-watch.org/weblog/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/WIPO-GlobalChallenges-ReSearch-Review-Oct-2015.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Mattes, William B., (Chaguturu, Rathnam ed.), Divided We Fall, in Collaborative Innovation in Drug Discovery: Strategies for Public and Private Partnerships (2014).Google Scholar
Molyneux, David H., Hotez, Peter J, and Fenwick, Alan, “Rapid-Impact Interventions”: How a Policy of Integrated Control for Africa’s Neglected Tropical Diseases Could Benefit the Poor, PLoS Med (2005).Google Scholar
Morel, Carlos M., Acharya, Tara, Broun, Denis, Dangi, Ajit, Elias, Christopher, Ganguly, N. K., Gardner, Charles A., Gupta, R. K., Haycock, Jane, Heher, Anthony D., Hotez, Peter J., Kettler, Hannah E., Keusch, Gerald T., Krattiger, Anatole F., Kreutz, Fernando T., Lall, Sanjaya, Lee, Keun, Mahoney, Richard, Martinez-Palomo, Adolfo, Mashelkar, R. A., Matlin, Stephen A., Mzimba, Mandi, Oehler, Joachim, Ridley, Robert G., Senanayake, Pramilla, Singer, Peter, and Yun, Mikyung, Health Innovation Networks to Help Developing Countries Address Neglected Diseases, 309 Science (2005).Google Scholar
NSW Health Department, A Framework for Building Capacity to Improve Health ( 2001).Google Scholar
OECD, Coherence for Health: Innovation for New Medicines for Infectious Diseases, The Development Dimension (2009).Google Scholar
Policy Cures, Global Funding of Innovation for Neglected Diseases: G-FINDER (2015) http://policycures.org/gfinder.html (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Policy Cures, Measuring Global Health R&D for the Post-2015 Development Agenda (2015) www.ghtcoalition.org/pdf/Measuring-global-health-R-D-for-the-post-2015-development-agenda.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Ramamoorthi, Roopa, et al., WIPO Re:Search: Accelerating Anthelmintic Development through Cross-Sector Partnerships, 4 Int. J. for Parasitology: Drugs & Drug Resistance (2014).Google Scholar
Symposium, Anthelmintics: From Discovery to Resistance (2016); Symposium, Global Challenges for New Drug Discovery Against Tropical Parasitic Diseases (2014).Google Scholar
Reich, Michael R., Public–Private Partnerships for Public Health, 6 Nature Med. 617 (2000).Google Scholar
Savioli, Lorenzo, Montresor, Antonio, and Gabrielli, Albis F., Neglected Tropical Diseases: The Development of a Brand with No Copyright. A Shift from a Disease-Centered to a Tool-Centered Strategic Approach, in The Causes and Impacts of Neglected Tropical and Zoonotic Diseases: Opportunities for Integrated Intervention Strategies: Workshop Summary (2011), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK62524/ (last visited Nov. 18, 2017)Google Scholar
Taubman, Antony, A Typology of Intellectual Property Management for Public Health Innovation and Access: Design Considerations for Policy Makers, 4 The Open AIDS J. 1 (2010).Google Scholar
Torstensson, David, Fighting Tropical Disease: It’s Now a Common Cause, PharmExec.com (Feb. 8, 2012), www.pharmexec.com/fighting-tropical-disease-its-now-common-cause.Google Scholar
Tufts Ctr. for the Study of Drug Dev., Press Release, Cost to Develop and Win Marketing Approval for a New Drug Is $2.6 Billion (November 18, 2014), http://csdd.tufts.edu/news/complete_story/pr_tufts_csdd_2014_cost_study (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Uniting to Combat Neglected Tropical Diseases, Country Leadership and Collaboration on Neglected Tropical Diseases: Third Progress Report of the London Declaration (2015) http://unitingtocombatntds.org/sites/default/files/document/UTCNTD%20FULL%20REPORT.pdf.Google Scholar
Uniting to Combat Neglected Tropical Diseases, London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases (2012) http://unitingtocombatntds.org/sites/default/files/resource_file/london_declaration_on_ntds.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Uniting to Combat Neglected Tropical Diseases, http://unitingtocombatntds.org/ (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
World Health Organization [WHO], Accelerating Work to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases - A Roadmap for Implementation: Executive Summary (2012), www.who.int/neglected_diseases/NTD_RoadMap_2012_Fullversion.pdf.Google Scholar
WHO, First Global Partners’ Meeting on Neglected Tropical Diseases, www.who.int/neglected_diseases/partners_meeting/en/ (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
WHO, Health in 2015: from MDGs to SDGs (2015), http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/200009/1/9789241565110_eng.pdf?ua=1 (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
WHO, Making a Difference: 30 Years of Research and Capacity Building in Tropical Diseases (2007), http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43689/1/9789241595575_eng.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
WHO, Neglected Tropical Diseases Summary, WHO (2017), www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/summary/en/ (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
WHO, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Hidden Successes, Emerging Opportunities (2006), http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/69367/1/WHO_CDS_NTD_2006.2_eng.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
WHO, Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property Rights; Report of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health (2006), www.who.int/intellectualproperty/documents/thereport/ENPublicHealthReport.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
WHO Comm’n on Intellectual Prop. Rights, Public Health: Innovation and Intellectual Property Rights ( 2006), www.who.int/intellectualproperty/documents/thereport/ENPublicHealthReport.pdf?ua=1 (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
WHO, WIPO & WTO, Promoting Access to Medical Technologies and Innovation: Intersections between Public Health, Intellectual Property, and Trade (2012), www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/pamtiwhowipowtoweb13_e.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
World Intellectual Property Organization [WIPO], The 45 Adopted Recommendations under the WIPO Development Agenda, www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda/recommendations.html (last visited April 10, 2016).Google Scholar
WIPO, The First Five Years of the WIPO Japan Funds-in-Trust for Industrial Property (Japan FIT/IP) for Africa and Least Developed Countries (LDCs): A Productive Collaboration with the Japan Patent Office (JPO) (2013), www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/cooperation/en/funds_in_trust/docs/japanfitip_jpo_firstfiveyears_en.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
WIPO Re:Search, www.wiporesearch.org/ (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar

References

BIO Ventures for Global Health, Accelerating R&D for Neglected Diseases through Global Collaborations: WIPO Re:Search Partnership Stories 2013–2015 (2015), www.bvgh.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=sbxNzyE6Xac%3d&tabid=277 (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
BIO Ventures for Global Health, Tuberculosis Vaccines: The Case for Investment (2006).Google Scholar
Bio Ventures for Global Health & PATH, The Case for Investment in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Vaccines (2011).Google Scholar
Dent, Jennifer, Ramamoorthi, Roopa, Graef, Katy, Nelson, Lisa Marie, and Wichard, Johannes Christian, WIPO Re:Search: A Consortium Catalyzing Research and Product Development for Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2 Pharmaceutical Pat. Analyst (2013).Google Scholar
Dent, Jennifer, Graef, Katy M., and Shivanand, Paddy, Open Innovation to Bolster Research and Development for Neglected and Emerging Infectious Diseases, J. Med. Dev. (July 10, 2015), http://ojs.whioce.com/index.php/jmds/article/view/119/99.Google Scholar
GSK Backs Patent Pool for Neglected Diseases, Nature (Feb. 18, 2009), www.nature.com/news/2009/090218/full/457949e.html (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Gillis, Justin, Medical Aid on the Way for Poorer Nations, Wash. Post, June 6, 2004.Google Scholar
Howes, Rosalind E., Dewi, Mewahyu, Piel, Frédéric B, Monteiro, Wuelton M, Battle, Katherine E, Messina, Jane P, Sakuntabhai, Anavaj, Satyagraha, Ari W, Williams, Thomas N, Baird, J Kevin, and Hay, Simon I, Spatial Distribution of G6PD Deficiency Variants Across Malaria-Endemic Regions, Malaria Journal (Nov. 15, 2013), https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475–2875-12–418 (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Inside WIPO, www.wipo.int/about-wipo/en/ (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Jedrusik, Ania, Sharing Innovation and Building Capacity to Fight Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Selection of WIPO Re:Search Fellowship Stories, Global Challenges Rep. (2016), www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gc_11.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Ledford, Heidi, MIT and South African Research Agency Dive Into Industry Patent Pool, Nature Newsblog (May 6, 2017 ; 2:35 PM), http://blogs.nature.com/news/2010/05/mit_dives_into_industry_patent.html (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Long, Thavy, Neitz, R. Jeffrey, Beasley, Rachel, Kalyanaraman, Chakrapani, Suzuki, Brian M., Jacobson, Matthew P., Dissous, Colette, McKerrow, James H., Drewry, David H., Zuercher, William J., Singh, Rahul, and Caffrey, Conor R., Structure-Bioactivity Relationship for Benzimidazole Thiophene Inhibitors of Polo-Like Kinase 1 (PLK1), a Potential Drug Target in Schistosoma mansoni, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases (Jan. 11, 2016), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4709140/ (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Molyneux, David H., Savioli, Lorenzo, and Engels, Dirk, Neglected Tropical Diseases: Progress Towards Addressing the Chronic Pandemic, 389 Lancet (2017).Google Scholar
SBIR STTR, NIH Phase-II-UNCD as Bio-Inert Interface for Anti-Thrombogenicity Applications, www.sbir.gov/sbirsearch/detail/677614 (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Nordling, Linda, Patent Pool Starts to Attract Interest, SciDev.net (Oct. 5, 2010), www.scidev.net/global/health/news/patent-pool-starts-to-attract-interest.html (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Biopharmaceutical Research & Development: The Process Behind New Medicines (2015), www.phrma.org/report/biopharmaceutical-research-and-development-the-process-behind-new-medicines (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Sema, Meslo, Alemu, Abebe, Bayih, Abebe Genetu, Getie, Sisay, Getnet, Gebeyaw, Guelig, Dylan, Burton, Robert, LaBarre, Paul, and Pillai, Dylan R, Evaluation of Non-Instrumented Nucleic Acid Amplification by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (NINA-LAMP) for the Diagnosis of Malaria in Northwest Ethiopia, Malaria Journal (Jan. 28, 2015), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25626339 (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
UN Dev. Program, Sustainable Development Goals, www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
U.N. Dept. of Social and Econ. Affairs, Partnerships for Sustainable Development Goals (2016) https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2329Partnership%20Report%202016%20web.pdf.Google Scholar
U.N. Sustainable Dev. Knowledge Platform, Sustainable Development Goal 3, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg3.Google Scholar
U.N. Sustainable Dev. Knowledge Platform, Sustainable Development Goal 9, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg9.Google Scholar
U.N. Sustainable Dev. Knowledge Platform, Sustainable Development Goal 17, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg17.Google Scholar
World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO Re:Search Guiding Principles, (June 8, 2011) www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/research/docs/guiding_principles.pdf.Google Scholar
World Health Organization, Investing to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases (2015) http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/152781/1/9789241564861_eng.pdf.Google Scholar
World Health Organization, Malaria Factsheet, (Dec. 2016) www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/ (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
World Health Organization, Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections, (Jan. 2017), www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs366/en/ (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar

References

3P: Pull. Pool, Push, The Access Campaign, Better TB treatment. Faster. Proposal to accelerate innovation and access to new treatment regimens for TB, www.msfaccess.org/sites/default/files/TB_3P2pager_Dec-2015_ENG.pdf (last visited Nov. 21, 2017).Google Scholar
Access to Medicines Foundation, Index 2014, https://accesstomedicinefoundation.org/media/atmf/2014-Access-to-Medicine-Index.pdf. (last visited Nov. 21, 2017).Google Scholar
Burrone, Esteban and Perry, Greg, Ensuring New Medicines Reach Those in Most Need, 2 Lancet HIV e362 (2015).Google Scholar
Buse, Kent and Walt, Gill, Global Public–Private Partnerships: Part II – What are the Health Issues for Global Governance?, 78 Bull. World Health Organ. (2000).Google Scholar
Chatham House, Towards a New Global Business Model for Antibiotics: Delinking Revenue From Sales (2015).Google Scholar
Contreras, Jorge, Bermuda’s Legacy: Policy, Patents, and the Design of the Genome Commons, 12 Minn. J. L. Sci. & Tech. 61 (2011).Google Scholar
Friede, Martin, Prieels, Jean-Paul, Spooren, Anneleen, and Mottrie, Mathieu, Innovation for Vaccines Against Poverty Diseases: The Need for New Support Mechanisms (2014), www.who.int/immunization/research/forums_and_initiatives/02_Friede_Business_Model.pdf (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
Int’l Fed’n of Pharm. Mfrs. & Ass’n, Declaration by the Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology and Diagnostics Industries on Combating Antimicrobial Resistance (Jan. 2016), www.ifpma.org/partners-2/declaration-by-the-pharmaceutical-biotechnology-and-diagnostics-industries-on-combating-antimicrobial-resistance-amr/ (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
Juneja, Sandeep, Gupta, Aastha, Moon, Suerie and Resch, Stephen, Projected savings through public health voluntary licences of HIV drugs negotiated by the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP), PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177770 (2017), available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177770.Google Scholar
Kieny, Maurie-Paule, Creating and Intergovernmental Consortium for New Antibiotics: A New Development Model, AMR Control (2015).Google Scholar
Medicines Patent Pool, Five Years of Patent Pooling in Public Health (2015).Google Scholar
Medicines Patent Pool, Licenses in the MPP, www.medicinespatentpool.org/current-licences/(last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
Medicines Patent Pool, The Medicines Patent Pool Announces First Licence for Tuberculosis Treatment, MPP (Jan. 25, 2017), www.medicinespatentpool.org/the-medicines-patent-pool-announces-first-licence-for-tuberculosis-treatment/(last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
Medicines Patent Pool, The Medicines Patent Pool Expands Mandate to Hepatitis C and Tuberculosis Treatment (Nov.6, 2015), www.medicinespatentpool.org/the-medicines-patent-pool-expands-mandate-to-hepatitis-c-and-tuberculosis-treatment/ (last visited Nov. 21, 2017) (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
Medicines Patent Pool, The Medicines Patent Pool Transparency Policy, MPP, https://medicinespatentpool.org/uploads/2017/07/MEDICINES-PATENT-POOL-TRANSPARENCY-POLICY-301014.pdf (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
Medicines Patent Pool, Progress and Achievements of the Medicines Patent Pool 2010–2015 (2015).Google Scholar
Medicines Patent Pool, Target Medicines, www.medicinespatentpool.org/ourwork/target-medicines/(last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
MedsPaL, www.medspal.org (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
Memorandum of Understanding, Jun. 8–9, 2010, MPP-UNITAID, EB12/R7.Google Scholar
Merges, Robert P., Institutions for Intellectual Property Transactions: The Case for Patent Pools (1999), www.law.berkeley.edu/files/pools%281%29.pdf (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, Securing New Drugs for Future Generations: The Pipeline of Antibiotics (2015), https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/SECURING%20NEW%20DRUGS%20FOR%20FUTURE%20GENERATIONS%20FINAL%20WEB_0.pdf (last visited Nov. 21, 2017).Google Scholar
Shapiro, Carl, Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and Standard-Setting, 1 The Innovation Pol’y and the Econ. 119 (2011).Google Scholar
Simon, James H.M., Claasen, Eric., Correa, Carmen E., and Osterhaus, Albert D.M.E., Managing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Intellectual Property Rights: The Possible Role of Patent Pooling, 83 Bull. World Health Org. 707 (2005), www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/83/9/707.pdf (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
United Nations, Human Rights Council Resolution 15/6, U.N. D.oc. A/HRC/15/L.28 (Sep. 27, 2010).Google Scholar
U.S. Patent and Trade Office, Patent Pools: A Solution to The Problem of Access in Biotechnology Patents? (2000), www.consultstanton.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/PATENT-POOL-WHITE-PAPER.pdf (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
Van Overwalle, Geertrui (ed.), Cambridge University Press, Gene Patents and Collaborative Licensing Models: Patent Pools, Clearinghouses, Open Source Models and Liability Regimes (2009).Google Scholar
World Health Assembly, Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance, WHA68.7 (May 26, 2015).Google Scholar
World Health Organization, Accelerating Innovation and Access to Medicines for Tuberculosis through Open Collaboration: A Push, Pull, Pool Approach (“the 3P Project”) (2010), www.who.int/phi/implementation/10_summary_EN.pdf (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
World Health Organization, Global Action Plan on Anti-Microbial Resistance (2015), http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/193736/1/9789241509763_eng.pdf?ua=1 (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
World Health Organization, Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property (2011), www.who.int/phi/publications/Global_Strategy_Plan_Action.pdf (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
World Health Organization, Report of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health (2006).Google Scholar
World Health Organization, Research and Development to Meet Health Needs in Developing Countries: Strengthening Global Financing and Coordination. Report of the Consultative Expert Working Group on Research and Development: Financing and Coordination (2012), www.who.int/phi/CEWG_Report_5_April_2012.pdf (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
World Health Organization, Summary Report on the nomination of Experts and the shortlisting of Health R&D Demonstration Projects (2013), www.who.int/phi/implementation/EURO_procedure_for_selection_of_demo_projects.pdf (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
World Trade Organization, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Health Organization, Promoting Access to Medical Technologies and Innovation (2012).Google Scholar

References

Bengtsson, Maria and Kock, Soren, “Coopetition” in Business Networks – To Cooperate and Compete Simultaneously, 29 Indus. Mktg. Mgmt. (2000).Google Scholar
Bereuter, Thomas L. et al., IPR-Codes and Guidelines in Europe Facilitating Collaboration of Publicly Funded Research Organizations (PROs) with Businesses, 46 les Nouvelles (2011).Google Scholar
Börzel, Tanja A. and Risse, Thomas, Public–Private Partnerships: Effective and Legitimate Tools of International Governance?, in Complex Sovereignty: On the Reconstitution of Political Authority in the 21st Century (Grande, Edgar & Pauly, Louis W. eds., 2002).Google Scholar
Boyd, Michael R., The Position of Intellectual Property Rights in Drug Discovery and Development From Natural Products, 51 J. Ethnopharmacology (1996).Google Scholar
Brinkerhoff, Jennifer M., Government-Nonprofit Partnership: A Defining Framework, 22 Public Admin. Dev. (2002).Google Scholar
Brooke, Steve and Vail, Janet G.., Public- and Private-Sector Partnerships in Contraceptive Research and Development: Guiding Principles, 67 Int’l J. of Gynecology and Obstetrics (1999).Google Scholar
Bubela, Tania et al., Recalibrating Intellectual Property Rights to Enhance Translational Research Collaborations, 4 Sci. Translational Med 122, at (2012).Google Scholar
Buse, Kent Buse and Walt, Gill, Global Public–Private Partnerships: Part I - A New Development in Health?, 78 Bull. of the World Health Org. (2000).Google Scholar
Centre for Drug Design & Discovery, What is CD3?, www.cd3.eu/about-cd3/about-cd3what-is-cd3 (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Ciccone, Danna Karen, Arguing for a Centralized Coordination Solution to the Public–private Partnership Explosion in Global Health, 17 Glob. Health Promotion (2010).Google Scholar
Chesbrough, Henry, Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation Landscape (2006).Google Scholar
Cressey, Daniel, Comment, Animal Research: Battle Scars, 470 Nature (2011).Google Scholar
Denee, Tom et al., Measuring the Value of Public–Private Partnerships in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11 Nature Revs. Drug Discovery (2012).Google Scholar
Editorial, Expanding Precompetitive Space, 10 Nature Rev. Drug Discovery (2011).Google Scholar
Editorial, With Strings – Researchers Should Shrug Off Their Fears and Welcome the Concept of Venture Philantrophy, 475 Nature (2011).Google Scholar
Elkins, Sean, Hupcey, Maggie A. Z., and Williams, Antony J. (eds.), Collaborative Computational Technologies for Biomedical Research (John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2011).Google Scholar
European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document: Accompanying Document to the Proposal for the Council Decision on the Setting Up the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking, SEC(2007) 568 (2007) 28, https://ec.europa.eu/research/jti/pdf/imi_com_sec(2007)0568_en.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document: Joint Technology Initiatives: Background, State-of-Play and Main Features, SEC(2007) 692 (2007) 3, 12, https://ec.europa.eu/research/jti/pdf/background_jtis_en.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
European Commission, Final Report from the Expert Group on Intellectual Property Valuation, 5, 13 (Nov. 29, 2013), https://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/Expert_Group_Report_on_Intellectual_Property_Valuation_IP_web_2.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
European Commission, Trade Secrets, https://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/intellectual-property/trade-secrets_en (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
European IPR Helpdesk, Case Study: Allocation of Shares of Jointly Developed Results, 3 (Feb. 2014), www.iprhelpdesk.eu/sites/default/files/newsdocuments/CS_Allocation_of_shares_of_jointly_developed_results.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
European Parliament, Regulation 536/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of Apr. 16, 2014, on Clinical Trials on Medical Products for Human Use and Repealing Directive 2001/20/EC, 2014 O.J. (L 158).Google Scholar
Feldman, Robin, The Open Source Biotechnology Movement: Is It Patent Misuse?, 6 Minn. J. L., Sci. & Tech. (2004).Google Scholar
Feldman, Robin and Nelson, Kristopher A., Open Source, Open Access, and Open Transfer: Market Approaches to Research Bottlenecks, 1–2, 7 (May 2, 2008), http://ssrn.com/abstract=1127571.Google Scholar
Food and Drug Admin., Guidance for Clinical Trial Sponsors: Establishment and Operation of Clinial Trial Data Monitoring Committees, ( 2006 ), www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/01d-0489-gdl0003.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Gilbert, Natasha, Universities Shun Europe’s Drug Initiative, 466 Nature (2010).Google Scholar
Giordano-Coltart, Jennifer and Calkins, Charles W., Best Practices in Patent License Negotiations, 25 Nature Biotechnology (2007).Google Scholar
Goldman, Michel, Comment, Reflections on the Innovative Medicines Initiative, 10 Nature Rev. Drug Discovery (2011).Google Scholar
Goldman, Michel, The Innovative Medicines Initiative: A European Response to the Innovation Challenge, 91 Clinical Pharmacology (2012).Google Scholar
Goldman, Michel, et al., The Innovative Medicines Initiative: An Engine for Regulatory Science, 14 Nature Rev. Drug Discovery (2014).Google Scholar
Gorbatyuk, Arina et al., Intellectual Property Ownership in Coupled Open Innovation Processes, 47 Int’l Rev. of Intell. Prop. and Competition L. (2016).Google Scholar
Hughes, J. P., Rees, S., Kalindjian, S. B. and Philpott, K. L., Principles of Drug Discovery, 162 British J. Pharmacology (2011).Google Scholar
Innovative Medicines Initiative, Bibliometric Analysis of Ongoing Projects: Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking (IMI) Third Report, 9 (Oct. 2013), www.imi.europa.eu/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/reference-documents/IMI_BibliometricReport_3.pdf (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
Innovative Medicines Initiative, Bibliometric Analysis of Ongoing Projects: Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking (IMI) Fourth Report, 9–10 (Apr. 2014), www.imi.europa.eu/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/reference-documents/BibliometricReport4_Final.pdf (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
Innovative Medicines Initiative, Clarification Note to the IMI IP Policy (on file with authors).Google Scholar
Innovative Medicines Initiative, IMI 2 Joint Undertaking, Model Grant Agreement, art. 23(a)–31 (Jan. 12, 2015), www.imi.europa.eu/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/apply-for-funding/call-documents/imi2/h2020-mga-imi_en.pdf (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
Innovative Medicines Initiative, Governing Board Meeting, Chaired by Dr. Rudolf Strohmeier, Deputy-Director General of Directorate General for Research and Innovation (DG RTD) at the European Council, (Oct. 29, 2013) (notes on file with authors).Google Scholar
Innovative Medicines Initiative, IMI Guidance Note for IMI Applicants and Participants (Nov. 2010), www.imi.europa.eu/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/apply-for-funding/intellectual-property/GuidanceNote_Draft3-1_10Nov2010.pdf (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
Innovative Medicines Initiative, The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) Strategic Research Agenda: Revision 2011, 3, 10, 25 (June, 16, 2011), www.imi.europa.eu/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/reference-documents/SRArevised2011.pdf (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar
Innovative Medicines Initiative, IMI Intellectual Property Policy, (Jul. 1, 2007), https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/portal/doc/call/fp7/imi-ju-03–2010/30831-imi-ipr-policy01august2007_en.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Innovative Medicines Initiative, Report of the Independent Expert Panel Accompanying the Commission Report: Assessment of European Innovative Medicines Initiative 2, A Joint Technology Initiative Under Horizon 2020, at 6–7 (Dec. 23, 2012), https://ec.europa.eu/research/health/pdf/imi-ppp-expert-panel-report_en.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Innovative Medicines Initiative, The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) Research Agenda: Creating Biomedical R&D Leadership for Europe to Benefit the Patients and Society, 3, 7 (Feb. 15, 2008), http://rp7.ffg.at/upload/medialibrary/IMI-GB-research-agenda-006v2–15022008.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Intellectual Property Watch, Partnership To Share Research, Keep IP Rights, On Neglected Diseases, ¶ 2, IP-watch.org (Jan. 6, 2011), www.ip-watch.org/2011/06/01/partnership-to-share-research-keep-ip-rights-on-neglected-diseases/ (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Kaplan, Warren, Wirtz, Veronika, Mantel, Aukje, Stolk, Pieter, Duthy, Béatrice, and Laing, Richard, World Health Organization, Priority Medicines for Europe and the World 2013 Update, 186–87 (May 6, 2013), http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/priority_medicines/MasterDocJune28_FINAL_Web.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Kelly, Micheál J., Schaan, Jean-Louis and Joncas, Helene, Managing Alliance Relationships: Key Challenges in the Early Stages of Collaboration, 32 R&D Mgmt. (2002).Google Scholar
Kesselheim, Aaron and Shiu, N., The Evolving Role of Biomarker Patents in Personalized Medicine, 95 Clinical Pharmacology Therapeutics (2014).Google Scholar
Kling, Jim, Biotechs Follow Big Pharma Lead Back into Academia, 29 Nature Biotechnology (2011).Google Scholar
Larson, Maja and Chon, Margaret, The Greatest Generational Impact: The Open Neuroscience Movement as an Emerging Knowledge Commons, in Governing Medical Knowledge Commons (Strandburg, Katherine J., Frischmann, Brett M., & Madison, Michael J. eds., 2017).Google Scholar
Leten, Bart, et al., IP Models to Orchestrate Innovation Ecosystems; IMEC, a Public Research Institute in Nano-Electronics, 55 Cal. Mgmt. Rev. (2013).Google Scholar
Lim, Mark D., Consortium Sandbox: Building and Sharing Resources, 6 Sci. Translational Med. (2014).Google Scholar
Macilwain, Colin, Sharing Information Is Preferable to Patenting, 498 Nature (2013).Google Scholar
Mahoney, Richard T., et al., The Introduction of New Vaccines into Developing Countries: IV: Global Access Strategies, 25 Vaccine (2007).Google Scholar
Mectizan Donation Program, www.mectizan.org/ (last visited Sep. 22, 2017).Google Scholar
Melese, Teri, Lin, Salima M., Chang, Julia L. and Cohen, Neal H., Open Innovation Networks Between Academia and Industry: An Imperative for Breakthrough Therapies, 15 Nature Med. (2009).Google Scholar
Merz, Jon F., WHO, Intellectual Property and Product Development Public/Private Partnerships, 7 (May 16, 2005), www.who.int/intellectualproperty/studies/Merz%20WHO%20report.pdf?ua=1 (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Mullard, Asher, Could Pharma Open its Drug Freezers, 10 Nature Rev. Drug Discovery (2011).Google Scholar
Munos, Bernard H., Can Open-Source R&D Reinvigorate Drug Research?, 5 Nature Rev. Drug Discovery (2006).Google Scholar
Napa, Jagadeesh, Editorial, Open Source Drug Discovery, Pharma Focus Asia, https://www.pharmafocusasia.com/strategy/open-source-drug-discovery (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Passi, Jaakko, Valkokari, Katri, Rantala, Tuija, Nystén-Haarala, Soili, Lee, Nari and Huhtilainen, Laura. Bazaar of Opportunities for New Business Development – Bridging Networked Innovation, Intellectual Property and Business (2013).Google Scholar
Papadaki, Magdalini and Hirsch, Gigi, Curing Consortium Fatigue. 5 Sci. Translational Med. (2013).Google Scholar
Paradiso, Robert J. and Pietrowski, Elizabeth, Dilemmas of Joint Patent Ownership: Provide a Clear Understanding of the Parties’ Expectations, 197 N. J. L. J. (2009).Google Scholar
Pardoe, David A. et al., Assessing the Value of R&D Partnerships, 12 Drug Discovery World 9, ¶ 3 (2010).Google Scholar
Pozen, Robert and Kline, Heather, Defining Success for Translational Research Organizations, 3 Sci. Translational Med. (2011).Google Scholar
Rai, Arti K., Reichman, , Reichmann, Jerome H., Uhlir, Paul F., and Crossman, Colin R., Pathways Across the Valley of Death: Novel Intellectual Property Strategies for Accelerated Drug Discovery in Gene Patents and Collaborative Licensing Models. Patent Pools, Clearinghouses, Open Source Models and Liability Regimes (Van Overwalle, Geertrui Ed., 2009).Google Scholar
Ridley, Robert G., Putting the Partnership into Public–private Partnerships, 79 Bull. of the World Health Org. (2001).Google Scholar
Simpson, Peter B. and Melvin, Reichman, Comment, Opening the Lead Generation Toolbox, 13 Nature Revs. Drug Discovery (2014).Google Scholar
Son, Seungwoo, Legal Analysis on Public–Private Partnerships Regarding Model PPP Rules, presented at International Colloquium on Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Vienna, 15 (June 2012), www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/colloquia/public-private-partnerships-2013/20120704_Report_on_PPP_legal_IssuesSon_Seungwoover.11.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Southwood, David, Comment, Research Collaboration: When International Partnerships Go Wrong, 488 Nature (2012).Google Scholar
Stevens, Hilde et al., Intellectual Property Policies in Early-Phase Research in Public–Private Partnerships, 34 Nature Biotechnology (2016).Google Scholar
Stevens, Hilde et al., Perspectives and Opportunities for Precompetitive Public–Private Partnerships in the Biomedical Sector, 32 Biotechnology L. Rep. (2013).Google Scholar
Stevens, Hilde, The Role of Intellectual Property in (Precompetitive) Public–Private Partnerships in the Biomedical Sector (2015).Google Scholar
Stevens, Hilde, Huys, Isabelle, Debackere, Koenraad, Goldman, Michel, Stevens, Philip, and Mahoney, Richard T., Vaccines: Accelerating Innovation and Access, WIPO Global Challenges Report (2017).Google Scholar
Stevens, Hilde and Huys, Isabelle, Case study analysis on behalf of IMI JU Executive Office under a service contract procedure: SUMMIT – IMIDIA – Open PHACTS NEWMEDS – eTOX – U-BIOPRED Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking (IMI), summary in IMI, Annual Activity Report 2013, 25–27 (Feb. 14, 2014), www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201408/20140818ATT87695/20140818ATT87695EN.pdf.Google Scholar
Stevens, Hilde, Van Overwall, Geertrui, Van Looy, Bart, and Huys, Isabelle, Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) Case Study Analysis Reveals the True Added Value of Early-Phase Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs), 34 Biotechnology L. Rep. (2015).Google Scholar
Stolk, Pieter, Background Paper 8.1 Public Private Partnerships, 5, 12, 13 (May 1, 2013), www.who.int/medicines/areas/priority_medicines/BP8_1PPPs.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Strohmeier, Rudolf, et al., IMI Moves Forward, 29 Nature Biotechnology (2011).Google Scholar
Taubman, Antony, Council on Health Research for Development, Public–Private Management of Intellectual Property for Public Health Outcomes in the Developing World: The Lessons of Access Conditions in Research and Development Agreements, 17 (2004), http://announcementsfiles.cohred.org/gfhr_pub/assoc/s14831e/s14831e.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Treaty on European Union, art. 129, Feb. 7, 1992, 1992 O.J. (C 191), 31 I. L. M. 253.Google Scholar
U.N. Millennium Development Goals and Beyond, Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development, Target 8.E, 2015, www.un.org/millenniumgoals/global.shtml (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
U.N. Secretary-General, High-Level Panel on Access to Medicines, 13–15, (Sep. 2016), https://static1.squarespace.com/static/562094dee4b0d00c1a3ef761/t/57d9c6ebf5e231b2f02cd3d4/1473890031320/UNSG+HLP+Report+FINAL+12+Sept+2016.pdf (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
U.N. Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development Goal 3, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg3 (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
U.N. Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development Goal 17, www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/globalpartnerships/ (last visited Nov. 18, 2017).Google Scholar
Van Overwalle, Geertrui, Exclusive Ownership Versus Open Commons: The Case of Gene Patents, 4 The WIPO J. (2013).Google Scholar
Van Overwalle, Geertrui, Inventing Inclusive Patents. From Old to New Open Innovation, in Kritika-Essays on Intellectual Property, Vol. 1 (Drahos, Peter et al. eds., Edward Elgar 2015).Google Scholar
Van Overwalle, Geertrui, Of Thickets, Blocks, and Gaps. Designing Tools to Resolve Obstacles in the Gene Patents Landscape, in Gene Patents and Collaborative Licensing Models: Patent Pools, Clearinghouses, Open Source Models and Liability Regimes (Geertrui Van Overwalle ed. 2009 ).Google Scholar
Van Looy, Bart, Landoni, Paolo, Callaert, Julie, Pottelsberghe, Brunovan, Sapsalis, Eleftherios, and Debackere, Koenraad, Entrepreneurial Effectiveness of European Universities: An Empirical Assessment of Antecedents and Trade-Offs, 40 Res. Pol’y (2011).Google Scholar
Vargas, Gabriel, Boutouyrie, B., Ostrowitzki, S., and Santarelli, L., Arguments Against Precompetitive Collaboration, 87 Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeautics (2010).Google Scholar
Wagner, Janet A., Prince, M., Wright, E.C., Ennis, M. M., Kochan, J., Nunez, D. J. R., Schneider, B., Wang, M.-D., Chen, Y., Ghosh, S., Musser, B. J., and Vassileva, M. T., The Biomarkers Consortium: Practice and Pitfalls of Open-Source Precompetitive Collaboration, 87 Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2010).Google Scholar
Widdus, Roy, Public–Private Partnership, 99 Transactions of the Royal Soc’y Tropical Med. & Hygiene (Supp.1 2005).Google Scholar
Widdus, Roy, Public–Private Partnerships for Health: Their Main Targets, Their Diversity, and Their Future Directions, 79 Bull. of the World Health Org. (2001).Google Scholar
Williams, R. Sanders and Desmond-Hellman, Susan, Making Translation Work, 332 Science (2011)Google Scholar
Woodcock, Janet, Precompetitive Research: A New Prescription for Drug Development?, 87 Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2010).Google Scholar
World Health Organization, Health in 2015: from MDGs, Millennium Development Goals to SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals, 28 (2015), www.who.int/gho/publications/mdgs-sdgs/en/ (last visited Nov. 23, 2017).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×