The Levant Company appointed Abraham Parsons as a consul in Iskenderun, Turkey, in 1767. Parsons served in the Levant for six years before deciding to retire in Leghorn in Italy where he died in 1785. Seven years earlier, Parsons had undertaken a journey of ‘commercial speculations’, as John Paine Berjew, the editor of Parsons’s travel account, wrote in the preface to Parsons’s Travels in Asia and Africa (Parsons 1808: iii). From his travel book, we learn that Parsons had joined an Arab caravan travelling between Aleppo and Basra where he lived for a few months before boarding a British ship sailing towards India. In 1776, he arrived in Bombay, then moved to Surat and Madras before returning to Europe by way of Suez, Cairo and Alexandria. The details of this long journey were published posthumously in 1808 in a book many in Britain found somewhat repetitive and dull unlike most travel books of the period, which were known for the stories they told about their authors’ adventures and suffering in exotic climes. The Monthly Review suggested that Parsons’s ‘travels bespeak the man of business more than the man of letters and afford us the result of actual observation without much benefit from disquisition or research’ (1810: 288). For the London Review, there is no doubt that Parsons’s book lacks the literary and scholarly quality one finds in previous and contemporary accounts about the Levant. But what is even odd about the book is that it does little to explain differences between societies beyond just the Enlightenment discourse of progress. Parsons, The London Review in 1809 wrote, ‘looks only on the artificial and obvious distinction between the modes of society in states: he knows nothing of the more recondite discriminations that separate, as it were, the souls of communities; and even, in the midst of the most liberal and enlightened intercourse, keep nation distinct from nation.