INTRODUCTION

The Japan-ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) partnership has a long history, beginning in the early 1970s. Japan began to have an informal dialogue with ASEAN in 1973 in order to resolve trade frictions over synthetic rubber. Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda proposed the Fukuda Doctrine and stressed the necessity of “heart-to-heart”, “person-to-person” understanding when he was invited to the second ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur in August 1977. Japan played an important role in the process of trying to find a resolution to the prolonged internal conflict in Cambodia, and contributed to reconstructing the country. After the 1997–98 Asian Financial Crisis, Japan's presence was evident in the various projects and plans to help crisis-hit countries overcome their problems as well as revitalize their economies. For example, the New Miyazawa Plan (1998), which was a package of financial assistance directed toward Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea (ROK), and Indonesia, was financed by Japan. In the early 1990s, Japan and ASEAN institutionalized the Meeting of ASEAN Economic Ministers and Minister for International Trade and Industry (AEM-MITI). AEM-MITI focused on economic cooperation between ASEAN and Japan, including assistance for Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Lao PDR) and Myanmar, with the aim of supporting these countries’ aspirations to be members of ASEAN. In addition, economic ministers of ASEAN countries and Japan agreed to establish the Cambodia-Laos-Myanmar Working Group, which aimed at narrowing the developmental gap in Southeast Asia, at the AEMMITI meeting held in September 1994. ASEAN economic cooperation actually began with an agreement between ASEAN economic ministers in 1992 to establish the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). After this, Japan-ASEAN industrial cooperation started encouraging greater integration and development in Southeast Asia. The Japan-ASEAN partnership carried a heavy weight for ASEAN countries because of Japan's position as the second-largest economic power in the world.

However, several new trends in East Asia since the beginning of the 21st century led Japan to rethink and reconstruct the Japan-ASEAN partnership. The rise of China, the acceleration of ASEAN integration, and the rapid development of ASEAN-centered regional architecture transformed economic circumstances in East Asia. These trends are interconnected with each other and have transformed the regional economic landscape of East Asia, significantly changing the character of the Japan-ASEAN partnership.