Books and Articles
Achebe, Chinua, Home and Exile, New York: Random House, 2000.
Aka, Philip C., “The Need for Effective Policy on Ethnic Reconciliation,” in Udogu, E. Ike, ed., Nigeria in the Twenty-First Century, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2005, 41–67.
Alexander, Jeffrey C., “Toward a Theory of Cultural Trauma,” in Alexander, Jeffrey C., Eyeran, Ron, Giesen, Bernhard, Smelser, Neil J., and Sztompka, Piotr, eds., Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004, 1–30.
Alexander, Philip, “A Tale of Two Smiths: The Transformation of Commonwealth Policy, 1964–70,” Contemporary British History, 20:3, 2006, 303–321.
Akinyemi, A.B., “The British Press and the Nigerian Civil War,” African Affairs, 71:285, 1972, 408–426.
Amoba, Mohibi, “Background to the Conflict,” in Okpaku, Joseph, ed., Nigeria, Dilemma of Nationhood. An African Analysis of the Biafran Conflict, Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972, 14–75.
Anthony, Douglas, Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–1986, Oxford: James Currey, 2003.
Anthony, Douglas, “‘Resourceful and Progressive Blackmen,’: Modernity And Race in Biafra, 1967–70,” Journal of African History, 51, 2010, 41–61.
Asiegbu, Johnson U.J., Nigeria and Its British Invaders, 1851–1920: A Thematic Documentary History, New York/Lagos: Nok Publishers, 1984.
Assmann, Jan, “Collective Memory and Cultural Identity,” New German Critique, 65, 1995, 125–133.
Azikiwe, Ifeoha, Asagba Prof. Joseph Chike Edozien: His Thoughts, Words, Vision, Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse, 2015.
Baker, Pauline, “Lurching toward Unity,” The Wilson Quarterly, 4, 1980, 70–80.
Bartrop, Paul, “The Relationship between War and Genocide in the Twentieth Century: A Consideration,” Journal of Genocide Research, 4, 2002, 519–532.
Bird, S. Elizabeth, “Seeking the Audience for News: Response, News Talk, and Everyday Practices,” in Nightingale, Virginia, ed., Handbook of Audience Studies, New York: Blackwell, 2011, 489–508.
Blank, Gary, “Britain, Biafra and the Balance of Payments: The Formation of London’s ‘One Nigeria’ Policy,” Revue Francais de Civilisation Britannique, 2013, 18:2, 66–86.
Campbell, David, “Cultural Governance and Pictorial Resistance: Reflections on the Imaging of War,” Review of International Studies, 29, 2003, 57–73.
Cookman, Claude, “Gilles Caron’s Coverage of the Crisis in Biafra,” Visual Communication Quarterly, 15, 2008, 226–242.
Church Missionary Society, “Letter from Diocese of Benin,” CMS Historical Record, 1968, 1.
Clark, Janine N., “Reconciliation through Remembrance? War Memorials and the Victims of Vukovar,” The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 7, 2013, 116–135.
Cole, Elizabeth A., and Barsalou, Judy, “Unite or Divide: The Challenges of Teaching History in Societies Emerging from Violent Conflict,” United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 163, June 2006.
Collier, Paul, Hoeffler, Anke, and Rohner, Dominic, Beyond Greed and Grievance: Feasibilityand Civil War, Centre for the Study of African Economies, Working Paper Series 2006–2010.
Collis, Robert, Nigeria in Conflict, London: Secker and Warburg, 1970.
Cronje, Suzanne, The World and Nigeria: The Diplomatic History of the Biafran War 1967–1970, London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1972.
Curtis, Mark, Unpeople: Britain’s Secret Human Rights Abuses, London: Vintage, 2004.
Das, Veena, Life and Words: Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.
Davies, Patrick Ediomi, “Use of Propaganda in Civil War: The Biafra Experience,” doctoral thesis, Department of International Relations, London School of Economics and Political Science, June 1995.
Davis, Morris, Interpreters for Nigeria: The Third World and International Public Relations, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977.
de Jong, Ferdinand, and Rowlands, Michael, Reclaiming Heritage: Alternative Imaginaries of Memory in West Africa. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2007.
Jorre, JohnSt., The Brothers’ War: Biafra and Nigeria, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972.
Doron, Roy, “Forging a Nation while Losing a Country: Igbo Nationalism, Ethnicity and Propaganda in the Nigerian Civil War 1968–1970,” Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, August 2011.
Doron, Roy, “Marketing Genocide: Biafran Propaganda Strategies during the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–70,” Journal of Genocide Research, 2014, 16:2–3, 227–246.
Drinot, Paulo, “Website of Memory: The War of the Pacific (1879–84) in the Global Age of YouTube,” Memory Studies, 4:4, 2011, 371.
Ejiogu, E.C., “On Biafra: Subverting Imposed Code of Silence,” Journal of Asian and African Studies, 48, 2013, 741–751.
Ekwelie, Sylvanus A., “The Nigeria Press under Military Rule,” International Communication Gazette, 25, 1979, 219–232.
Erikson, Kai T., Everything in Its Path: Destruction of Community in the Buffalo Creek Flood, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976.
Falola, Toyin, ed., Igbo History and Society: The Essays of Adiele Afigbo, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2005.
Falola, Toyin, and Heaton, Matthew M., A History of Nigeria, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Ferrándiz, Francisco, “The Return of Civil War Ghosts: The Ethnography of Exhumations in Contemporary Spain,” Anthropology Today, 22:3, 2006, 7–12.
Forsyth, Frederick, The Making of an African Legend: The Biafra Story, London: Penguin, 1969.
Forsyth, Frederick, The Outsider: My Life in Intrigue, London: Putnam, 2015.
Giles, Wenona, and Hyndman, Jennifer, eds., Sites of Violence: Gender and Conflict Zones, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.
Gould, Michael, The Biafran War: The Struggle for Modern Nigeria, New York: I.B. Tauris, 2012.
Govier, Trudy, Taking Wrongs Seriously: Acknowledgment, Reconciliation and the Politics of Sustainable Peace, Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2006.
Harneit-Sievers, Axel, Ahazuem, Jones O., and Emezue, Sydney, A Social History of the Nigerian Civil War: Perspectives from Below, Hamburg: Lit Verlag, Hamburg, 1997.
Harrison, Paul, and Palmer, Robin, News out of Africa: Biafra to Band Aid, London: Hilary Shipman, 1986.
Hatch, John, Nigeria: A History, London: Secker and Warburg, 1970.
Henry, Nicola, War and Rape: Law, Memory and Justice, London: Routledge, 2011.
Heerten, Lasse, and Moses, A. Dirk, “The Nigeria–Biafra War: Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide,” Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2–3, 169–203.
Hetherington, Penelope, British Paternalism and Africa, 1920–1940, London: F. Cass, 1978.
Hinton, Alexander Laban, Transitional Justice: Global Mechanisms and Local Realities after Genocide and Mass Violence, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2011.
Hirsch, Herbert, Genocide and the Politics of Memory, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
Hodgkin, Katharine, and Radstone, Susannah, “Introduction: Rethinking Memory,” History Workshop Journal, 59, 2005, 129–133.
Hoffman, Eva, “The Long Afterlife of Loss,” in Radstone, Susannah and Schwarz, Bill, eds., Memory: Histories, Theories, Debates, New York: Fordham University Press, 2010, 406–415.
Hopwood, Julian, “We Can’t Be Sure Who Killed Us: Memory and Memorialization in Post-Conflict Northern Uganda,” International Center for Transitional Justice: Justice and Reconciliation Project, 2011.
Hynes, Michelle, and Lopes-Cardozo, Barbara, “Observations from the CDC: Sexual Violence against Refugee Women,” Journal of Women’s Health and Gender-based Medicine, 9:8, 2000, 819–823.
Ikuomola, Adediran Daniel, “The Nigerian Civil War of 1967 and the Stigmatisation of Children Born of Rape Victims in Edo State,” in Branch, Raphaelle and Virgili, Fabrice, eds., Writing the History of Rape in Wartime, London: Palgrave McMillan, 2012, 169–183.
Inal, Tuba, Looting and Rape in Wartime: Law and Change in International Relations, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.
Irwin-Zarecka, Iwona, Frames of Remembrance: The Dynamics of Collective Memory, New York: Transaction Publishers.
Isichei, Elizabeth, “Historical Change in an Ibo Polity: Asaba to 1885,” Journal of African History, 10, 1969, 421–438.
Isichei, Patrick A.C., “Ex-Seminarian Ignatius Bamah in Asaba (c. 1900–67),” in Isichei, Elizabeth, ed., Varieties of Christian Experience in Nigeria, London: MacMillan, 1982, 177–188.
Iweze, Daniel Olisa, “Post-CivilWar Intergroup Relations: The Western Igbo and Non-Igbo Groups in the Midwest State,” in Koreih, Chima and Ezeonu, Ifeanyi, eds., Remembering Biafra: Narrative, History, and Memory of the Nigeria-Biafra War, Glassboro, NJ: Goldline and Jacobs, 2010, 170–184.
Kantowicz, Edward R., Coming Apart, Coming Together: The World in the 20th Century, Vol. 2, New York: Eerdmans, 1999.
Kansteiner, Wulf, “Finding Meaning in Memory: A Methodological Critique of Collective Memory Studies,” History and Theory, 41, 2002, 179–197.
Keil, Charles, “The Price of Nigerian Victory,” Africa Today, 17:1, 1970, 1–3.
Kimmerle, Erin H., “Forensic Anthropology: A Human Rights Approach,” in Langley, Natalie R. and Tersigni-Tarrant, MariaTeresa A., eds., Forensic Anthropology: An Introduction, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2012, 424–438.
Kirk-Greene, Anthony H.M., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria: A Documentary Sourcebook, 1966–1970 (2 Vols.), London: Oxford University Press.
Korieh, Chima J., ed., The Nigeria-Biafra War: Genocide and the Politics of Memory, Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2012.
Lugard, Frederick J.D., The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, London: William Blackwood, 1922.
Mibenge, Chiseche Salome, Sex and International Tribunals: The Erasure of Gender from the War Narrative, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.
Minow, Martha M., Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History after Genocide and Mass Violence, Boston: Beacon Press, 1998.
Mishra, Jyotsna, Women and Human Rights, New Delhi: Kalpaz, 2000.
Momoh, H.B., The Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970: History and Reminiscences, Ibadan: Sam Bookman Publishers, 2000.
Murphy, Karen and Gallagher, Tony, “Reconstruction after Violence: How Teachers and Schools Can Deal with the Legacy of the Past,” Perspectives in Education, 27:2, 2009, 158–168.
Ndili, Augustine N., Guide to the Customs, Traditions and Beliefs of Asaba People, Asaba: His Bride Publications, 2010.
Niven, Rex, The War of Nigerian Unity, Towata, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1970.
Nora, Pierre, “Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire,” Representations, 26, 1989, 7–24.
Norris, Bill, “Media Ethics at the Sharp End,” in Berry, David, ed. Ethics and Media Culture: Practices and Representations, Oxford: Focal Press, 2000, 325–338.
Nwogu, Nneoma V., Shaping Truth, Reshaping Justice: Sectarian Politics and the Nigerian Truth Commission, New York: Lexington, 2007.
Obiezu, Emeka X., “Memorialization and the Politics of Memory,” in Korieh, Chima J., ed., The Nigeria-Biafra War: Genocide and the Politics of Memory, Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 2012, 187–208.
O’Connell, James, “The Ending of the Nigerian Civil War: Victory, Defeat, and the Changing of Coalitions,” in Licklider, Roy, ed., Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, New York: New York University Press, 1993, 189–203.
Odoemene, Akachi, “Remember to Forget: The Nigeria-Biafra War, History, and the Politics of Memory,” in Korieh, Chima J., ed., The Nigeria-Biafra War: Genocide and the Politics of Memory, Amherst NY: Cambria Press, 2012, 163–186.
Ohadike, Don. C., Anioma: A Social History of the Western Igbo People, Athens: Ohio University Press, 1994.
Okafor, Stanley I., “The Nigerian Army and the ‘Liberation’ of Asaba: A Personal Narrative,” in Eghosa, E., Osaghae, E., Onwudiwe, R., and Suberu, R., eds., The Nigerian Civil War and Its Aftermath, Ibadan, Nigeria: John Archers, 2002, 293–299.
Okocha, Akunwata S.O., The Making of Asaba: A Compendium of over Sixty-Five Years of Patient Research within and without Africa, Rupee-Com Publishers, Asaba, 2013.
Okocha, Emma, Blood on the Niger, New York: Triatlantic Books (2nd Ed.), 1994.
Okonkwo, and Okolie, , Isheagu and the Nigerian Civil War, 1966–1970, printed in Lagos, no date.
Okonta, Ike, “Biafra of the Mind: MASSOB and the Mobilization of History,” Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2–3, 2014, 355–378.
Okpaku, Joseph, Nigeria: Dilemma of Nationhood, Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972.
Okpoko, A. Ikechukwu and Okpoko, Pat Uche, Tourism in Nigeria, Nsukka: Afro-Orbis Publications, 2002.
Omaka, Arua Oko, “The Forgotten Victims: Ethnic Minorities in the Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967–1970,” Journal of Retracing Africa, 1:1, 2014, 25–40.
Orobator, Stanley E., “The Biafran Crisis and the Midwest,” African Affairs, 86:344, 1987, 367–383.
O’Sullivan, Kevin, “Humanitarian Encounters: Biafra, NGOs and Imaginings of the Third World in Britain and Ireland, 1967–70,” Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2–3, 2014, 299–315.
Oyinbo, John, Nigeria: Crisis and Beyond, London: Charles Knight, 1971.
Paxton, Robert O., Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944, New York: Knopf, 1972.
Pentzold, Christian, “Fixing the Floating Gap: The Online Encyclopaedia Wikipedia as a Global Memory Place,” Memory Studies, 2:2, 2009, 255–272.
Perham, Margery, “Reflections on the Nigerian Civil War,” International Affairs, 46, 1970, 231–46.
Peters, Jimi, The Nigerian Military and the State, New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 1997.
Phillips, Kendall R., and Reyes, G. Mitchell, eds., Global Memoryscapes: Contesting Remembrance in a Transnational Age. Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Press, 2011.
Portelli, Alessandro Portelli, “What Makes Oral History Different?” in Perks, Robert and Thomson, Alistair, eds., The Oral History Reader, London: Routledge, 2016 (1979), 48–58.
Radstone, Susannah, “Reconceiving Binaries: The Limits of Memory,” History Workshop Journal, 59, 2005, 135–150.
Ross, Fiona C., “On Having Voice and Being Heard: Some After-Effects of Testifying before the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission,” Anthropological Theory, 3:3, 2003, 325–341.
Schudson, Michael, “Lives, Laws, and Language: Commemorative versus Non-Commemorative Forms of Effective Public Memory,” The Communication Review, 2:1, 1997, 3–17.
Simola, Raisa, “Time and Identity: The Legacy of Biafra to the Igbo in Diaspora,” Nordic Journal of African Studies, 9:1, 2000, 98–117.
Smith, Daniel J., “Burials and Belonging in Nigeria: Rural-Urban Relations and Social Inequality in a Contemporary African Ritual,” American Anthropologist, 106, 2004, 569–579.
Smith, Daniel J., “Legacies of Biafra: Marriage, ‘Home People’ and Reproduction among the Igbo of Nigeria,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 75:1, 2005, 30–45.
Smith, Karen E., “The UK and ‘Genocide’ in Biafra,” Journal of Genocide Research, 6:2–3, 2014, 247–262.
Stremlau, John J., The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.
Till, Karen E., “Memory studies,” History Workshop Journal, 62, 2006, 325–341.
Thomson, Alistair, “Four Paradigm Transformations in Oral History,” Oral History Review, 34:1, 2007, 49–70.
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History, New York: Beacon Press, 1995, 26.
Uche, Chibuike, “Oil, British Interests and the Nigerian Civil War,” Journal of African History, 49, 2008, 111–135.
Uchendu, Egodi, Women and Conflict in the Nigerian Civil War. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2007.
Uchendu, Egodi, “The Growth of Anioma Cities,” in Falola, Toyin and Salm, Steven J., eds., Nigerian Cities, Trenton NJ: Africa World Press, 2004, 153–182.
Uchendu, Victor Chikezie, “Ezi na ulo: The Extended Family in Igbo Civilization,” Dialectical Anthropology, 31:1–3, 2007, 167–219.
Ukiwo, Ukoha, “Violence, Identity Mobilization and the Reimagining of Biafra,” Africa Development, 34:1, 2009, 9–30.
Vaux, H., “Intelligence Report on the Asaba Clan, Asaba Division,” File No. 30927, Class Mark CSO 2614, Nigerian National Archive, Ibadan.
Young, John W., The Labour Governments 1964–1970, Vol. 2, International Policy, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004.
Yusuf, Hakeem O., “Travails of Truth: Achieving Justice for Victims of Impunity in Nigeria,” The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1, 2007.
Zandberg, Eyal, “The Right to Tell the (Right) Story: Journalism, Authority and Memory,” Media Culture Society, 32:1, 2010, 5–24.
Zelizer, Barbie, Covering the Body: The Kennedy Assassination, the Media, and the Shaping of Collective Memory, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Zelizer, Barbie, “Why Memory’s Work on Journalism does not Reflect Journalism’s Work on Memory,” Memory Studies, 1:1, 2008, 79–87.
